2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号14

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

ThoughEnglishwasonthewholeprosperousandhopeful,thoughcomparisonwithherneighborssheenjoyedinternalpeace,shecouldnotevadethefactthattheworldofwhichsheformedapartwastombyhatredandstrifeasfierceasanyinhumanhistory.Menwerestillfarfromrecognizingthattworeligionscouldexistsidebysideinthesamesociety;theybelievedthatthetolerationofanotherreligiondifferentfromtheirown,andhencenecessarilyfalse,mustinevitablydestroysuchasocietyandbringthesoulsofallitsmembersintodangerofhell.Sothestrugglewentonwithincreasingfurywithineachnationtoimposeasinglecreeduponeverysubject,andwithinthegeneralsocietyofChristendomtoimposeituponeverynation.InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury.Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,asintheLowCountries,wheretheDutchprovincesweresometimesneartheirlastextremityunderthepressureofSpanisharms.AgainstEngland,themostimportantofalltheProtestantnationstoreconquer,militarymightwasnotyetpossiblebecausetheCatholicPowersweretoooccupiedanddivided:andso,inthe1570’sRomebentherefforts,asshehaddoneathousandyearsbeforeinthedaysofSaintAugustine,towinEnglandbackbymeansofhermissionaries.

ThesewereyoungEnglishmenwhohadeithernevergivenuptheoldfaith,orhavingdoneso,hadreturnedtoitandfeltcalledtobecomepriests.Therebeing,ofcourse,noCatholicseminariesleftinEngland,theywentabroad,atfirstquiteeasily,laterwithdifficultyanddanger,tostudyintheEnglishcollegesatDouaiorRome:theformerestablishedforthetrainingofordinaryorsecularclergy,theotherforthemembertheSocietyofJesus,commonlyknownasJesuits,anewOrderestablishedbySt.IgnatiusLoyolasomethirtyyearsbefore.Thesecularscamefirst;theyachievedasuccess,whicheventhemosteagercouldhardlyhaveexpected.Cool-mindedandwell-informedmen,likeCecil,hadlongsurmisedthattheconversionoftheEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete;many-Cecilthoughteventhemajority-hadconformedoutoffear,self-interestor-possiblythecommonestreasonofall-sheerbewildermentattherapidchangesindoctrineandformsofworshipimposedontheminsoshortatime.Thusithappenedthatthemissionariesfoundawelcome,notonlywiththefamilieswhohadsecretlyofferedthemhospitalityiftheycame,butwithmanyotherswhomtheirfirsthostsinvitedtomeetthemorpassedthemonto.Theywouldandattheportsindisguise,asmerchants,courtiersorwhatnot,professingsomeplausiblebusinessinthecountry,andmakebydeviouswaysfortheirfirsthouseofrefuge.TheretheywouldadministertheSacramentsandpreachtothehouseholdsandtosuchoftheneighborsastheirhoststrustedandpresentlygoontosomeotherlocalitytowhichtheyweredirectedforfromwhichtheyreceivedacall.

1.Themainideaofthispassageis（

）.

2.Thereligiousstrifementionedinthepassageisbetween（

）.

3.WhatwasMartinLuther'sreligion?

4.ThroughwhatwaydidtheRomerecoversomeofthelostland?

5.Whatdidthesecondparagraphmainlydescribe?

问题1选项

A.thecontinuityofthereligiousstruggleinBritaininnewways

B.theconversionofreligioninBritain

C.thevictoryofthenewreligioninBritain

D.Englandbecameprosperous

问题2选项

A.ReformersandProtestants

B.CatholicpoursandJesuits

C.Catholicpowersandprotestants

D.MartinLutherandSt.Augustine

问题3选项

A.Buddhism

B.Protestantism

C.Catholicism

D.Orthodox

问题4选项

A.Civilandmilitaryways

B.Propagandaandaback,

C.Persuasionandcriticism

D.Religiousandmilitaryways

问题5选项

A.TheactivitiesofmissionariesinBritain.

B.TheconversionofEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete.

C.TheyounginBritainbegantoconverttoCatholicism.

D.Mostfamiliesofferedhospitalitytomissionaries.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.这篇文章的中心思想是“英国宗教斗争以新的方式继续进行，所以A选项正确。B选项‘英国宗教的转变’、C选项‘新教在英国的胜利’和D选项‘英国变得繁荣’都是文章谈到具体事情，不是主题思想。

2.根据文章第一段：InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury在英国，改革者，或新教徒，在国王权力的帮助下，在这个阶段取得了胜利，但是在整个欧洲，罗马开始收复在本世纪早期马丁•路德起义后失去的部分失地。和Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,它通过两种方式做到了这一点，通过传教士的活动，比如在德国的部分地区，或者通过天主教强国的军事力量，确定C选项‘天主教势力与新教的势力’正确。

3.因为罗马教皇推行的是天主教。这在第一段第四句InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury.“在英国，宗教改革者，或者说基督教，在英国皇权的协助下，此时己取得胜利；而作为整个欧洲来说，罗马教皇已经开始恢复世纪初马丁•路德反叛后所失去的一些地盘。”马丁•路德是改革者，也就是基督教。所以B选项‘新教‘正确。

4.第一段第五句Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,asintheLowCountries,wheretheDutchprovincesweresometimesneartheirlastextremityunderthepressureofSpanisharms.教皇用两种办法进行恢复，一种就像在部分德国地区进行的那样通过传教士的活动，另一种象在低地国里进行的，通过天主教国家的军事力量。那里荷兰的几个省份在西班牙的军事压力下，常常是被逼迫得几乎走投无路的。所以D选项‘宗教和军事方式’正确。

5.第二段讲到：这些英国青年或者根本没有放弃老的信仰，或者放弃以后又重新归返旧教，应召成为牧师。英国当然没有剩下天主教神学院，他们就出国，开始很容易，后来，有困难甚至有危险，到杜埃或罗马英文学院就读。前者专为培养一般或修道院外的牧师而建。后者是培养耶酥会教士，通称天主耶酥会会士，是约三十年前圣•罗拉创建的一种神职。在杜埃学习的牧师先回来，他们取得了令人意想不到的成功。头脑冷静，信息灵通人士，像西塞尔这种政治家，长期以来，一直猜度，英国人归返基督教新教的过程远远没有完成。许多人--西塞尔甚至认为是大多数的人，因出于恐惧、利己或者可能是其它原因——他们被在那么短的时期内强加到他们身上的信仰形式，飞快变更的教义搞糊涂了。所以A选项‘传教士活动在英国‘正确。B选项‘英国人归反基督教的事情远远没有完成’和C选项‘在英国青年开始归反天主教’都是传教活动开始的原因，不是第二段主要内容。D选项‘大多数家庭礼待传教士‘是第二段最后几行谈到这些传教士秘密来到英国后的情况。

2.单选题

WhenIwasalittlegirl,lovedformymomtotellmestoriesaboutherself.Nomatterhowtiredshewas,sheneveradumbratedthem.Shewouldfillthemwithminutestdetails,andtheywerealwaysfascinating.Myfavoritestorywastheoneabouthowmymommetmydad:“Iwas17-years-old,butIalreadyknewthekindofmanIwouldmarry.Hewouldnotbetoogarrulous.Itellyou,Rosa,it’simportantforamantotaketimetolistentowhatyouhavetosay,andneverimpertinent.Politenessisagoodtrait.”

“Well,I’msupposedtobetellingyouaboutthedayImetyourdaddy,right?Okay,soIwasridingtheAmtraktrainbetweenProvidenceandPhiladelphiaduringmyfreshmanyearatBrown,andthedoorattheendofmycarrattledopen.Hewastallandswarthy.Heworeathickivorycableknitsweaterwithagraywoolscarfwrappedfirmlyaroundhisneck.Icouldn’ttellwhathisheritagewasandthatintriguedme.WhatwasheIndian,Portuguese,Peruvian?”MomwouldpausehereandIwouldshout“CapeVerdean!”She’dcontinue.“Well,ifIhadbeenshyImighthavejustlookedoutthetrainwindow.ButthenwherewouldIbenow?Youwouldn’tevenbehere!SoIletmyeyeslockwithhisashewobbleddownthemovingtrain.”

“Hesmiledaslightsmile,notabigone.Hiseyesraisedjustenoughtoletmeknowhehadsportedmetoo.”Ialwayslovedthislineandwouldsmileattheimageofmydadstumblingdownthetrainandthennoticingmyradiantmom.“SoRosa,oncewespottedeachother,yourdadfoundinfinitereasonstowalkpastmetogotothecafecar.Iwassittingbymyselfalongtheaisle.Sofinally,Ijustslidovertothewindow,leavingtheseatnexttomeempty.Yourdadcamebackwithtwocupsofhotcocoaandsatdownwithasmile.Andwehadthemostdelightfulconversation!”

“Icouldtellrightthenthatthiswasnoephemeralcrushthiswastherealdeal.Iwasgoingtoenduplovingthismanforever.”HerecomesthepartIlovedbestaboutthestory.“WepullintothetrainstationinPhiladelphia,andit’stimeformetogetoff.HewasheadingontoWashingtonwherehewasgoingtoschool.IpreparedmyselfforsomehackneyedexpressionasIgotoffthetrain.Youknow,greatmeetingyou,oryou’retheappleofmyeye.Ialsoworriedhemighttrytosneakasmooch.Whichwouldhavebeenabigturnoff.We’djustmet!Instead,hetookmyhandgentlyandgaveitalittlesqueeze.Hesaid,4Ifit’sthethoughtthatcounts,consideryourselfkissed.”

Mamasaidshejustaboutdiedwhenhesaidthat!Thenshesaidtoherself,“Thatmanwillbemyhusband.”Andsoheis.

1.Asusedinthispassage,whichisthebestantonymfor“adumbrated”(Para.1)?

2.WhymighttheauthorhavechosenRosaasthenarratoreventhoughitishermotherwhoistellingthemainstory?

3.Whatisimpliedintheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph2?(“Well.IfIhadbeenshy,...themovingtrain.’’)

4.Whichisthebestantonymfor“hackneyed”(Para.4)?

5.WhatmayRosa’smombemeaningtoconveytoherchildbytellingthisstoiy?

问题1选项

A.Invented

B.lengthened

C.understated

D.simplified

问题2选项

A.TomakethereaderlearnthestoryfromRosa’sperspective.

B.Tomakeitclearthatthestoryhappenedalongtimeago.

C.TomakeitclearthatRosa’smotherhaspassedaway.

D.Tomakethestoryseemmorestraightforward.

问题3选项

A.Assoonastheylockedeyestheyfellinlove.

B.Itisbesttobeoutspokeninallcircumstances.

C.Rosareallywantedtojustlookoutthewindow.

D.Aslightchangecouldhavegreatlyalteredherlife.

问题4选项

A.happy

B.humorous

C.original

D.over-used

问题5选项

A.Theadviceonwhattolookforinapartner

B.Theyearningtogobacktothattimeandplace

C.Theideathateducationshouldcomebeforemarriage

D.ThesuggestionthatRosamightfindherhusbandonatrain.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.“adumbrated”本意为‘预示；画...的轮廓’。A‘Invented’意为‘发明的’；B‘lengthened’意为‘加长的，详细的’；C‘understated’意为‘理解的’；D‘simplified’意为‘简单化的’。根据“Nomatterhowtiredshewas,sheneveradumbratedthem.Shewouldfillthemwithminutestdetails无论她多累，她从不只讲故事大概，而是详细地讲述，本题要求选与“adumbrated”词义相反的词，所以B选项‘lengthened’符合题意，正确。

2.本文是选择Rosa来叙述自己妈妈与自己爸爸邂逅相爱的故事，全文以Rosa叙述故事，正是要让读者从她的角度了解故事如何发展；而B和C选项很明显不符合文意，D选项“让故事看起来更简单明了”的方式应该是以Rosa妈妈第一人称视角讲述更为直观。

3.根据句意“Well.IfIhadbeenshy...themovingtrain.”译为“若当时我太羞涩，我可能就望向窗外。然而那么我现在会在哪儿呢？你是不会在这儿的！所以在他晃荡着下火车时，我的目光牢牢地锁住了他。”确定D选项正确。A选项‘让读者从Rosa的角度听故事‘、B选项‘表明故事发生在很久以前’和C选项‘表明Rosa的妈妈已经过世‘都与文章大意不符，排除。

4.选择"hackneyed（陈腐的；平庸的）的反义词，但不知道hackneyed的意思怎么办呢，我们可以根据“preparedmyselfforsomehackneyedexpressionasIgotoffthetrain.Youknow,Greatmeetingyou,orYou’retheappleofmyeye.”（当我要下火车时，我自己准备了些如“很高兴见到你”，“你是我的挚爱”等表达。）我们可以看出我当时准备的是客套的常规表达，所以hackneyed的意思就能推断出来，其反义词应该是C项的“original新颖的，独创的”。

5.从文中第二段“butIalreadyknewthekindofmanIwouldmany...”即可判断Rosa妈妈讲述她和爸爸的故事来告诉Rosa找什么样的伴侣。A选项符合。其他三项B渴望回到那时那景，C认为受教育要在婚前，D暗示Rosa可能会在火车上遇到自己的丈夫与文章主旨不符。

3.翻译题

TherisingpopularityoftextmessagingonmobilephonesposesathreattowritingstandardsamongIrishschoolchildren,anIrisheducationcommissionsays.

Thefrequencyoferrorsingrammarandpunctuationhasbecomeaseriousconcern,theStateExaminationCommissionsaidinareportafterreviewinglastyear’sexamperformanceby15-year-olds.

"Theemergenceofthemobilephoneandtheriseoftextmessagingasapopularmeansofcommunicationwouldappeartohaveimpactedonstandardsofwritingasevidencedintheresponsesofcandidates,"thereportsaid,accordingtoWednesday'sIrishTimes.

"Textmessaging,withitsuseofphoneticspellingandlittleornopunctuation,seemstoposeathreattotraditionalconventionsinwriting."

Thereportlamentsthat,inmanycases,candidatesseemed"undulyreliantonshortsentences,simpletenseandalimitedvocabulary."

In2003,Irish15-year-oldswereamongthetop10performersinaninternationalleaguetableofliteracystandardscompiledbytheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.

【答案】爱尔兰某教育委员会称，手机短信的日益普及对爱尔兰学生的书写规范造成了威胁。

爱尔兰国家考试委员会在针对去年15岁学生考试成绩的评论报告中称，语法和标点错误频频出现，已成为一个严重的问题。

据周三的《爱尔兰时报》消息，这份报告中称，“手机的出现和手机短信日益成为一种流行的交流方式，对书写规范造成了不良影响，这在考生的答卷中得到了证明。”

“发手机短信常用语音输入法，很少或根本不用标点，这对传统的书写规范造成了威胁。”

报告指出，在很多情况下，考生“过度使用短句和简单的时态，所用的词汇也很有限。”

2003年，在经济合作与发展组织编制的一份国际识字标准排行榜上，爱尔兰15岁儿童的表现跻身前10名。

4.翻译题

Thesupposed“consensus”onman-madeglobalwarmingisfacinganinconvenientchallenge,afterthereleaseofnewtemperaturedatashowingtheplanethasnotwarmedforthepast15years.Thefiguressuggestthatwecouldevenbeheadingforaminiiceagetorivalthe70-yeartemperaturedropthatsawfrostfairsheldontheThamesinthe17thCentury.Basedonreadingsfrommorethan30.000measuringstations,thedatawasissuedlastweekwithoutfanfarebytheMetOfficeandtheUniversityofEastAngliaClimaticResearchUnit.Itconfirmsthattherisingtrendinworldtemperaturesendedin1997.Meanwhile,leadingclimatescientistsyesterdaytoldTheMailonSundaythat,afteremittingunusuallyhighlevelsofenergythroughoutthe20thCentury,thesunisnowheadingtowardsa"grandminimum"initsoutput,threateningcoldsummers,bitterwintersandashorteningoftheseasonavailableforgrowingfood.Solaroutputgoesthrough11-yearcycles,withhighnumbersofsunspotsseenattheirpeak.Wearenowatwhatshouldbethepeakofwhatscientistscall"Cycle24'—whichiswhylastweek'ssolarstormresultedinsightingsoftheauroraborealisfurthersouththanusual.Butsunspotnumbersarerunningatlessthanhalfthoseseenduringcyclepeaksinthe20thCentury.

AnalysisbyexpertsatNASAandtheUniversityofArizona―derivedfrommagnetic-fieldmeasurements120,000milesbeneaththesun'ssurface—suggestthatcycle25,whosepeakisduein2022,willbeagreatdealweakerstill.AccordingtoapaperissuedlastweekbytheMetOffice,thereisa92percentchancethatbothcycle25andthosetakingplaceinthefollowingdecadeswillbeaspeakas,orweakerthanthe"Daltonminimum”of1790to1830.Inthisperiod,namedafterthemeteorologistJohnDalton,averagetemperaturesinpartsofEuropefellby2°C.However,itisalsopossiblethatthenewsolarenergyslumpcouldbeasdeepasthe“Maunderminimum"(afterastronomerEdwardMaundeo,between1645and1715inthecoldestpartofthe"LittleIceAge"when,aswellastheThamesfrostfairs,thecanalsofHollandfrozesolid.

【答案】新的气温数据显示，地球在过去15年没有变暖。这一数据发布之后，人为造成全球变暖的所谓“共识”面临棘手的挑战。数据显示，我们可能即将经历小冰河期，堪比那次70年的降温期。在17世纪，泰晤士河都冰冻了。上周，英国气象局和东安格利亚大学气候研究中心悄无声息地发布了来自3万多个测量站的读数，确认全球气温上升趋势终止于1997年。昨日主流气候科学家对《星期日邮报》称，太阳在整个20世纪释放出异乎寻常的高能量，现在正走向其输出能量的“最低值”，人类将面临冷夏、凛冬以及粮食种植季节缩短。太阳活动周期为11年，在高峰期会出现大量太阳黑子。我们现在正处于科学家所称“第24个周期”中的高峰期，这就是为什么上周太阳风暴会导致比往常更偏南的位置出现北极光。但是，太阳黑子的数量还不到20世纪太阳活动周期峰值的一半。

美国国家航空航天局和亚利桑那大学的专家对太阳表面以下12万英里处的磁场测量数据进行了分析，结果表明，第25个太阳活动周期的峰值将于2022年到来，其强度仍将大大减弱。据英国气象局上周发布的一份报告，第25个太阳活动周期和随后几十年的周期，有92%的几率达到或弱于1790年至1830年的“道尔顿最低点”。在以气象学家约翰·道尔顿命名这段时期中，欧洲部分地区的平均气温下降了2摄氏度。然而，这次新的太阳能量暴跌也有可能达到“蒙德最低点”(以天文学家爱德华·蒙德的名字命名)的幅度，也就是1645年到1715年的“小冰河期”最冷的时候，那时荷兰的运河、泰晤士河都冰封冻结了。

5.单选题

StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.

Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygenanditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthePHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sbloodstream.

Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthen,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.

1.Thepassageprovidesinformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbydescribingtheWeddellsealaspreparing“fortheworst”lines31—32,biologistsmeanthatit（

）.

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives.ThePHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodis（

）

4.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?notadverselyaffectedbyproductionoflacticacidbecause.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingistrueofthelaboratorystudiesmentionedinline1?

6.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?

I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.

II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.

III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.

IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.

7.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?

问题1选项

A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.

B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.

C.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobehigherwhenitissearchingforpreythanwhenit’sevadingpredators.

D.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.

问题2选项

A.preparestoremainunderwaterfornolongerthantwentyminutes

B.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesdivesinwhichitheadsdirectlyforitsprey

C.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesitslongestdivesinthewild

D.beginstoexhibitpredatorybehavior

问题3选项

A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunder-waterreverttoananaerobicmechanism.

B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthedive

C.organsthatreverttoananaerobicmetabolismaretemporarilyisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodstream

D.thesealremainssubmergedforonlyshortperiodsoftime

问题4选项

A.RecentfieldstudieshaveindicatedthatdescriptionsofthephysiologicalbehavioroftheWeddellsealduringlaboratorydivesarenotapplicabletoitsmosttypicaldivesinthewild.

B.TheWeddellsealhasdevelopedanumberofuniquemechanismsthatenableittoremainsubmergedatdepthsofupto500metersforupto70minutes.

C.TheresultsofrecentfieldstudieshavemadeitnecessaryforbiologiststorevisepreviousperceptionsofhowtheWeddellsealbehavesphysiologicallyduringitslongestdivesinthewild.

D.HowtheWeddellsealrespondstooxygendeprivationduringitslongestdivesappearstodependonwhetherthesealissearchingforpreyoravoidingpredatorsduringsuchdives.

问题5选项

A.TheypresentanoversimplifiedaccountofmechanismsthattheWeddellsealreliesonduringitslongestdivesinthewild.

B.TheyprovideevidencethatunderminestheviewthattheWeddellsealreliesonananaerobicmetabolismduringit’sinthewild.

C.TheyarebasedontheassumptionthatWeddellsealsrarelyspendmorethantwentyminutesunderwateronatypicaldiveinthewild.

D.TheyprovideanaccurateaccountofthephysiologicalbehaviorofWeddellsealsduringthosedivesinthewildinwhichtheyareeitherevadingpredatorsorexploringdistantroutes.

问题6选项

A.IandIIIonly

B.IandIVonly

C.IIandIIIonly

D.I，II，andIVonly

问题7选项

A.Exhibitthephysiologicalresponsesthatarecharacteristicofthelongerdivestheyundertakeinthewild.

B.Copewithoxygendeprivationlesseffectivelythandoontypicaldivesinthewild.

C.Producesmalleramountsoflacticacidthantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.

D.Navigatelesseffectivelythantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:D

第7题:A

【解析】1.细节判断题。根据文章第一段末尾提到“Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.”然而，最近有研究表明在更为真实的野生环境中，威德尔氏海豹在深度潜水时的生理反应与在实验室中是不一样的。D选项符合题意。野生环境中所观察到的现象并不一定要通过实验室来证明，A选项明显是错误表达。文中并未提及在实验室中和在野生环境中哪个更容易观察海豹的生理反应，B选项排除。文中第三段表明海豹在搜寻猎物和攻击肉食动物时，乳酸升高的度数是一样的。C选项错误，排除。

2.推理判断题。根据文章末尾“itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.”即它并不知道它会在水底待多久，因此做好了最坏的打算。这里所说的“最坏的打算”是指海豹做好了它在野外潜水（不知道潜水深度和时间）一样的准备。确定C选项‘展示的生理行为类似于在野外描述其最长的潜水’符合题意。

3.细节判断题。根据文章最后一句“ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthePHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sbloodstream.后者即无氧代谢结果在生产大量的乳酸可以影响密封的PH值的血液但由于厌氧代谢只发生在那些组织已隔绝密封的血液供应，乳酸是释放到密封的血只有在密封表面，当肺、肝等器官迅速清除酸从密封的血液。”即无氧代谢产生了大量的乳酸，这些乳酸对海豹的血液产生了负面的影响。但是由于无氧代谢只发生在一些特定的无需海豹血液供给的组织，海豹浮出水面后，乳酸开始摄入海豹的血液。此时，海豹的肺、肝以及其他的一些器官迅速地把乳酸排除出海豹的血液。所以C选项‘恢复到厌氧代谢状态的器官会暂时从海豹的血液中分离出来’符合题意。A、B过于绝对，可直接排除。D项与题目无关。

4.主旨大意题。本文开门见山，作者在第一段直接指出最近有研究表明在更为真实的野生环境中，威德尔氏海豹在深度潜水时的生理反应与在实验室中是不一样的。所以A选项‘最近的野外研究表明，对威德尔海豹在实验室潜水时的生理行为的描述并不适用于它在野外最典型的潜水行为’符合题意。

5.细节判断题。由第三段可知，海豹在水下潜水时，其生理机制是很复杂的，所以A选项‘他们对威德尔海豹在野外最长时间潜水时所依赖的机制进行了过于简化的描述。’排除。该实验证明了威德尔氏海豹在野外潜水时依靠无氧排泄，并没有推翻它，所以B选项错误。海豹很少会在水下持续潜水超过20分钟，这是研究证明了的，并不是一个假设，C选项错误，排除。根据第三段‘Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator海豹在水下长时间潜水时，它要么在探索远行的路线要么在捕食食肉动物‘确定D选项‘它们准确地描述了威德尔海豹在野外潜水时的生理行为。在野外潜水时，威德尔海豹要么躲避捕食者，要么探索遥远的路线。’符合题意。

6.细节判断题。根据文中第二段‘Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygenanditsarteriesbecomeconstricted.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic（oxygen-independent）metabolism.在实验室里，当海豹潜到水面以下停止呼吸时，它的心脏跳动得更慢，需要的氧气更少，动脉也会收缩。海豹实际上关闭了血液的流动到其他器官,要么停止运转,直至密封表面或切换到厌氧(oxygen-independent)新陈代谢。’确定I、II、IV都在文中提到，所以D选项正确。III中应该是乳酸升高而非降低，所以排除。

7.判断推理题。文中最后一句提到一些生物学家猜测由于在实验室中，海豹通常是被迫下水，它并不知道它会在水底待多久，因此做好了最坏的打算。这里的最坏的打算是指“海豹做好了它在野外潜水（不知道潜水深度和时间）一样的准备”。所以A选项‘表现出它们在野外进行的较长时间潜水所特有的生理反应‘符合题意。

6.翻译题

Whatisthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressure?Takeyourpick,asthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressureseemstobevirtuallyanyexercise,likewalkingorcyclingorlightweighttraining,especiallyifyourworkoutsarespreadthroughouttheday.

“Evenstandingmightwork,”saysGlennGaesser,thedirectoroftheHealthyLifestylesResearchCenteratArizonaStateUniversityandanexpertonexerciseandhypertension.Exerciselowersbloodpressureinlargepartbyalteringbloodvesselstiffnesssobloodflowsmorefreely.Thiseffectoccursduringandimmediatelyafteraworkout,sotheblood-pressurebenefitsfromexercisearemostpronouncedrightafter,youworkout.Asaresult,thebestwaytofighthypertensionmaybetodivvyupyourworkoutintobite-sizepieces.

Ina2012studybyDr.Gaesser,three10-minutewalksspreadthroughoutthedaywerebetteratpreventingsubsequentspikesinbloodpressure—whichcanindicateworseningbloodpressurecontrol—thanone30-minutewalk.Andifevena10-minutewalksoundsdaunting,trystandingmoreoften.InanotherstudyledbyDr.GaesserandpublishedinAugust,overweightvolunteerswithbloodpressureproblemswereaskedtositcontinuouslyduringaneight-hourworkdaywhiletheirbloodpressurewasmonitored.Thereadingswere,asexpected,unhealthy.

Butwhen,duringanotherworkday,thosevolunteersstoodupeveryhourforatleast10minutes,theirbloodpressurereadingsimprovedsubstantially.Thereadingswereevenbetterwhen,onadditionalworkdays,thevolunteersstrolledatapokey1-mile-per-hourpaceattreadmilldesksforatleast10minuteseveryhourorpedaledunder-deskexercisebikesforthesamenumberofminuteseveryhour.

“Exerciseintensitydoesnotappeartoplayanysignificantrole”inhelpingpeoplecontrolbloodpressure,Dr.Gaessersays.Movementiswhatmatters.Sogoforastrollafewtimesduringthedayorsimplystandupmoreoftentodevelophealthierbloodpressure.

【答案】【参考译文】

控制血压的最佳锻炼方式是什么？任何锻炼都好，几乎所有运动对控制血压都非常有效，比如步行、骑车或是轻的负重练习，全天式的锻炼会让减压效果更好。

亚利桑那州立大学健康生活方式研究中心的主任格林•盖瑟尔是位锻炼与高血压方面的专家，他认为“哪怕站着也会有帮助。”锻炼降低血压的原因，主要是因为运动可以改善血管硬度使得血流更加通畅。这样的效果在锻炼中和锻炼后都会马上显现，因而在刚刚运动完其降压效果尤其明显。结论就是最好的对抗高血压的方式，是类似少食多餐那样进行少量多次的运动。

在盖瑟尔2012年发表的一篇报告中，他建议将一天运动量均分为3个时长为10分钟的步行，这样比一次步行30分钟相比可以更好预防血压出现峰值，血压峰值出现往往意味着控压恶化。甚至说如果10分钟步行听着都有些吓人的话，那就多站站。盖瑟尔博士主导过另一项研究并将成果于8月出版，研究要求一些超重并有高血压问题的志愿者在8小时的工作日里一直坐在座位上，同时监测其血压，结果发现血压读数如预料的一样非常不健康。

但在另一个工作日，当要求这些志愿者每小时至少站立10分钟后，他们的血压读数显著改善。接着在另外一个工作日，这些志愿者需要每小时用带跑步机的书桌慢速走10分钟（配速为每小时1英里/1.6公里），或者用桌下型蹬车器每小时练习10分钟，锻炼后的血压读数改善得更为显著。

盖瑟尔博士称就辅助人们控制血压方面来说，“锻炼强度起不到什么作用。”运动起来才是关键。所以每天多走几步或多站几次来打造健康血压吧。

7.单选题

Tworelativelyrecentindependentdevelopmentstandbehindthecurrentmajorresearch

effortonnitrogenfixa