2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号80

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

Contemporarypublicexpendituremanagement(PEM)isinterestedintheprocessofbudgetingprimarilybecauseproceduralrulesstronglyinfluenceexpenditureoutcomes.PEMtakesthepositionthattheserulesaffectthreeimportantoutcomes:thetotalamountspent,thecompositionofexpenditure,andtheefficiencyofgovernmentoperations.PEMseeksproceduresthatincreasetheprobabilityofachievingpreferredoutcomes.Thekeyaspectsofbudgetingaffectingexpenditureoutcomesareinstitutionalarrangements,thetypesofinformationavailableformakingandenforcingexpendituredecisions,theincentivesprovidedforspendersandcontrollerstobehaveinwaysthatpromotedesiredoutcomes,theissuanceandimplementationofsubstantivebudgerules.TheseelementsofPEMareappliedtothethreebasicobjectivesofmodempublicexpendituremanagement:tostrengthenaggregatefiscaldiscipline,toallocatepublicresourcesinaccordwithstrategicpriorities,andtopromotetheefficientprovisionofservices.

Fiscaldisciplinerequireseffectivecontrolofbudgetaggregates:totalrevenueandspendingandthebalancebetweenthesetotals.Whenaggregatecontroliseffective,theseoutcomesaredisciplined;theyresultfromexplicit,enforceddecisionsontheaggregatesbygovernment.Theyarenotmerelythesumofpowerfuldemandsonthebudget.PEMalsoseeksallocativeefficiency.Allocativeefficiencydependsonthecapacitytoshiftresourcesfromoldprogramstonewonesandfromlesstomoreproductiveuses,incorrespondencewithchangingpublicpolicyobjectives.Finally,PEMseeksefficiencyinadministrativeoperations,theprogressivereduction,throughproductivitygains,intherunningcostofgovernmentagenciesandintheunitcostofservices.

【答案】由于程序规则会对支出结果产生重大影响，当代公共支出管理(PEM)研究重点就是编制预算。公共支出管理(PEM)认为这些规则会影响三个重要结果：支出总金额，支出构成和政府运作效率。公共支出管理(PEM)寻求方法，以提升达到预期结果的概率。在编制预算中，影响支出结果的关键因素包括：制度安排、制定与实施支出决策的信息种类、保证支出者与管理者努力实现预期目标的激励手段、公布与实行大量的预算规则。这些规则旨在实现三个基本目标：加强总的财政纪律、依据战略重点分配公共资源、促进提供有效服务。

财政纪律要求有效控制预算总量，总收入与总支出以及这两者总数之间的平衡。当总量控制是有效的，就说明支出受到财政纪律的控制。政府给予明确且需执行的总量。这一总量并不仅仅是对预算有个明确的总量限制，公共支出管理(PEM)也还要寻求配置效率。配置效率的高低取决于资源从旧项目转移到新项目、从低产向高产转移的能力大小，同时还要与不断变化中的国家公共政策目标保持一致。最后，公共支出管理(PEM)要寻求行政管理的效率：通过提高生产率，逐步减小政府机构的运作成本、服务的单位成本。

2.翻译题

Modernsciencehasopenedupthepathfortheprogressofproductiontechniquesanddeterminedthedirectionoftheirdevelopment.Manynewinstrumentsofproductionandtechnologicalprocessesfirstseethelightofdayinthescientificlaboratories.Aseriesofnewbornindustrieshavebeenfoundedonthebasisofnewly-emergeddisciplinesofscienceandtechnology，ofcourse,thereare,andtherewillbe,manytheoreticalresearchtopicswithnopracticalapplicationinplainsightforthetimebeing.Howeverahostofhistoricalfactshaveprovedthatonceamajorbreakthroughisscoredintheoreticalresearch,itmeanstremendousprogressforproductionandtechnologysoonerorlater.

Contemporarynaturalsciencesarebeingappliedtoproductiononanunprecedentedscaleandatahigherspeedthaneverbefore.Thishasgivenallfieldsofmaterialproductionanentirelynewlook.Inparticular,thedevelopmentofelectroniccomputersandautomationtechnologyisraisingthedegreeofautomationinproduction.Withthesameamountofmanpowerandinthesamenumberofwork-hours,peoplecanturnoutscoresorhundredsoftimesmoreproductsthanbefore.Howisitthatthesocialproductiveforceshavemadesuchtremendousadvancesandhowisitthatlaborproductivityhasincreasedbysuchabigmargin?Mainlythroughthepowerofscience,thepoweroftechnology.Therefore,wemaintainthatthedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologyhaslinkedscienceandproductionevenclosertogether.Aspartoftheproductiveforces,scienceandtechnologyarecomingtoplayanevengreaterrolethaneverbefore.

【答案】【参考译文】

现代科学为生产技术的进步开辟了道路，决定了生产技术的发展方向。许多新的生产设备和工艺流程首先在科学实验室中问世。在新兴科技学科的基础上，建立了一系列新兴产业。当然，目前和将来都会有许多理论研究课题暂时没有明显的实用性。然而，大量的历史事实证明，理论研究一旦取得重大突破，就意味着生产和技术迟早会取得巨大的进步。

当代自然科学正以前所未有的规模和速度应用于生产。这给了所有材料生产领域一个全新的面貌。特别是，电子计算机和自动化技术的发展提高了生产中的自动化程度。在相同的人力和工作时间内，人们可以生产出比以前多几十倍或几百倍的产品。社会生产力是怎样取得巨大进步的？劳动生产率又是如何大幅度提高的？主要通过科学的力量，技术的力量。因此，我们认为，现代科学技术的发展使科学与生产的联系更加紧密。作为生产力的一部分，科学技术将发挥前所未有的重要作用。

3.翻译题

Thefactthatourcomputernetworkissoadvancedwillalsosoongiveustheopportunitytoshareourteachingexpertisewithlocalcompaniesandevenotheruniversities;adedicatedcenterfordistancelearningisalreadyunderdiscussion.Wewillincreasinglyuseinternet-basedcomputercourses,toenhanceourownteachingandalsotoreachstudentsoutsidetheuniversity.Thatdoesn’tmeancomputerterminalswilldisplacepeople;studentsarealwaysgoingtoneedadviceandhigh-qualitytuitiononthespot.Butitdoesmeanwecanrefineourteachingcoursesovertimeandmakethemavailableinthemanneroftextbooks.Inaddition,withintheuniversityitself,accessisgoingtoremainourkeypriority.

【答案】事实上，我们的计算机网络非常先进，很快我们就能够与当地的公司甚至其他大学分享我们的教学经验；人们现在已经在开始讨论远程教育中心。我们将提供越来越多的建立在网络上的课程，提高教学效果，教授校外的学生。这样说并不意味着计算机终端将取代人，学生总是需要高水平的现场指导和帮助。但是，这意味着我们可以不断改进我们的课程，然后把它们变成教材。此外，就大学本身而言，易获得性始终是我们的重点。

4.单选题

Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearldevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentalunitsandagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,ordering,andthetakingofcensuses,allofwhichledtomoderndescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemoderninferentialstatistics,whichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.

Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulating,depicting,anddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitative,suchasmeasuresofheight,intelligence,orgradelevel-variables，thatarecharacterizedbytheunderlyingcontinuumorthedatamayrepresentqualitativevariables,suchassex,collegemajor,orpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizing,orreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.

Inferentialstatisticsisaformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexample,aschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystem,whocometoschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforflu,orwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatistics,thesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild;theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thus,thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.

31.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith______.

32.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,countinganddescribingareassociatedwith______.

33.Whydoestheauthormention“mother”and“father”inthefirstparagraph?

34.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdescriptivestatisticsisbestsupportedbythepassage?

35.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleorapopulation?

问题1选项

A.thedrawbacksofdescriptiveandinferentialstatistics

B.applicationsofinferentialstatistics

C.thedevelopmentanduseofstatistics

D.howtousedescriptivestatistics

问题2选项

A.inferentialstatistics

B.descriptivestatistics

C.unknownvariables

D.qualitativechanges

问题3选项

A.Topointoutthatparentscanteachtheirchildrenstatistics.

B.Tointroduceinferentialstatistics.

C.Toexplainthattherearedifferentkindsofvariables.

D.Topresentthebackgroundofstatisticsinahumorousandunderstandableway.

问题4选项

A.Itsimplifiesunwieldymassesofdata.

B.Itleadstoincreasedvariability.

C.Itsolvesallnumericalproblems.

D.Itchangesqualitativevariablestoquantitativevariables.

问题5选项

A.Tocomparedifferentgroups.

B.Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation.

C.Toconsiderallthequantitativevariables.

D.Totabulatecollectionsofdata.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】31.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章第一段介绍了统计学的诞生，接着介绍了两种统计方法：描述性统计和推断性统计可以解决的问题，说明本文主要讲的是统计学的发展和应用。因此C选项“统计学的发展和使用”正确。A选项“描述性统计和推断性统计的缺点”，原文只介绍了这两者的由来，没有介绍它们的缺点，所以A错误。B选项“推断性统计的应用”，D选项“如何使用描述性统计”，原文介绍了描述性统计和推断性统计两者的应用，所以B，D错误。

32.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干关键词“countinganddescribing”可以定位到文章第一段第三句Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,ordering,andthetakingofcensuses,allofwhichledtomoderndescriptivestatistics.（“母亲”对其后代统计学的影响表现在计数、测量、描述、制表、归类和人口普查，所有这些导致了现代描述统计学的诞生。），说明计数和描述与描述性统计学相关。因此B选项“描述性统计”正确。A选项“推断性统计”，C选项“未知变量”，D选项“质变”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。

33.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。第一段中提到“母亲”和“父亲”用来说明统计学的诞生和起源，运用拟人的手法使文章更加生动幽默，有助于读者理解。因此D选项“以幽默、易懂的方式介绍统计学的背景”正确。A选项“指出父母可以教孩子统计”，B选项“为了介绍推断性统计”，C选项“说明变量有不同的种类”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。

34.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizing,orreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.（描述性统计是一种工具，它对极其庞杂的数据进行描述、概括或简化，使之成为可理解的东西。），说明描述性统计可以将庞杂的数据简单化。因此A选项“简化了繁杂的大量数据”正确。B选项“导致了变异性的增加”，C选项“可以解决所有的数值问题”，D选项“把定性变量变为定量变量”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C，D错误。

35.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句Thus,thepurposeofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.（因此，推理性统计的目的就是通过了解整个群体中一部分样本的特征，来预测和估计整个群体的特征。），说明考察样本目的是预测和估计整个群体的特征。因此B选项“预测整个群体的特征”正确。A选项“为了比较不同的群体”，C选项“考虑所有的定量变量”，D选项“将数据集合制成表格”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。

5.翻译题

无比强大的科技很快就将完全改变我们的生活。这可能会产生危险的后果，尤其是因为我们可能不懂背后的基础科学。我们的科技能力和对科学的基本理解之间的差距愈发加大。我们借助于未来科技可以从事非常巧妙的事情，而不必理解基本的科学，这是很危险的。

未来的一百年中特别危险的技术是纳米技术、人工智能和生物技术。它们带来的好处不容置疑，但它们潜在的危险很大。在人工智能领域，到2010年比人脑聪明500亿倍的东西原型设计已经出现。电影《终结者》（Terminator）中唯一不可能实现的事是人类获胜。假如你在和比自己聪明得多的技术对抗，你可能不会取胜。我们都听说过灰色粘质（greygoo）问题，能自我复制的纳米技术装置不停地复制，直到世界沦为黏糊糊的质体（stickygoo）。无疑在生物技术方面，我们真的有个大问题，因为它在与纳米技术合流。一旦把纳米技术和有机体相结合，就有了纳米技术制造的细菌，我们能够比《星际迷航》中的博格飞船（theBorginStarTrek）旅行得更远，但那些超人生物体可能对我们并不太友好。

我们所处的世界科学与商业日益结盟。在全球自由贸易体制的环境中，技术正在发展，这种体制认为技术的传播与商业结合实质上是件好事。我们应该做好准备，迎接围绕新兴技术而展开的前所未有的争论。

【答案】【参考译文】

Verysoon,unimaginablypowerfultechnologieswillremakeourlives.Thiscouldhavedangerousconsequences,especiallybecausewemaynotevenunderstandthebasicscienceunderlyingthem.There’sagrowinggapbetweenourtechnologicalcapabilityandourunderlyingscientificunderstanding.Wecandoverycleverthingswiththetechnologyofthefuturewithoutnecessarilyunderstandingsomeofbasicscience,andthatisverydangerous.

Thetechnologiesthatareparticularlydangerousoverthenexthundredyearsarenanotechnology,artificialintelligenceandbiotechnology.Thebenefitstheywillbringarebeyonddoubtbuttheyarepotentiallyverydangerous.Inthefieldofartificialintelligencethereareprototypedesignsforsomethingthatmightbe50000milliontimessmarterthanthehumanbrainbytheyear2010.TheonlythingnotfeasibleinthefilmTerminatoristhatthepeoplewin.Ifyou’refightingagainsttechnologythatismuchsmarterthanyou,youprobablywillnotwin.We’veallheardoftheissueaboutgreygoothatself-replicatingnanotechdevicesmightkeeponreplicatinguntiltheworldhasbeenreducedtostickygoo.Certainlyinbiotechnology,we’vereallygotabigproblembecauseit’sconvergingwithnanotechnology.Onceyoustartmixingnanotechwithorganismsandyoustartfeedingnanotech-enabledbacteria,wecangomuchfurtherthantheBorginStarTrek,andthosesuperhumanorganismsmightnotlikeusverymuch.

Weareinaworldnowwherescienceandcommerceareincreasinglybedfellows.Thedevelopmentoftechnologyishappeninginthecontextofglobalfreetraderegimeswhichseetechnologicaldiffusionembeddedwithcommerceasintrinsicallyagood.Weshouldpreparefornewandunfamiliarformsofargumentaroundemergingtechnologies.

6.翻译题

OnthefirstdayoftheUSfederalgovernmentshutdown,aCalifornianresidentmaynotyetfeeltheimpact,butmanyChinesetouristsareunhappyandtheirtourguidesnervous.TonyLuhasrunatravelagencyinLosAngelesfor20years.FourtouristgroupsfromChina’smainlandorganizedbyhisagencyarecurrentlytravellingaroundtheUnitedStates.Theyaresufferingdifferentkindsofimpactfromthefederalgovernmentshutdown,whichledtothecloseof401nationalparks,Smithsonian’s19museumsandgalleriesandtheNationalZoo.“Comparedtothe1995-1996shutdown,thistimeismoreserioustous.WerunmostlyChinesemarketbusinessandtherearemanymoreChinesetouristsgroupsnowthan17yearsago,”hesaid.

“Ourclientsarecomplaining.ThetourguidesexplainedtothemthateventheUSPresidentBarackObamacannotsolvetheproblemimmediately,”hesaid.Someofthegroupshavetochangetheiritineraries(行程)astheycannotenterYellowstoneNationalParkortheLincolnMemorial,norcantheyhaveacloselookoftheStatueofLiberty,allofwhichareamongthemostpopulartourismsites.

AccordingtoNationalParkServices,thenationalparkshaveabout715,000visitorsperdayonaverageinOctober.Butnow,visitorsarebeingturnedaway.

Althoughthere’snofigureyetofhowmanyChinesetouristsareaffectedbytheshutdown,someareexpressingtheirsadnessonline.“Iwanttocry,”wroteMsHetoherWeChat(微信)friends.ShehadbeenlookingforwardtohersightseeingtriptotheUSforalongtime.

Butsoonaftershelanded,shelearnedthattheStatueofLiberty,LincolnMemorialandmanyothertouristattractionsonherlistwouldbeclosed.

“NobodywillgiveanycompensationtotheseChinesetourists.TheSenateandtheCongresswilldefinitelynot,”saidLu,“Andwehavetodomoretomakethemfeelbetter,suchasexplainingthesituationtothemandhelpingsomeofthemmodifytheirtravelplans.Hopefullythefederalgovernmentshutdownendssoon.”

Nearly1.5millionChinesetraveledtotheUSlastyear,accordingtotheOfficeofTravelandTourismIndustriesoftheUSDepartmentofCommerce.

ChinesecompaniesdoingbusinessintheUSmayalsobeaffectedifthefederalregulatoryagenciesandotherservicesdonotresumeworksoon.

【答案】美国联邦政府关门第一天，一个加利福尼亚的居民可能觉得没有影响，但许多中国游客却不开心，他们的导游也很紧张。托尼•鲁在洛杉矶经营一家旅行社20年。由他的旅行社接待的来自中国大陆的四个旅游团目前正在周游美国。他们正因联邦政府关门而遭受着不同程度的影响，联邦政府关门导致了401个国家公园、史密森尼的19家博物馆和画廊以及国家动物园的关闭。“相比1995-1996年的关门，这次对我们来说更严重。我们主要经营中国市场业务，和17年前相比，现在有更多的中国游客群，”他说。

“我们的客户在抱怨。导游解释说就连美国总统奥巴马也不能立即解决问题，”他说。

因为他们不能进入黄石国家公园或林肯纪念堂，也不能近距离观察自由女神像，一些旅行团不得不改变行程。而所有景点这些都列在最受欢迎的旅游网站上。

据国家公园的服务中心，在10月国家公园平均每天有715000名游客。但是现在，游客却遭到拒绝。

虽然还没有数据显示有多少中国游客受关闭影响，但一些人在线表达了他们的伤心。“我想哭，”何女士在微信上写给她朋友。她期待着她的美国观光之旅很长时间了。

但她下飞机不久后，她了解到她清单上的自由女神像、林肯纪念堂和许多其他旅游景点将被关闭。

“没人会给这些中国游客任何补偿。参议院和国会绝对不会，”托尼•鲁说，“我们必须做更多的工作来让他们觉得好一点，比如向他们解释情况，帮助他们中的一些人修改他们的旅行计划。希望联邦政府关门这件事很快结束。”

根据旅游局和美国商务部的旅游机构，去年有大约150万中国人前往美国。

如果联邦监管机构和其他服务没有很快恢复工作的话，在美国经商的中国公司也可能受到影响。

7.单选题

ThefirstancientOlympicswereheldin776B.C.ThegamesgottheirnamefromOlympia,theGreekcitywheretheytookplace.LikethesummerOlympicsoftoday,theancientOlympicswereheldeveryfouryears.

ThousandsofpeoplefromallovertheGreekworldcametowatch.Themainstadiumheldabout45,000people.“Wehaveaccountsofvisitorsandpilgrimssettinguptentsallaroundthesite.”LisaCerratoofTuftsUniversitysaid.

DuringthefirstOlympics,therewasonlyonecompetition-a200-meterrace.Butovertimethegamesgrewtoincludewrestling,racing,boxing,andothersports.Womenwerenotallowedtocompete,buttheyhadtheirownseparategames.

“Theancientathletebecamecelebrities,justliketoday.Theyoftenlivedtherestoftheirlivesbeingtreatedtofreedinners.”Cerratosaid,“City-stateseventriedtostealawayeachother’sathletesbyofferingthemvariousawards.”

TheancientOlympicsexisteduntilA.D.393.ButthemodemOlympicsarestillgoingstrong.

1.WheredidtheancientGreeksholdtheirfirstOlympics?

2.HowdidresearchersknowthatancientGreeksrushedtowatchtheOlympics?

3.WhatdidwomendosincetheywerenotallowedtoparticipateintheOlympics?

4.Theancientathletesmusthavefelthonoredwhenthey（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.InAthens.

B.InOlympics.

C.Inatown.

D.Inastate.

问题2选项

A.Thousandsofpeoplecametowatch.

B.Themainstadiumwasnotbigenough.

C.Manyofthemwerevisitorsandpilgrims.

D.Theyhavefoundtherelatedrecordofevents.

问题3选项

A.Theystayedathomedoingnothing.

B.Theyorganizedprotestsinthecity.

C.Theyhadtheirowngames.

D.Theysetuptentsaroundthesite.

问题4选项

A.completedina200-meterrace

B.wrestledwitheachother

C.readtheaccountsofthegames

D.receivedthetreatmentoffreedinners

问题5选项

A.city-statescompetedwitheachothertowintheOlympics

B.theancientathleteslikedtocelebratetheirvictories

C.freedinnerswereofferedduringthecompetition

D.awardswereoftenstolentohonortheathletes

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据第一段：ThegamegottheirnamefromOlympia,theGreekcitywheretheytookplace.运动会得名于它的举办地一奥林匹亚，它是希腊的一个城市。确定C选项正确

2.根据第二段：…“wehaveaccountsofvisitorsandpilgrims...”确定C选项’他们中许多是参观者和朝圣者‘正确。A选项’数以千计的人来参观‘与题意不符。B选项’主体育场不够大‘，文中提到体育场可容纳45,000人，与原文不符。D选项’他们己经发现了有关运动会的记录‘文中未提及。

3.根据文章第三段：Womenwerenotallowedtocompete,buttheyhadtheirownseparategames.女性不允许参加比赛，但是她们可以有自己单独的比赛，确定C选项’她们有她们自己的比赛‘正确。A选项’她们呆在家里，什么也不做‘和B选项’她们在城里组织抗议‘文中没有提及。D选项’她们在比赛场地周围搭建帐篷‘与’参观者与朝圣者搭建帐篷‘不符合，排除。

4.根据第四段：Theancientathletesbecamecelebrities,justliketoday.Theyoftenlivedtheirrestoftheirlivesbeingtreatedtofreedinners.古时候的运动员就如同当今的大腕一样。他们经常终生可以享受免费就餐的待遇，确定D选项’享受免费就餐的待遇‘正确。A选项’参加200米竞赛‘是比赛项目，不符合题意。B选项’彼此较劲‘和C选项’阅读比赛记录‘文中未提及。

5.根据第四段：City-stateseventriedtostealawayeachother'sathletesbyofferingthemvariousawards.”各城邦试图通过提供各种优厚福利来按对手的运动员，确定A选项’各城邦为了在奥运会中获胜，彼此互想竞争‘正确。B选项’古时候的运动员喜欢庆祝胜利‘文中未提及。C选项’比赛中提供免费就餐‘与原文不符。D选项’经常盗取奖赏以奖励运动员‘与原文不符。

8.单选题

MuchoftheresearchonhallucinogenicdrugssuchasLSDhasfocusedontheneurotransmitterserotonin,achemicalthatwhenreleasedfromaprescriptionserotonin-secretingneuroncausesthetransmissionofanerveimpulseacrossasynapsetoanadjacentpost-synaptic,ortargetneuron.Therearetwomajorreasonsforthisemphasis.First,itwasdiscoveredearlyonthatmanyofthemajorhallucinogenshaveamolecularstructuresimilartothatofserotonin.Inaddition,animalstudiesofbrainneurochemistryfollowingadministrationofhallucinogensinvariablyreportedchangesinserotoninlevels.

EarlyinvestigatorscorrectlyreasonedthatthestructuralsimilaritytotheserotoninmoleculemightimplythatLSD’seffectsarebroughtaboutbyanactionontheneurotransmissionofserotonininthebrain.Unfortunately,theleveloftechnicalexpertiseinthefieldofbrainresearchwassuchthatthishypothesishadtobetestedonperipheraltissue(tissueoutsidethebrain).TwodifferentgroupsofscientistsreportedthatLSDpowerfullyblockadedserotonin’saction.Theirconclusionswerequicklychallenged,however.Wenowknowthattheactionofadrugatonesideinthebodydoesnotnecessarilycorrespondtothedrugactionatanotherside,especiallywhenonesiteisinthebrainandtheotherisnot.

Bythe1960's,technicaladvancespermittedthedirecttestingofthehypothesisthatLSDandrelatedhallucinogensactbydirectlysuppressingtheactivityofserotonin-secretingneuronsthemselves-theso-calledprescriptionhypothesis.Researchersreasonedthatifthehallucinogenicdrugsactbysuppressingtheactivityofserotonin-secretingneurons,thendrugsadministeredaftertheseneuronshadbeendestroyedshouldhavenoeffectonbehavior,becausethesystemwouldalreadybemaximallysuppressed.

Contrarytotheirexpectations,neurondestructionenhancedtheeffectofLSDandrelatedhallucinogensonbehavior.Thus,hallucinogenicdrugsapparentlydonotactdirectlyonserotonin-secretingneurons.

However,theseandotheravailabledatedosupportanalternativehypothesis,thatLSDandrelateddrugsactdirectlyatreceptorsitesonserotonintargetneurons(thepost-synaptichypothesis).ThefactthatLSDelicits"serotoninsyndrome-thatiscausesthesamekindsofbehaviorsasdoestheadmissionofserotonin-inanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotoninindicatesthatLSDactsdirectlyonserotoninreceptors,ratherthanindirectlythroughthereleaseofstoresofserotonin.TheenhancedeffectofLSDreportedafterserotonindepletioncouldbeduetoaproliferationofserotoninreceptorsitesonserotonintargetneurons.Thisphenomenonoftenfollowsneurondestructionorneurotransmitterdepletion;theincreaseinthenumberofreceptorsitesappearstobeacompensatoryresponsetodecreasedinput.Significantly,thishypothesisissupportedbydatefromanumbersofdifferentlaboratories.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisoneoftheprimaryfactorsthatledresearchersstudyinghallucinogenicdrugstofocusonserotonin?

2.Itcanbeinferredthatresearchersabandonedtheprescriptionhypothesisbecause（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

4.Theresearchdescribedinthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdefines’'serotoninsyndrome"（underlined,asthetermisusedinthepassage?

6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationoftheargumentthattheauthorofthepassagepresentsinthelasttwoparagraphs?

7.Theauthor'sattitudetowardearlyresearchers’reasoningconcerningtheimplicationofsimilaritiesinthestructuresofserotoninandLSDmoleculescanbestbedescribedasoneof（

）

问题1选项

A.Thesuppressionoftheactivit3rofserotoninsecretingneuronsbytheadministrationofhallucinogens

B.Theobservedsimilaritiesinthechemicalstructuresofserotoninandhallucinogens

C.Theeffectstheadministrationofhallucinogenshasonserotoninproductioninthehumanbrain

D.Serotonin-inducedchangesintheeffectsofhallucinogensonbehavior

问题2选项

A.anewandmoreattractivehypothesiswassuggested

B.noresearchwasreportedthatsupportedthehypothesis

C.researchresultsprovidedevidencetocounterthehypothesis

D.thehypothesiswassupportedonlybystudiesofanimalsandnotbystudiesofhumanbeings

问题3选项

A.Researchhassuggestedthattheneurotransmitterserotoninisresponsiblefortheeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsonthebrainandonbehavior.

B.Researchershavespentaninadequateamountoftimedevelopingtheoriesconcerningthewayinwhichtheeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsoccur.

C.Researchresultsstronglysuggestthathallucinogenicdrugscreatetheireffectsbyactingontheserotoninreceptorsiteslocatedontargetneuronsinthebrain.

D.Researchershaverecentlymadevaluablediscoveriesconcerningtheeffectsofdepletingtheamountofserotonininthebrain.

问题4选项

A.HowcanresearcherscontroltheeffectsthatLSDhasonbehavior?

B.Howareanimals’reactionstoLSDdifferentfromthoseofhumanbeing?

C.WhattriggerstheeffectsthatLSDhasonhumanbehavior?

D.WhattechnicaladvanceswouldpermitresearcherstopredictmoreaccuratelytheeffectsofLSDonbehavior?

问题5选项

A.Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociatedwiththeadministrationofserotonin,thatalsooccurswhenLSDisadministeredtoanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotonin

B.Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociatedwiththeadministrationofLSD,thatalsooccurswhentheamountofserotonininthebrainisreduced.

C.Themaximalsuppressionofneuronactivitythatresultsfromthedestructionofserotonin-secretingneurons

D.Thereleaseofstoresofserotoninfromserotonin-secretingneuronsinthebrain

问题6选项

A.Twoapproachestotestingahypothesisaredescribed,andthegreatermeritsofoneapproachareindicated.

B.Theassumptionsunderlyingtwohypothesesareoutlined,andevidenceforandagainsteachhypothesisisdiscussed.

C.Aphenomenonisdescribed,andhypothesesconcerningitsoccurrenceareconsideredandrejected

D.Thereasoningbehindahypothesisissummarized,evidencesupportingthehypothesisispresented,andresearchthatcountersthesupportingevidenceisdescribed.

问题7选项

A.completeagreement

B.reluctantsupport

C.subtlecondescension

D.irreverentdismissa

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

第6题:D

第7题:B

【解析】1.由题干中的单词factor找到文章第一段：Therearetwomajorreasonsforthisemphasis.First,itwasdiscoveredearlyonthatmanyofthemajorhallucinogenshaveamolecularstructuresimilartothatofserotonin.Inaddition,animalstudiesofbrainneurochemistryfollowingadministrationofhallucinogensinvariablyreportedchangesinserotoninlevels.这种强调有两个主要原因。首先，人们很早就发现，许多主要致幻剂的分子结构与血清素相似。此外，对服用迷幻药后的脑神经化学的动物研究总是报告血清素水平的变化。确定B选项‘5-羟色胺和致幻剂化学结构的相似性‘正确。

2.文章第二段中Unfortunately和challenged为关键词，具有转折的意味。第二段中thishypothesishadtobetestedonperipheraltissue这一假设必须在周围组织上进行验证,由此可知答案为C选项’研究结果为反驳这一假设提供了证据‘正确。

3.该题为主旨概括题。文章第一句开篇点题，讲的是科学家对迷幻药的研究，并将研究目标集中于神经递质血清素，并得出了迷幻药对目标神经元的影响作用。所以C选项‘研究结果强烈表明，致幻药物通过作用于位于大脑目标神经元上的血清素受体来产生效果。‘正确。

4.由上题可知，文章主要是描述迷幻药对人的神经元的影响作用。并且回答了是怎么对人的神经产生影响的。选项A选项‘研究人员如何控制LSD对行为的影响?’文章没有提及。文章是对动物的实验，但并没有对比人与动物的区别，所以选项B‘动物对LSD的反应与人类有何不同?’排除。选项D‘什么技术进步能让研究人员更准确地预测LSD对行为的影响?’文章没有提到。所以排除法，选C。

5.该词出现在最后一段，Thatis后是对该词的解释。thatiscausesthesamekindsofbehaviorsasdoestheadmissionofserotonin-inanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotoninindicatesthatLSDactsdirectlyonserotoninreceptors,ratherthanindirectlythroughthereleaseofstoresofserotonin.这与大脑血清素缺乏的动物吸收血清素的行为相同，表明LSD直接作用于血清素受体，而不是通过释放血清素来间接作用。所以确定A选项‘这一系列的行为，通常与给药血清素有关，当给大脑中血清素不足的动物注射LSD时也会发生‘正确。

6.最后两段，作者提出相反的假设，以证据证明假设。所以D选项‘总结假设背后的推理，提出支持假设的证据，描述反驳支持证据的研究。‘正确。

7.题干提问作者的态度。A选项‘完全同意’；B选项‘不支持‘；C选项‘不予考虑的’；D选项‘无关紧要的‘。文中第二段作者对早期的以Unfortunately和challenged语气进行了否定，接着在下文中论述，从而得出真正的结果。所以B选项符合题意。

9.翻译题

Whatisthebestexercisetocontrol