2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号28

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thetragicimpactofmoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics.Thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialtotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets.Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do,andhasneverhaditsogood.

Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticaldatarevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoffstreetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcars,andparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironment,andstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.

Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby“landvalue”.Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:itsincomeisderivedfromtheserviceitprovides.Whenitsuseisintensified,itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.“Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse”becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit.

Partialdecentralization,orratherpseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown:ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystem,itdoesnotcureit.Heretheengineeringsolutionsarestronglyaffectedbythenecessityforcomplicatedintersections,which,inturn,arefrustratedbytheextravagantcostofland.

Itiswithinourpowertobuildbettercitiesandrevivethecivicprideoftheircitizens,butweshallhavetostopoperatingonthefringeoftheproblem.Weshallhaveradicallytore-planthemtoachievearationaldensityofpopulation.Weshallhavetoprovideinthemwhatcanbecalledminimum“psychologicalelbowroom.”Oneoftheingredientsofthiswillbepropertransportationplans.Thesewillhavetobeanintegralpartoftheoverallplanningprocesswhichinitselfisascientificprocess.Ifwewanttoplaneffectively,wemustcollect,inanorganizedmanner,allandcompleteinformationaboutthecityorthetown.Inthisprocess,wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeople,andthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.Scientificmethodsofdatacollectionandanalysiswillindicatetrends,buttheywillnotdirectaction.Scientificmethodsareonlyaninstrument.Manwillhavetosetthetarget,and,usingtheresultsobtainedbyscienceandhisownengineeringskill,takeuponhimselfthefinalshapingofhisenvironment.

26.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthatpeopleinoldtimes______.

27.Thehighly-developedtechnologyhasmademan______.

28.Thedrasticincreaseoflandvalueinthecity______.

29.Theexpansionofbigcitiestothedistantsuburbanareasmay______.

30.Theauthorsuggeststhattheremodelingofcitiesmust______.

问题1选项

A.paidmoreattentiontomaterialbenefits

B.hadastrongersenseofbeauty

C.weremoredesirousaboutthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology

D.enjoyedmorefreedomanddemocrat

问题2选项

A.increasinglyindustrious

B.freefrominconvenience

C.excessivelydependentonexternalaids

D.abletosavehisphysicalstrength

问题3选项

A.isthegoodresultofeconomicdevelopment

B.offersmoreopportunitiestolanddealers

C.isannoyinglyartificialandmeaningless

D.fortunatelyleadstothe“vertical”growthofcities

问题4选项

A.solvetheproblemofcitycongestion

B.resultintheremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystem

C.bringthesamecongestiontothesuburbanareas

D.needlessinvestmentonland

问题5选项

A.putprioritytothebenefitofthefuturegenerations

B.befocusedonpeopleratherthanoneconomy

C.beeconomicallyprofitabletolandowners

D.resorttoscientificmethods

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】26.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第一句Thetragicimpactofmoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics.（现代城市对人类的悲剧性影响扼杀了人的审美意识。），说明过去的人是拥有审美意识的，但是被现代城市扼杀了。因此B选项“有较强的审美意识”正确。A选项“比较注重物质利益”，C选项“对科技的发展有更大的愿望”，D选项“享有更多的自由和民主”，由原文可知，这是现代人的特点，所以A，C，D错误。

27.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialtotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets.（富裕社会的物质利益将人的注意力从城市及其文化潜力转移到了科技产品上：洗衣机、中央供暖系统、自动炊具、电视机、电脑和地毯。）和第二段第一句Heisreluctanttowalk.（人不愿意走路。），说明高度发达的科技让人类越来越依赖各种科技产品，不愿意自己动手。因此C选项“过度依赖外部援助”正确。A选项“越来越勤劳”，B选项“从不便中解放出来”，D选项“能够保存自己的体力”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。

28.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第五、六句Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadstothe“vertical”growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestionistocreatemoreofit.（这种投机的方式和人口增长的压力导致了城市的“垂直”增长，其结果是人们被迫调整自己，以适应拥堵，以维持这些相对人为的土地价值。矛盾的是，消除拥堵的补救办法是制造更多的拥堵。），说明土地价值的大幅提升是人为的、没有意义的。因此C选项“是人为的，没有意义的，令人讨厌”正确。A选项“是经济发展的好结果”，B选项“为土地商提供了更多的机会”，D选项“幸运地导致了城市的垂直发展”都是形容积极的结果，而原文表达的是消极的意思，所以A，B，D错误。

29.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第一句Partialdecentralization,orratherpseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown:ifitisnotcombinedwiththeremodelingofthetown’stransportationsystem,itdoesnotcureit.（部分分散化，或者说是伪分散化，以大型开发单位的形式远离传统的城镇中心，只是将疾病转移到城镇的解剖结构上：如果不与城镇交通系统的改造相结合，就无法治愈疾病。），说明大城市向远郊区扩展，并不会解决大城市的交通拥堵问题，反而会给郊区也带来交通拥堵问题。因此C选项“给郊区带来同样的拥堵问题”正确。A选项“解决城市拥堵问题”，B选项“导致城镇交通系统的改造”，D选项“需要减少对土地的投资”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。

30.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】观点态度题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段倒数第四句Inthisprocess,wemustnotforgetthatcitiesarebuiltbypeople,andthattheirformandshapeshouldbesubjecttothewillofthepeople.（在这个过程中，我们不能忘记城市是由人建造的，城市的形态应该服从于人的意志。），说明作者认为城市的改造必须以人类为中心。因此B选项“以人为本，而不是以经济为中心”正确。A选项“把造福子孙后代放在首位”，C选项“对土地所有者有经济效益”在文中没有提及，所以A，C错误。D选项“诉诸科学方法”，由原文可知，作者认为科学方法只是一种工具，人类必须自行承担环境的最终塑造工作，所以D错误。

2.单选题

In1923theinnovativeRussianfilmmakerDzigaVertovdescribedfilmmakingasaprocessthatleadsviewerstowarda“freshperceptionoftheworld.”Vertov’sdescriptionoffilmmakingshouldapplytofilmsonthesubjectofart.Yetfilmsonarthavenothadapowerfulandpervasiveeffectonthewaywesee.

Publicationsonartflourish,butthesebooksandarticlesdonotnecessarilysucceedinteachingustoseemoredeeplyormoreclearly.Muchwritinginarthistoryadvancesthediscourseinthefieldbutisunlikelytoinformtheeyeofoneunfamiliarwithitspolemics.Films,however,withtheircapacitytopresentmaterialvisuallyandtoreachabroaderaudience,havethepotentialtoenhancevisualliteracy(theabilitytoidentifythedetailsthatcharacterizeaparticularstyle)moreeffectivelythanpublicationscan.Unfortunately,fewofthehundredorsofilmsonartthataremadeeachyearintheUnitedStatesarebroadcastnationallyonprime-timetelevision.

Thefactthatfilmsonartarerarelyseenonprime-timetelevisionmaybeduenotonlytolimitationsondistributionbutalsototheshortcomingsofmanysuchfilms.Someoftheseshortcomingscanbeattributedtothefailureofarthistoriansandfilmmakerstocollaboratecloselyenoughwhenmakingfilmsonart.Theseprofessionalsareable,withintheirrespectivedisciplines,toincreaseourawarenessofvisualforms.Forclosecollaborationtooccur,professionalsineachdisciplineneedtorecognizethatfilmsonartcanbebotheducationalandentertaining,butthiswillrequirecompromiseonbothsides.Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.Filmmakersneedtoresisttheimpulsetomovethecameraquicklyfromdetailtodetailforfearofboringtheviewer,toframetheimageforthesakeofdramaalone,toadmusicforfearofsilence.Filmmakersareawarethatanartobjectdemandsconcentrationand,atthesametime,areconcernedthatitmaynotbecompellingenough-andsotheyhopetoprovidereliefbyinterposing“real”scenesthatbearonlyatangentialrelationshiptothesubject.Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.Ontheotherhand,arthistoriansneedtotrustthatonecanindicateandanalyze,notsolelywithwords,butalsobydirectingtheviewer’sgaze.Thespecializedwrittenlanguageofarthistoryneedstoberelinquishedoratleasttemperedforthescreen.Onlyaneffectivecollaborationbetweenfilmmakersandarthistorianscancreatefilmsthatwillenhanceviewers’perceptionsofart.

1.Thepassagesuggeststhatafilmmakerdesiringtoenhanceviewers’perceptionsofartshoulddowhichofthefollowing?

2.TheauthorofthepassagereferstoVertovinthefirstparagraphmostprobablyinorderto

3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

4.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

5.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfilmandvisualliteracy?

6.Accordingtothepassage,arthistoriansdesiringtoworkwithfilmmakerstoenhancethepublic’sappreciationofartneedtoacknowledgewhichofthefollowing?

7.Whichofthefollowingwoulddescribetheauthor’smostlikelyreactiontoaclaimthatfilmsonartwouldmoresuccessfullypromotevisualliteracyiftheyfollowedthestandardssetforrockvideos?

问题1选项

A.Relyonthepreciselanguageofarthistorywhendevelopingscriptsforfilmsonart.

B.Relyondramaticnarrativeandmusictosetafilm’stoneandstyle.

C.Recognizethataworkofartbyitselfcanbecompellingenoughtoholdaviewer’sattention.

D.Dependmorestronglyonnarrationinsteadofcameramovementstoguidetheviewer’sgaze.

问题2选项

A.provideanexampleofhowfilmscanbeusedtoinfluenceperceptions

B.presentevidencetosupporttheargumentthatfilmshavebeenusedsuccessfullytoinfluenceviewers’perceptions

C.introducethenotionthatfilmcaninfluencehowviewerssee

D.contrastatraditionalviewoftheusesoffilmwithamoremodemview

问题3选项

A.Anobservationaboutanunsatisfactorysituationisoffered,thereasonsforthesituationarediscussed,andthenwaystochangeitaresuggested.

B.Twoopinionsregardingacontroversialphenomenonarecontrasted,supportingevidenceforeachispresented,andthenthetwoopinionsarereconciled.

C.Criticismofapointofviewisdiscussed,thecriticismisanswered,andthenthecriticismisappliedtoanotherpointofview.

D.Apointofviewisdescribed,evidencesupportingtheviewisprovided,andthenasummaryispresented.

问题4选项

A.discussingwhyfilm’spotentialasamediumforpresentingarttothegeneralpublichasnotbeenfullyrealizedandhowfilmmightbemademoreeffectiveinthisregard

B.discussingtheshortcomingsoffilmsonartandthetechnologicalinnovationsrequiredtoincreasetheimpactoffilmonvisualliteracy

C.discussingtheadvantagesandthedisadvantagesofusingfilmsratherthanpublicationstopresentworksofarttothegeneralpublic

D.presentinginformationtosupporttheviewthatfilmsonartmustfocusmoreoneducationandlessonentertainmentinordertoincreasevisualliteracy.

问题5选项

A.Readingapublicationaboutaworkofartandthenseeingafilmaboutthesameworkisthemosteffectivewaytodevelopvisualliteracy.

B.Anincreaseinaviewer’sawarenessofvisualformswillalsoleadtoanincreasedattentionspan.

C.Filmhasagreatbutnotyetfullyexploitedcapacitytoincreaseviewers’awarenessofvisualforms.

D.Afilmthatfocusesonthedetailsofaworkofartwillhinderthedevelopmentofvisualliteracy.

问题6选项

A.Thearthistorian’sroleinthecreationofafilmonartislikelytobearelativelyminorone.

B.Filmcanusenonverbalmeanstoachievesomeofthesameresultsthataspokenorwrittendiscoursecanachieve.

C.Anin-depthanalysisofaworkofartisnotanappropriatetopicforafilmonart.

D.Althoughsilencemaybeanappropriateback-groundwhenviewingaworkofartinamuseum,itisinappropriateinafilm.

问题7选项

A.Ambivalence

B.Indifference

C.Sympathy

D.Disdain

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6题:B

第7题:D

【解析】1.根据文章第三段：Filmmakersareawarethatanartobjectdemandsconcentration.制片人要意识到艺术的目标就是吸引注意力。确定C选项‘承认艺术作品本身有足够的魅力可以吸引观众的注意’正确。A选项‘在创作艺术类电影时，需要精准的艺术史语言’、B选项‘设计电影基调与风格时，需要戏剧性的叙事与音乐’和D选项‘要抓住观众的注意力，更多的依靠的是叙事，而不是移动的镜头’与原文不符，排除。

2.根据文章第一段：...describedfilmmakingasaprocessthatleadsviewerstowarda“freshperceptionoftheworld”.Vertov’sdescriptionoffilmmakingshouldapplytofilmsonthesubjectofart.认为电影制作是一个让观众重新感知世界的过程。托夫影制作的描述是把电影看成是一种艺术。确定C选项‘阐述一个概念：电影是如何影响观众的视觉’正确。A选项‘举个例子说明电影可以影响感知力’、B选项‘为以下论点提供论据：电影已经成功影响了观众的感知力’和D选项‘将对电影作用的传统观点与现代观点进行比较’与原文不符，排除。

3.整个文章是按照先讲问题，再分析原因，最后提出解决办法这一模式行文的，所以A选项‘先提出观察到的令人不满意的现状，再分析原因，最后给出解决方法’正确。B选项‘先提出两个矛盾的观点，再提出各自支持的论据，最后将两个矛盾综合’、C选项‘先批驳一个观点，再反驳回去，然后再批驳另一个观点’和D选项‘先提出一个观点，再给支持该观点的论据，最后总结’不符合原文的写作结构，排除。

4.根据文章第二段：Films...havethepotentialtoenhancevisualliteracymoreeffectivelythanpublicationscan:电影比出版物更具有提高观众视觉认识能力的潜力。第三段：Thefactthatfilmsonartarerarelyseenonprime-timetelevisionmaybeduenotonlytolimitationsondistributionbutalsototheshortcomingsofmanysuchfilms.艺术类电影很少在黄金时段播出，究其原因，一方面是因为分配的限制，另一方面就是许多这类影片本身的不足之处。由确定B选项‘讨论艺术类电影本身的不足之处以及技术创新，要求提高对视觉认识能力的影响力’符合题意。A选项‘讨论电影作为媒体，其向大众传播艺术的潜力没有得到充分发挥的原因，以及电影在这方面或许有着更大的效应’、C选项‘讨论与出版物相比，运用电影这一方式向大众宣传艺术作品的优势与劣势’和D选项‘为以下观点提供论据：艺术类电影为了提高观众的视觉认识能力，把重点放在教育意义上而非娱乐性‘不符合原文，排除。

5.根据文章第三段：Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.创作艺术类影片的制片人不应当遵循拍摄摇滚影片和广告的标准。Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.Ontheotherhand,arthistoriansneedtotrustthatonecanindicateandanalyze,notsolelywithwords...艺术作品需要开发出属于自己的特色语言或术语。艺术历史学家也要相信观众有能力去辨析，而不是仅仅依靠言语。确定C选项‘电影在提高观众的视觉形式意识方面，大有潜力可挖’正确。A选项‘阅读有关艺术作品的出版物，然后看一场同类型的电影，这是提高观众视觉认识能力最有效的方法’、B选项‘观众视觉认识能力的扩大将扩大观众注意力的范围’和D选项‘以艺术类作品为题裁的电影将会阻碍视觉认识能力的发展’不符合原文。

6.根据文章第三段：Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.创作艺术类影片的制片人不应当遵循拍摄摇滚影片和广告的标准。Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.Ontheotherhand,arthistoriansneedtotrustthatonecanindicateandanalyze,notsolelywithwords...：艺术作品需要开发出属于自己的特色语言或术语。艺术历史学家也要相信观众有能力去辨析，而不是仅仅依靠言语。由此确定B选项‘演讲或书面言语所取得的效果，电影可以通过非言语的方式获得同样的效果‘正确。A选项‘艺术历史学家创作艺术类电影的作用相对降低了’、C选项‘进一步分析艺术类作品不适合成为艺术类电影的主题的原因’和D选项‘在博物馆欣赏艺术作品时，寂静与之最为相村，可是这一点并不适合用在电影中’不符合原文，排除。

7.根据文章第三段：Afilmmakerwhoiscreatingafilmabouttheworkofanartistshouldnotfollowthestandardssetbyrockvideosandadvertising.合作艺术类影片的制片人不应当遵循拍摄摇滚影片和广告的标准。Butaworkofartneedstobeexploredonitsownterms.艺术作品需要开发出属于自己的特色语言或术语。由此得出，如果遵照做了，势必产生相反的效果。所以D选项‘蔑视’符合题意。A选项‘矛盾心理’、B选项‘漠不关心’和C选项‘同情’不符合原文，排除。

3.单选题

Animportantnewindustry,oilrefining,grewaftertheCivilWar.Crudeoil,orpetroleum——adark,thickooze(渗出物)fromtheearthhadbeenknownforhundredsofyears.Butlittleusehadeverbeenmadeofit.Inthe1850'sSamuelM.Kier,amanufactureinwesternPennsylvania,begancollectingtheoilfromlocalseepageandrefiningitintokerosene.Refining,likesmelting,isaprocessofremovingimpuritiesfromarawmaterial.

Kerosenewasusedtolightlamps.Itwasacheapsubstituteforwhaleoil,whichwasbecominghardertoget.Soontherewasalargedemandforkerosene.Peoplebegantosearchfornewsuppliesofpetroleum.

ThefirstoilwellwasdrilledbyE.L.Drake,aretiredrailroadconductor.In1859hebegandrillinginTitusville,Pennsylvania,Thewholeventureseemedsoimpracticalandfoolishthatonlookerscalledit’’Drake’sFolly”.Butwhenhehaddrilleddownabout70feet(21meters)Drakestruckoil.Hiswellbegantoyield20barrelsofcrudeoiladay.

NewsofDrake'ssuccessbroughtoilprospectorstothescene.Bytheearly1860'sthesewildcattersweredrillingfor"blackgold”alloverwesternPennsylvania.TheboomrivaledtheCaliforniagoldrushof1848initsexcitementandWildWestatmosphere.Anditbroughtfarmorewealthtotheprospectorsthananygoldrush.

Crudeoilcouldberefinedintomanyproducts.Forsomeyearskerosenecontinuedtobetheprincipalone.Itwassoldingrocerystoresanddoor-to-door.Inthe1880'sand189(Tsrefinerslearnedhowtomakeotherproductssuchaswaxesandlubricatingoils.Petroleumwasnotthenusedtomakegasolineorheatingoil.

1.Accordingtothepassage,manypeopleinitiallythoughtthatE.L.Drakehadmadeamistake（

）

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatis"blackgold"?

3.WhydoestheauthormentiontheCaliforniagoldrush?

4.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingaspossibleproductsofcrudeoilEXCEPT（

）.

5.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.movingtoPennsylvania

B.retiringfromhisjob

C.searchingforoil

D.goingonawhalingexpedition

问题2选项

A.goldore

B.stolenmoney

C.whaleoil

D.crudeoil

问题3选项

A.ToindicatetheextentofUnitedStatesmineralwealth.

B.Toarguethatgoldwasmorevaluablethanoil

C.Todescribethemoodwhenoilwasfirstdiscovered

D.Toexplaintheneedforanincreasedsupplyofgold

问题4选项

A.gasoline

B.kerosene

C.wax

D.plastic

问题5选项

A.OilRefining:AHistoricalPerspective.

B.KeroseneLamps:AlightintheTunnel.

C.TheCaliforniaGoldRush:GetRichQuickly.

D.PrivateProperty:TrespasserswillBeProsecuted.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据文章第三段In1859hebegandrillinginTitusville,Pennsylvania,Thewholeventureseemedsoimpracticalandfoolishthatonlookerscalledit”Drake’sFolly'1859年，他开始在宾西法尼亚州的提特斯维尔钻探石油，整个计划看起来既不切实际又愚蠢，旁观者称之为“德雷克的愚蠢”。说明了人们对找油田的时表示怀疑和嘲讽。C选项符合题意。

2.文章第三段第二行很明显指出黑金指的就是石油，D选项正确。

3.根据文章倒数第二段最后一行TheboomrivaledtheCaliforniagoldrushof1848initsexcitementandWildWestatmosphere.Anditbroughtfarmorewealthtotheprospectorsthananygoldrush.这场繁荣在其兴奋和狂野的西部氛围上堪比1848年的加利福尼亚淘金热。它给勘探者带来的财富远远超过淘金热。确定C选项‘描述石油首次被发现时的心情’正确。

4.A,B,C选项文章都有描述，D选项‘塑料’在文中没有涉及，所以答案为D。

5.全文主要论述了石油冶炼的相关事情，包括在加利福尼亚西部钻油等历史。所以A选项符合题意。

4.翻译题

过去十年间，中国手机网络的发展可谓有目共睹，几乎每年都会新增约八千万用户，但据英国广播公司报道，在某种程度上，真正的通讯革命才刚刚开始。

今年，中国将取代美国成为世界最大的智能手机市场。对很多中国人来说，智能手机使他们第一次拥有了通向互联网的私人路径。这对于信息技术开发商、尤其是移动手机应用程序开发商来说是非比寻常的机遇。

那么，应用程序开发商是怎么在中国赚到钱的呢？一种方法就是尝试“应用内销售”一一他们推出免费的应用程序，一旦用户被吸引，再以较低的价格卖给他们体验增强版。虽然中国的用户只愿意出几分钱来购买升级服务，但只要想想用户多达数百万，加在一起很快就是一大笔钱。不过，对于非游戏类应用程序开发商来说，要发展就得依靠广告收益。

【答案】ThemobilenetworkgrowthinChinahasbeenremarkable,withsome80millionnewusersjoiningeveryyearforthepastdecade.Buttosomeextent,therealcommunicationsrevolutionhasonlyjustbegun,BBCreported.

Thisyear,ChinawillovertakeAmericaastheworld'sbiggestSmartphonemarket.FormanyChinese,theSmartphoneoffersthemtheirfirstpersonalaccesstoInternet.Thisisanextraordinaryopportunityforinformationtechnologydevelopers,especiallymobileappdevelopers.

SohowthendoesanappdevelopermakemoneyinChina?Onewayistotryin-appsales—theyofferfreeappsandonceusersarehooked,theywillsellthemanenhancedversionoftheexperienceatalowerprice.AlthoughusersinChinamaybeonlywillingtopayafewcentsfortheenhancedservice,whenyou'retalkingmillionsofusers,thatcansoonadduptoalotofmoney.But,fornon-gameappdevelopers,theremustbeadvertisingrevenuetomoveforward.

5.单选题

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality;photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteenthcentury,photography’sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart:lateinthetwentiethcenturyanambivalentrelationexistsbecauseofthemodernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentrationonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPopduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalmodernistpaintingthatisabstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,CandinskyandMatissepresupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart,photography,likePoppainting,andreassuresviewersthatartisnothard:photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.

Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographisadistinctiveandexaltedactivityinshort,anart.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinthesecondparagraph？(Thesentenceinitalics.)

3.TheauthorintroducesAbstractExpressionistpainters(inthethirdparagraph)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,thenineteenth——centurydefendersofphotographymentionedinthepassagestressedthatphotographywas（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?

6.Accordingtothepassage,certainseriouscontemporaryphotographersexpresslymakewhichofthefollowingclaimsabouttheirphotographs?

7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablyconsidersseriouscontemporaryphotographytobea（

）

问题1选项

A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart

B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury

C.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

问题2选项

A.paradoxical

B.mechanical

C.superficial

D.dramatic

问题3选项

A.provideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodemart

B.callattentiontoartistswhoseworksoftenbearaphysicalresemblancetotheworksofseriouscontemporaryphotographers

C.setforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters

D.provideacontrasttoPopartistsandotherswhocreatedworksthatexemplifytheModernistheritageinart

问题4选项

A.ameansofmakingpeoplefamiliarwithremotelocalesandunfamiliarthings

B.atechnologicallyadvancedactivity

C.adeviceforobservingtheworldimpartially

D.anartcomparabletopainting

问题5选项

A.Thephotographers’beliefthattheirrelianceonanimpersonalmachinetoproducetheirartrequiresthesurrendersoftheauthorityoftheirpersonalvision

B.Thephotographers’fearthatseriousphotographymaynotbeacceptedasanartbythecontemporaryartpublic

C.TheinfluenceofAbstractExpressionistpaintingandPopArtonthesubjectmatterofthemodemphotograph

D.Thephotographers’beliefthatthebestartissubversiveofartasithaspreviouslybeendefined

问题6选项

A.Theirphotographscouldbecreatedbyalmostanyonewhohadacameraandthetimetodevotetotheactivity.

B.Theirphotographsarenotexamplesofartbutareexamplesofthephotographers’impartialobservationoftheworld.

C.Theirphotographsareimportantbecauseoftheirsubjectsbutnotbecauseoftheresponsestheyevokeinviewers.

D.Theirphotographsexhibitthesameagelessprinciplesofformandshadingthathavebeenusedinpainting

问题7选项

A.contemporaryartthatisstrugglingtobeacceptedasfineart

B.craftrequiringsensitivitybutnomeansanart

C.mechanicalcopyingofreality

D.modemartthatdisplaystheModernisttendencytotrytosubverttheprevailingalmsofart

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:B

第7题:A

【解析】1.文章主旨题。A选项‘界定现代主义者对艺术的态度‘、B选项’解释摄影是如何作为美术出现的‘和D选项’界定当代严肃摄影家对待他们艺术所具有的各种观点，并评定每种观点的价值‘这三项只是文内提到的某些方面，不是主要的。C选项’说明当代严肃的摄影家对摄影作为艺术的态度，并把他们这些态度放在历史的进程来观察‘符合题意。

2.作者