2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号2

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts.Yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.

Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob.Theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.

Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain-bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.

AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century“freeenterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities-thoseofloveandofreason-aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

1.By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery”theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis（

）.

2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat（

）

3.Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose（

）.

4.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof（

）.

问题1选项

A.anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividualfunctionsinit

B.workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety

C.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothly

D.ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly

问题2选项

A.theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs

B.theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife

C.theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence

D.theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence

问题3选项

A.whoareatthebottomofthesociety

B.whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus

C.whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors

D.whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld

问题4选项

A.resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors

B.offerhigherwagestotheworkerandemployees

C.enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities

D.takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted

问题5选项

A.approval

B.dissatisfaction

C.suspicion

D.tolerance

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一句话通常点出主旨大意。通篇文章都在谈论人们由于对工作没有激情和兴趣而找不到存在感，生活在巨大的焦虑之中的现实。所以C选项“社会中毫不重要的一个小部分，尽管一切运作正常”符合题意。

2.根据文章第二段的最后一句话‘Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.他们生活和死亡从来没有面对过人类作为情感和智力独立和有生产力的人存在的基本现实。’确定真正的原因是作为“情感与理智上独立的、富有创造性的”个人被忽视。D选项正确。选项A、B只是部分原因，不是真正的原因；C的意思与文章内容相悖。

3.语义推测题。文章第三段开头提到‘Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.生活在社会上层阶级的人需要面对更为激烈的竞争，因此面临着更大的焦虑，同时也更没有安全感‘。所以A和B选项排除。第三段最后一句提到“Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.一个人需要频繁地去证实他不比其竞争者差或比他更好，这样频繁的焦虑和压力正是人类抑郁和生病的原因。”，所以C选项排除。所以正确答案为D。

4.语义理解题。文章最后一段作者提到了解决方法：Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities-thoseofloveandofreason-aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和消费为目的的官僚主义管理的工业主义转变为以人为本的工业主义，在这种工业主义中，人和充分发挥他的潜力---即爱和理性的潜力---是一切社会安排的目标。作者不赞同回到工业革命前的生产模式或是19世纪自由市场资本主义，所以A和B选项排除。作者赞同旨在激发人类爱和理智无限潜能的社会事业，所以C选项正确。D选项文章没有提及，排除。

5.作者观点题。作者提出了由于工业主义后在社会上产生的焦虑，但是文章最后一段，作者并不仅仅是表达对现状的不满意，而是以宽容的方式提出更好的建议来改善现状。所以D选项“宽容”符合题意。A“赞同”和C“怀疑”都不符合文意，排除。B‘不满’比较片面，排除。

2.单选题

Wearegoodatinventingwaytoenlargeourrealm.Repeatedlywefindmethodsofspreadingfarther.Ifanelementisforbidding,wedeviseameanstomasterit.Reachingthecontinentalshores,wedevelopedship-buildingandnavigationalskillsinordertocrossoceans.Shiveringatarcticweather,wedesignedforclothingandsnugsheltersinordertoedgenorthward.And,havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime.Althoughbeingwakefulatnightfloutedournaturalrhythms,wedevelopedartificiallightingthatletusbeactiveafterdark.

Aneraisnowunderwayinwhichwearereplacingourcycliccommunitywithactivitiesthatneverstop.Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.Meanwhile,isolatedindividualsbendoverbooksandpapersondesksintheirhomes,watchtelevisionaftermidnight,orwalkinthestreetsandlistentothenightbreathe.

ThisextensionacrossallhoursofthedayresemblesourspreadingacrossthefaceoftheEarth.Lookatbothtrendsfromenoughperspectiveindistanceandtimeandtheyappearalike.Hoverfarabovetheplanetandwatchitasitspinsthroughouttheeras.Withtheplanet’ssurfaceindaylight,littlehumansettlementscanbeseentogrowlargerastheyearsgobyandsmallextensionsappearattheiroutskirts.Watchthesurfacewhenitisinnightandatfirstsomepinpointsoflightflickerforawhileandthengoout.Afteragespass,thoselightbecomestronger;theystayonlonger,andotherglimmeringsappearnearby.Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.Butbothareadvancinginorder.

Bothformsofexpansionarefrontiers.Afrontierisanewsourceofresourcesthatpeopleuseforsubsistenceorforprofit.Itisalsoasafetyvalveforpeoplewhofeelconfined.Theydisperseinresponsetopressuresathomeandtoappealingopportunitieselsewhere.

Now,venturingintothenight,wehavethesamemotivesasourpredecessorswhomigratedgeographically.Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.Thechancetoexploitfacilitiesthatareleftidlealsoarousesourinitiativetousemoreofthenight.Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.Otherslooktoittobetterthemselveseconomically.Itisnoaccidentthatpersonalmotivesforreliefandopportunityaresimilartothecausesofexpansionforthecommunityasawhole.Thosearetheage-oldforcesbehindallmigrations.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

2.TheexamplestheauthorcitesinPara.2(“Thereis…night”)illustrateablurringof（

）

3.Incontext,theuseof“Look”,“Hover,”and“Watch”(inPara.3)isintendedto（

）.

4.InPara.3,"both"mostdirectlyrefersto（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingactivitiesprovidesthebestexampleofthe"waytomultiply"asdiscussedinthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.persuadereaderstoincreasetheiruseofnighttimehours

B.arguethatconstanthumanactivityisharmfultoindividualsandgroups

C.explorehowthechanginguseoftimeisrelatedtothehistoryofhumanexpansion

D.critiquethewayinwhichchanginglaborpatternshavecometodominatehumanlife

问题2选项

A.ambitionandgreed

B.solitudeandcompanionship

C.theusesofnighttimeandofdaytime

D.thepurposesofworkandofrecreation

问题3选项

A.warnreadersofthethreatofunboundedmigration

B.invitereaderstoimaginehumanhistoryvisually

C.preparereaderstoanticipatechangeanditsconsequences

D.promotetheuseofnighttimehoursforworkorleisureactivities

问题4选项

A.workerproductivityandnationalwealth

B.scientificknowledgeandindividualwell-being

C.competingworkdemandsandavailabletime

D.inhabitedspaceandusabletime

问题5选项

A.Conductingeveningclassesinpublicschoolbuildings

B.Keepingmunicipalofficesopenduringthelunchhour

C.Enforcingcurfewlawsinresidentialneighborhoods

D.Addingmorebuildingstoafactorycomplex

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.本题是问这篇文章的写作目的，A项意为“为了规劝读者多加利用他们的午夜时间”；B项意为“为了讨论持续的人类活动对个人和团体是有害的”；C项意为“为了探讨对于不断利用时间与人们扩张的历史之间是如何联系的”；D项意为“为了批判不断变化的劳动方式已经主宰了人类的生活”。本题可通过文中出现的“spreading”、“edgenorthward’’、“Thisextensionacrossallhoursoftheday”以及“Dayandnight,overthousandsofyears,revealtouswideningnetworksofhumansettlementsandilluminationbeingprolongedafterdark.日以继夜地，几千年以来，给我们揭示了人们的定居点不断扩大的网络以及天黑之后照明工具的延长”等都表明了本文的写作目的是分析人类活动的扩张与利用时间之间的关系，C选项符合题意。

2.本题是问第二段中所举的例子表明的意思。A项意为“野心和贪婪”；B项意为“孤独和陪伴”；C项意为“夜间和白天时间的利用”；D项意为“工作和娱乐的目的”。由第二段中的“Thereiswidespreadfactoryshiftwork.Airports,gasolinestations,hotels,restaurantsandbroadcastersoperateincessantly.Data-processingdepartmentsofinsurancecompaniesandbanksareastirallnight.工厂普遍实行轮班制。机场、加油站、旅馆、餐馆和广播电台都在不停地运转。保险公司和银行的数据处理部门整夜都在忙碌。”列举了一些需要倒班的工作，所以举例的目的是为了说明人类对于夜间和白天时间的充分利用，C选项符合题意。

3.A项意为‘提醒读者无限迁移的所带来的威胁’；B项意为，‘邀请读者从视觉上想象人类的历史‘；C项意为‘为读者做好预期的变化和后果的准备’；D项意为‘推广在工作或者休闲活动中对于夜间时间的利用‘。题目中所给词look意为“看”;hover意为“盘旋”；watch意为“观察，观看”，这三个词语均与B项中的“visually（视觉上的）”对应。B选项符合题意。

4.A项意为“工人的生产力和国家财富”；B项意为“科学知识和个人幸福”；C项意为“充满竞争的工作需求和可利用的时间”；D项意为“居住空间和可利用的时间”。根据第一段中的‘havingfirstoccupiedmuchoftheusablespaceintheworld,wearefillingitsusabletime’在第一次占领了世界上大部分的可用空间后，我们正在填补其可用的时间和第二段最后一句‘Thesurfaceisnotuniformlyoccupied.Thehoursarenotuniformlylit.’表面不是均匀地被占据的。时间并不是统一的。可知both是指空间上和时间上的占有，D选项符合题意。

5.A项意为“在公立学校里设立夜校课程”；B项意为“在午饭时间开放市政办公”；C项意为“在住宅社区施行宵禁法”；D项意为“添加更多的工厂建筑”。文中最后一段提到了‘Thedaytimeistoocrowded.Itscarryingcapacityisbeingstrained,andstillitdoesnotyieldaltthatthecommunitywants.在白天已经非常拥挤了，容纳量趋于紧张。’这个拥挤是指一些空间场所。再结合“Somepeopledislikethecommotionofthedayandcravetheserenityofnight.一些人不喜欢白天的骚动，渴望夜晚的宁静”，以及文中‘Usingthesamespacemoreofthetimeisawaytomultiplyitscapacity.’对waytomultiply的定义就是更多地利用同一个空间，所以A选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Whyshouldanyonebuythelatestvolumeintheever-expandingDictionaryofNational

Biography?Idonotmeanthatitisbad,asthereviewerswillagree.Butitwillcostyou65pounds.Andhaveyougottherestofvolumes?Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.Ofcourse,itwillbeanswered,publicandacademiclibrarieswillwantthenewvolume.Afterall,itadds1068livesofpeoplewhoescapedthenetoftheoriginalcompilers.Yetin10years’timearevisedversionofthewholecaboodle,calledtheNewDictionaryofNationalBiography,willbepublished.Itseditor.ProfessorColinMatthew,tellsmethathewillhaveroomforabout50,0001ives，some13,000morethaninthecurrentDNB.Thisratherputsthe1,068inMissingPersonsintheshade.

WhenDr.NichollswrotetoTheSpectatorin1989askingfornamesofpeoplewhomreadershadlookedupintheDNBandbeendisappointednottofind,shesaysthatshereceivedsome1009000suggestions.(Well,shehadwrittento“otherqualitynewspapers”too.)Assoonashercommitteehadwhittledthenumbersdown,theprofessionalproblemsofaneditorbegan.Contributorsdidn’tfilecopyontime;somewhodidsenttoomuch.50,000wordsinsteadof500isarecord,accordingtoDr.Nicholls.

Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.Criminalsweremayinitialworry.Afterall,theoriginaleditionoftheDNBboasted.Malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinteresthavereceivedhardlylessattentionthanbenefactors.Mr.JohnGrossclearlyhadsimilaranxieties,forhecomplainsthat,whilethemurdererChristieisin.Crippenisout.OnemightsayinreplythattheinjusticeofthehangingofEvansinsteadofChristies(entryinMissingPersons)notes.ButthenCrippenwasreputedasthefirstmurderertobecaughtbytelegraphy(hehadtriedtoescapebyshiptoAmerica).

ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.

OfHugoofBuryStEdmunds,a12th-centuryilluminatorwhosedatesofbirthanddeatharenotrecordedhisbiographercomments.“WhetherornotHugewasawall-painter,therecordsofhisactivitiesascarverandmanuscriptpainterattesttohisversatility”.Thentherehadtobemorewomen,too(12percent,againsttheoriginalDBN’s3),suchasRoyStrong’ssubject,theTudorpainterLevinaTeerlinc,ofwhomheremarks,“Hermostcharacteristicfeatureisaheadattachedtoatoosmall,spindlybody.Hertechniqueremainedawkward,thinandoftencursory.”Doesn’tseemtoqualifyherasamemorableartist.YetitmaybebetterthantherecordoftheoriginalDNB,whichincludedlivesofpeoplewhoneverexisted(suchasMerlin)andevenmanagedtogivethankstoJ.W.Clerkeasacontributor.Though,asalatereditionadmitsinashamefacedfootnote,“exceptfortheentryintheListofcontributorsthereisnotraceofJ.W.Clerke”.

1.Thewritersuggeststhatthereisnosenseinbuyingthelatestvolume（

）.

2.OntheissueofwhoshouldbeincludedintheDNB,thewriterseemstosuggestthat（

）.

3.CrippenwasabsentfromtheDNB（

）.

4.Theauthorquotedafewentriesinthelastparagraphto（

）.

5.Throughoutthepassage,thewriter’stonetowardstheDNBwas（

）.

问题1选项

A.becauseitisnotworththeprice

B.becauseithasfewerentriesthanbefore

C.unlessonehasallthevolumesinhiscollection

D.unlessanexpandedDNBwillcomeoutshortly

问题2选项

A.theeditorshadclearrulestofollow

B.thereweretoomanycriminalsintheentries.

C.theeditorsclearlyfavoredbenefactors.

D.theeditorswereirrationalintheirchoices

问题3选项

A.becauseheescapedtotheU.s

B.becausedeathsentencehadbeenabolished

C.forreasonsnotclarified

D.becauseoftheeditor’smistake

问题4选项

A.illustratesomefeaturesoftheDNB

B.giveemphasistohisargument

C.impressthereaderwithitscontent

D.highlightthepeopleintheMiddleAge

问题5选项

A.complimentary

B.supportive

C.sarcastic

D.bitter

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.语义理解题。作者在第一段提到“人们为什么要购买不断增补的《全国名人传记辞典》的最新一卷？我并不是像那些评论家一样认为这本辞典不好。但是，它的价格高达65英镑，而且，你买了其他卷册了吗？你需要22卷基础册，加上每两年出版的增订卷，要买齐整套书就要买31册。”这里的含义是，这本辞典每两年都要出版增补卷，除非你全部都买了，否则购买最新一卷就没有意思。所以C选项‘除非你收藏了所有的书’正确。A“不值得它的售价”也是原因之一，却不是主要原因。B“相比之前的版本，它收录的词条更少。”与文章意思不符。C“除非增订版名人传记缩短出版时间”在文章中没有提及。

2.语义理解题。文章第三段开头提到了“Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.关于选录谁的问题，这是读者提出的问题，并且他们还将提出这样的问题。”，“罪犯的入选让人担心...”，但是Crippen却没有当作值得一提的人物收录其中；第四段，作者提到‘ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.值得被收入的人选被意外地没有收录，却有很多中世纪生平不详的艺术家和建筑家。‘因此作者想表达的是编辑在选录人选上没有合理的根据，D选项正确。

3.细节判断题。作者在第三段举出Crippen的例子，正是为了说明Crippen应该收录进名人传记，然后却没有。作者自己也没有找出原因。所以C选项符合题意。

4.语义理解题。作者在最后一段提到了辞典中包括的几个生平不详，而且是他认为被莫名其妙地收录辞典的人，用以说明他在第四段提到观点，编辑在收录人选时没有合理的根据。所以B选项符合题意。

5.作者观点题。作者全文都在批评名人传记一书，所以A选项“赞美”，B选项“支持”，D选项“充满仇恨的”排除，选项C“讽刺的”符合题意。

4.翻译题

China'sprolongedsilenceaboutitsdestructionoftheFengYun1-Csatellite,whichitlaunchedin1999,hasbeenalmostasunnervingtoitspotentialenemies(American,JapanandTaiwanespecially)astheexperimentitself.Itwasonlythisweek12daysaftertheeventthatChinagrudginglyadmittedthatithadtestedsomethinginspace.ThishasledtospeculationthatChinawillnotdescribeopenlywhatactuallyhappened.Aforeign-ministryspokesmaninsistedthatChinawouldnotengageinanarmsraceinspace.YetitishardtoseethetestotherthanasadisplayofChina’sabilitytochallengeAmericanspacepower.IthastriggeredachorusofcomplaintfromWesternpowers,aswellasfromneighboringJapanandTaiwan.ChinasaysitdidbriefAmericanandJapaneseofficials,amongothers,onwhathappenedbutnot,itappears,untiljustbeforeitconfirmedthetesttothepress.

ChinawilldoubtlessinsistthattheAmericanscanhardlycomplain,AmericanandtheformerSovietUniontestedanti-satelliteweapons,albeitmorethan20yearsago.GeorgeBushhasrefusedtotalktoChinaaboutaproposalitraisedin2002,withRussia'sbacking,foratreatyoutlawingthe"weaponisation"ofspace.Mr.BushauthorizedanewnationalspacepolicyinAugustlastyearsthatirkedtheChinese.ItdefendedAmerican'srighttousespacefordefenseandintelligencegatheringpurposesaswellastostop"adversaries"fromusingspaceinwaysthatthreatenAmerican"nationalinterests".

【答案】摧毁这枚自己在1999年发射的风云1-C卫星后，中国一直都不动声色。这几乎与试验本身一样，让中国潜在的敌人（美国、日本、尤其是台湾）感到惴惴不安。直到本周，也就是摧毁卫星12天后，中国才勉强承认在太空中进行过某个试验。这不免让人怀疑，中国不会公开描述实际发生了什么。中国外交部发言人坚称，中国不会参与太空军备竞赛。然而，除了将此次测试视为中国能力的展示之外，很难看到其他任何迹象。这引发了西方列强以及邻国日本和台湾的一致抱怨。中国说，它确实向美国和日本官员以及其他国家的官员简要介绍了发生的情况，但似乎是在向媒体证实朝鲜试射导弹之前才这样做的。

毫无疑问，中国会认为美国人没什么可抱怨的。美国和前苏联就曾试验过反卫星武器，尽管这还是20多年前的事了。乔治•布什还拒绝就中国在2002年提出并得到俄罗斯持的一项关于签署“太空禁武”条约的建议与中国进行对话。去年8月布什批准出台的国家太空新政策也惹恼了中国人。该政策维护了美国将太空用于各种目的的权利，其中包括防卫、收集情报以及阻止“对手”采取危及美国“国家利益”的方式利用太空。

5.翻译题

Bydoublingtheresolutionofexistingliquid-crystaldisplays(LCDS),IBMhascreatedamonitorwhich,whenviewedfrom18inchesawayorfarther,showsimagesthatthehumaneyefindsindistinguishablefromtherealthing.LCDSworkbysandwichingathinsheetofliquidcrystals—inthiscase,thin-filmtransistorsbetweentwonarrowlyseparatedpanesofglass.Typically,smallglasssphereshaveheldthetwopanesofglassapart,impairingbyrefractiontheperformanceofthedisplay.IBMhasreplacedthesphereswithsmallposts,whicharelocatedintheintersticesbetweenpixels,andsodonotdisturbthelightasitleavestheexcitedliquidcrystal.Inthepast,attemptstoachievesuchhighpixelrateshavebeenstymiedbythebuild-upofelectricalstatic,whichcausedproblemswiththebrightnessofthescreens.TheIBMgroupshavesolvedthisbyusingalasertoscanbackandforthacrosstheglass,preventingthebuild-upofstaticelectricity.Thenewscreencouldalsohelppetroleumengineerstospeeduptheiranalysisofwheretodrillfromonemonthtooneday.Similarly,thehigherfidelitywillallowCAD(computer-aideddesign)systems,especiallyinthemotorandaerospaceindustries,toworkfasterbecausethedetailrevealedbythenewmonitorcancutoutcostlyprototype-buildingexercises.RAM’Sideaisthatthenewmonitorwillallowdesignersofallsortstogostraightfromcomputerimagetofinalproduct,eliminatingmanycostlyandtime-consumingmiddlestages.

【答案】IBM公司制造的显示器将现有液晶显示器的分辨率提高了一倍。如从18英尺甚至更远的距离看，肉眼很难区分显示屏上的图像与实物之间的区别。液晶显示屏的工作原理是将一层薄薄的液晶（在此为薄膜晶体管）嵌入两块紧密贴合的玻璃之间。通常，显示屏中是以小玻璃球体使两块玻璃片保持分开的状态，其造成的折射会降低显示器的性能。IBM将小球体换成了小支柱，将其置于像素之间的空隙中。这样一来，光线离开被激发的液晶时就不会受到干扰。过去，由于聚积静电会造成屏幕亮度方面的问题，所以显示器一直无法达到这种高像素率。IBM团队用激光在玻璃上片来回扫描，用以防止静电积聚，成功解决了这个问题。新的显示屏还可以帮助石油工程师加快分析钻井地点的速度，从一个月缩短到一天。同样，高保真度将使CAD(计算机辅助设计)系统工作速度更快，发动机和航空航天工业尤为受益。因为新显示器显示的细节可以省去昂贵的原型构建工作。有关内存的概念是新的显示屏将使各类设计师免去许多昂贵且耗时的中间阶段，直接从计算机图像过渡到最终产品。

6.翻译题

Oneofthedilemmasofthisdecadehasbeenwhethertoapproachmodemeducationintermsofthegeneralistorthespecialist.Someuniversitiesrequireallstudentstotakeacommoncoreofcoursesfromabroadrangeofdisciplines,appealingtothegeneralistapproachtoeducation.Yet,choosingthecorecoursesinlightoftoday’sexplosionininformationanddiversemulticulturalstudentpopulationshasnotbeenaneasytask.Howdoesoneselectwhatitisthateveryoneshouldknow?Otheruniversitiescontinuetotailortheircoursestothemoreimmediateprofessionalneedsoftheirstudents,appealingtothespecialistapproachtoeducation.Butwithoutacorecurriculum,studentsoftenlackthesharedknowledgenecessarytoparticipateeffectivelyinanintegratedsociety.

【答案】这十年我们所面临的矛盾之一，究竟应该从通才还是专才的角度来看待现代教育。有些大学要求所有的学生都要选修一门涵盖广泛学科的共同核心课程，这对通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考虑到今天的信息爆炸和学生来自不同的文化背景，选择共同课程不是一件容易的事。如何确定哪些是每个人都应该知道的东西？另一些大学强调专才教育，根据学生更直接的专业需要来调整他们的课程。但是没有一个共同课程，学生常常缺乏有效参与一个综合的社会所需要的共同知识。

【解析】这十年我们所面临的矛盾之一，究竟应该从通才还是专才的角度来看待现代教育。有些大学要求所有的学生都要选修一门涵盖广泛学科的共同核心课程，这对通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考虑到今天的信息爆炸和学生来自不同的文化背景，选择共同课程不是一件容易的事。如何确定哪些是每个人都应该知道的东西？另一些大学强调专才教育，根据学生更直接的专业需要来调整他们的课程。但是没有一个共同课程，学生常常缺乏有效参与一个综合的社会所需要的共同知识。

7.单选题

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality;photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteenthcentury,photography’sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart:lateinthetwentiethcenturyanambivalentrelationexistsbecauseofthemodernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentrationonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPopduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalmodernistpaintingthatisabstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,CandinskyandMatissepresupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart,photography,likePoppainting,andreassuresviewersthatartisnothard:photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.

Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographisadistinctiveandexaltedactivityinshort,anart.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinthesecondparagraph？(Thesentenceinitalics.)

3.TheauthorintroducesAbstractExpressionistpainters(inthethirdparagraph)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,thenineteenth——centurydefendersofphotographymentionedinthepassagestressedthatphotographywas（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?

6.Accordingtothepassage,certainseriouscontemporaryphotographersexpresslymakewhichofthefollowingclaimsabouttheirphotographs?

7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablyconsidersseriouscontemporaryphotographytobea（

）

问题1选项

A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart

B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury

C.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

问题2选项

A.paradoxical

B.mechanical

C.superficial

D.dramatic

问题3选项

A.provideanexampleofartistswho,