2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号75

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Itlookedlikeatypicalbusinessmeeting.Sixmen,neatlydressedinwhiteshirtsandtiesfiledintotheboardroomofasmallJakartacompanyandsatdownatalongtable.Butinsteadofconsultingfilesorhearingreports,theyclosedtheireyesandbegantomeditate,consultingthespiritsofancientJavanesekings.MysticismtouchesalmosteveryaspectoflifeinIndonesiaandbusinessisnoexception.Oneofthemeditatorssaidhisweeklymeditationsessionsareaimedmainlyatbringingthepeaceofmindthatmakesforgooddecision-making.Buttheinsightgainedfrommysticcommunicationwithspiritsofwisekingshasalsohelpedboosttheprofitsofhisfivecompanies.

Mysticismandprofitshavecometogethersincethe13thcenturyintroductionofIslamtoIndonesiabyIndianMoslemmerchants.Thosedevouttraders,called“WaliUllah”or“thoseclosetoGod”,energeticallyspreadbothtradeandreligionbyadaptingtheirappealstothenativemysticismofJava.LegendsattributemagicpowerofforeknowledgetotheWaliUllah.Thesepowerswerebelievedtobegainedthroughmeditationandfasting.

BusinessmanHadisikosaidhisgroupfastsandmeditatesallnighteveryThursdaytobecomeclosertoGodandtocontactthespiritsofthegreatmenofthepast.“Ifwewanttoemploysomeoneatthemanageriallevel,wemeditatetogetherandoftenthemessagecomesthatthismancan’tholeontomoneyorheisuntrustworthy.Ormaybethespiritswilltellusheshouldbehired.”Hadisikohastenedtoaddthathiscompaniesalsoholdmodernpersonnelmanagementsystemsandthatformalqualificationsareessentialforacandidateeventobeconsidered.Perspectiveinvestmentsalsoareconsideredthroughmysticmeditation.“Withthemindrelaxedandopen,itiseasiertobeobjectiveinjudgingtheriskofanewventure.Meditationandcontactwiththewisdomoftheoldleaderssharpensyourowninsightandintuition.Thenyouhavetoapplythatintuitiontotheinformationyouhaveandworkhardtobesuccessful.”Mysticmeditationhelpedreverseabusinessslidehiscompaniesexperiencedinthemid-1980.Operatingwithnormalbusinessprocedures,helostmorethan$3millionsinthatyearalone.Meditationbroughtbackhispeaceofmind.Puttingtherightpersonsintherightjobsandgainingconfidenceinhisbusinessdecisionswerethekeystoaturningaroundthathasbroughtexpansionandprofitability.ThemysticisminHandspike’sboardroomispartofagrowingmovementinIndonesiacalledKebatinan—the“searchfortheinnerself”.

Oneofhismanagers,YusufSoemado,whostudiedbusinessadministrationatHarvardUniversity,comparedtheideaofmysticmanagementtowesternsystemofpositivethinking.“Willpowerandsubconsciousmindarerecognizedasimportantfactorsinbusiness.Suchapproachesaspsycho-cybernetics,Carnegie’sthinkandgrowthrates,orthepowerofpositivethinkingarewesternattemptstotapthesamehigherintelligencethatwecontactthroughmeditation”,hesaid.

1.Whatisthemostimportantfactorintheirdoingbusiness?

2.Whomdotheyconsult?

3.WhydidHadisikohastentoadd“hiscompaniesalsoholdmodernpersonnelmanagementsystems”?

4.Accordingtothepassage,thefunctionofthemeditationis___.

5.Whatdoes“operatingwithnormalbusinessprocedures”referto?

问题1选项

A.Mysticism

B.Religion

C.Meditation

D.Investment

问题2选项

A.ThespiritsofancientJavanesekings

B.WaliUllah

C.OldKings

D.Carnegie

问题3选项

A.HethoughtMysticismwasnotsogoodasexpected.

B.Toshowtheytoofocusedonqualifications.

C.Toshowtheyhiredqualifiedpersons.

D.Toshowthepossibilityofcombinationofthescientificmanagementwithreligion.

问题4选项

A.togainprofitfromthegod

B.togainpeaceofmindtomakedecision

C.togainforeknowledge

D.togainobjectiveconclusion

问题5选项

A.Adoptingthewesternwayofdoingbusiness.

B.Ordinarywayofdoingbusinesswithoutmeditationandfasting.

C.ContactwithGod.

D.Puttingrightpersonsintherightjobs.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第一段Itlookedlikeatypicalbusinessmeeting.Sixmen,neatlydressedinwhiteshirtsandtiesfiledintotheboardroomofasmallJakartacompanyandsatdownatalongtable.Butinsteadofconsultingfilesorhearingreports,theyclosedtheireyesandbegantomeditate,consultingthespiritsofancientJavanesekings.（这看起来像一个典型的商务会议。六名身穿白衬衫、打着领带的男子鱼贯进入雅加达一家小公司的会议室，在一张长桌旁坐下。但他们并没有查阅档案或听取报告，而是闭上眼睛，开始冥想，向古代爪哇国王的灵魂寻求帮助）由此得知在印尼，商人们经营公司的方式很独特，结合第三段BusinessmanHadisikosaidhisgroupfastsandmeditatesallnighteveryThursdaytobecomeclosertoGodandtocontactthespiritsofthegreatmenofthepast.“Ifwewanttoemploysomeoneatthemanageriallevel,wemeditatetogetherandoftenthemessagecomesthatthismancan’tholeontomoneyorheisuntrustworthy.（商人Hadisiko说，他的团队每周四都要禁食冥想一整夜，以便更接近上帝，与过去伟人的灵魂接触。“如果我们想聘请管理层的人，我们会一起思考，通常会得到这样的信息：这个人守不住钱，或者他不值得信任）可以推测出印尼的商人做生意最重要的因素是冥想，选C选项“冥想”；A选项“神秘主义”，B选项“宗教”以及D选项“投资”都不符合原文。因此C选项正确。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“consult”定位到第一段Butinsteadofconsultingfilesorhearingreports,theyclosedtheireyesandbegantomeditate,consultingthespiritsofancientJavanesekings.（但他们并没有查阅档案或听取报告，而是闭上眼睛，开始冥想，向古代爪哇国王的灵魂寻求帮助）可知选A选项“古爪哇国王的灵魂”；B选项“WaliUllah”，C选项“老国王”以及D选项“卡耐基”皆不符合原文。因此A选项正确。

3.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“Hadisiko”定位到原文第三段Hadisikohastenedtoaddthathiscompaniesalsoholdmodernpersonnelmanagementsystemsandthatformalqualificationsareessentialforacandidateeventobeconsidered.（接着他匆忙补充说他的公司也采用现代人事管理系统，即要考虑雇佣的人员最根本的条件仍是正式资历）可知选B选项“表明他们也关注资质”；A选项“他认为神秘主义不像预期的那么好”，C选项“显示他们雇用了合格的人”以及D选项“展示科学管理与宗教结合的可能性”皆不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词定位到第一段Oneofthemeditatorssaidhisweeklymeditationsessionsareaimedmainlyatbringingthepeaceofmindthatmakesforgooddecision-making.（其中一名冥想者说，他每周的冥想课程主要是为了带来心灵的平静，从而做出好的决定），以及第三段Perspectiveinvestmentsalsoareconsideredthroughmysticmeditation.“Withthemindrelaxedandopen,itiseasiertobeobjectiveinjudgingtheriskofanewventure.Meditationandcontactwiththewisdomoftheoldleaderssharpensyourowninsightandintuition…”（远景的投资也是通过神秘的沉思加以考虑。“有着放松和开放的头脑，易于客观地判断新投资的风险。沉思和与过去领袖的接触会使你的洞察力和感官变得敏锐……”）可以推测出冥想的功能是让人变得平静，以至做出更好的决定，选B选项“得到冷静头脑来决策”；A选项“从神那里获得利益”，C选项“获得预知”和D选项“获得客观结论”和原文不符。因此B选项正确。

5.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键词“operatingwithnormalbusinessprocedures”定位到第三段Operatingwithnormalbusinessprocedures,helostmorethan$3millionsinthatyearalone.Meditationbroughtbackhispeaceofmind.（神秘冥想帮助扭转了他的公司在1980年中期经历的业务下滑的局势。按照正常的业务流程，他仅在那一年就损失了300多万美元），结合第一段Butinsteadofconsultingfilesorhearingreports,theyclosedtheireyesandbegantomeditate,consultingthespiritsofancientJavanesekings.（但他们并没有查阅档案或听取报告，而是闭上眼睛，开始冥想，向古代爪哇国王的灵魂寻求帮助）可知“正常业务流程操作”应表示不冥想不禁食，选B选项“没有沉思和斋戒的常规做生意”；A选项“采用西方经营方式”属于过度推测，原文并没有明确表示该观点；C选项“与上帝接触”，D选项“把合适的人放在合适的岗位上”不符合题意。因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

Hesaidthathehadno___ofthe1978interviewandthathehadneverseenitinprint.

问题1选项

A.recollection

B.memory

C.reminder

D.recognition

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项recollection“回忆；回忆起的事物”；B选项memory“记忆，记忆力；内存，[计]存储器；回忆”；C选项reminder“暗示；提醒的人/物；催单”；D选项recognition“识别；承认；认出；重视；赞誉；公认”。句意：他说，他不___1978年的那次采访，也从未在报纸上看到过。本句表达“不记得那次采访”，因B此选项正确。

3.单选题

Ⅴ.(ConstitutionalLawandAdministrativeLaw)

TheConstitutionempowersandrestrictsdifferentofficialsdifferently.Aconstitutionalclaimisaclaimthataparticulargovernmentactorhasexceededagrantofpowerortransgressedarestriction.Butbecausedifferentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowersandboundbydifferentrestrictions,onecannotdeterminewhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolatedit.Thepredicatesofjudicialreviewinevitablydependuponthesubjectsofjudicialreview.Currentpracticespeaks,euphemistically,ofchallengesto“statutes,”thusobscuringthesubjectsofconstitutionalclaims.ButtheConstitutiondoesnotprohibitstatutes;itprohibitsactions—theactionsofparticulargovernmentactors.Thus,everyconstitutionalinquiryshouldbeginwiththesubjectoftheconstitutionalclaim.Andthefirstquestioninanysuchinquiryshouldbethewhoquestion:whohasallegedlyviolatedtheConstitution?

ThisArticle’spredecessor,TheSubjectsoftheConstitution,demonstratedtheanalyticalpowerofthisseeminglyinnocuousquestion.Tobeginwith,thewhoquestionrevealsconstitutionalculprits,triggeringtheessentialbackstopsofconstitutionalaccountability.IftheConstitutionhasbeenviolated,thePeoplemustknowwhohasviolatedit,sothattheycanknowwhomtoblame,whomtovoteagainst,whomtoimpeach.Butthatisnotall.Thewhoquestionalsoestablishesthetwobasicformsofjudicialreview.Inthetypicalconstitutionalcase,thelegislaturewillmakealaw,theexecutivewillexecuteit,andsomeonewillclaimthathisconstitutionalrightshavebeenviolated.ThefirstquestiontoasksuchaclaimantiswhohasviolatedtheConstitution?Thelegislature,bymakingthelaw?Ortheexecutive,byexecutingit?

Thisfundamentaldichotomy,betweenjudicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction,istheorganizingdichotomyofconstitutionallaw.ItisthisdichotomythattheCourthasobscuredwithitsanthropomorphictropethat“statutes”—ratherthangovernmentactors—violatetheConstitution.AnditisthisdichotomythattheCourthasbeengraspingforwithitsmuddleddistinctionbetween“facialchallengestostatutes”and“as-appliedchallengestostatutes”.Properlyunderstood,a“facialchallenge”isnothingmorenorlessthanachallengetolegislativeaction,andan“as-appliedchallenge”isnothingmorenorlessthanachallengetoexecutiveaction.

Judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveactionaretwofundamentallydifferententerprises—formally,structurally,temporallydifferent.Andthesebasicdifferencesdictateboththestructureandthesubstanceofjudicialreview.

67.WhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedcannotbedecidedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolateditbecause___.

68.ThewhoquestionrelatestothefollowingBUT____.

69.Thefundamentaldichotomyaddressedinparagraph3refersto___.

70.Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedword“enterprises”isclosestinmeaningwith___.

问题1选项

A.aparticulargovernmentactorhasexceededagrantofpower

B.theConstitutionempowersandrestrictsdifferentofficialsdifferently

C.differentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowers

D.differentgovernmentactorsareboundbydifferentrestrictions

问题2选项

A.theviolatorsoftheConstitution

B.thebasicformsofjudicialreview

C.peoples’knowledgeoftheConstitution

D.thepublicopinionregardinggovernmentalofficers

问题3选项

A.“facialchallengestostatutes”and“as-appliedchallengestostatutes”

B.statutesandgovernmentactors

C.legislativeactionandexecutiveaction

D.judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction

问题4选项

A.project

B.courageandwillingnesstobeinvolved

C.businessactivity

D.BusinessCompany

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】67.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Butbecausedifferentgovernmentactorsarevestedwithdifferentpowersandboundbydifferentrestrictions,onecannotdeterminewhethertheConstitutionhasbeenviolatedwithoutknowingwhohasallegedlyviolatedit.（但是，由于不同的政府行为者被赋予不同的权力，受到不同的限制，如果不知道是谁违反了宪法，就无法确定宪法是否被违反了）可知选B选项“宪法赋予和限制不同的官员不同的权力”；A选项“一个特定的政府行为者已经超越了权力的授予”，C选项“不同的政府角色被赋予不同的权力”以及D选项“不同的政府行为者受到不同的限制”都不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

68.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干关键字“whoquestion”定位到原文第二段IftheConstitutionhasbeenviolated,thePeoplemustknowwhohasviolatedit,sothattheycanknowwhomtoblame,whomtovoteagainst,whomtoimpeach.Butthatisnotall.（如果宪法被违反了，人民必须知道是谁违反了宪法，这样他们才能知道该责怪谁，该投票反对谁，该弹劾谁）可知“whoquestion”涉及到A选项“违反宪法的人”以及C选项“人民对宪法的了解”，只有人民对宪法有了解，才能知道如何责怪，投票以及弹劾；第二段Thewhoquestionalsoestablishesthetwobasicformsofjudicialreview.（谁的问题也确立了司法审查的两种基本形式）可知“whoquestion”涉及到B选项“司法审查的基本形式”；在原文中“whoquestion”没有涉及D选项“公众对政府官员的意见”。因此D选项符合题意。

69.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Thefundamentaldichotomy”定位到原文第三段Thisfundamentaldichotomy,betweenjudicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveaction,istheorganizingdichotomyofconstitutionallaw.（这种对立法行为的司法审查与行政行为的司法审查之间的基本二分法，就是宪法的组织二分法）可知选C选项“立法行动和行政行动”；A选项“‘成文法面临的挑战’和‘成文法已应用的挑战’”，B选项“法规和政府角色”以及D选项“立法行为的司法审查和行政行为的司法审查”都不符合原文。因此C选项正确。

70.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】词义推测题。根据题干关键字定位到原文最后一段Judicialreviewoflegislativeactionandjudicialreviewofexecutiveactionaretwofundamentallydifferententerprises—formally,structurally,temporallydifferent.Andthesebasicdifferencesdictateboththestructureandthesubstanceofjudicialreview.（对立法行为的司法审查与对行政行为的司法审查是两个形式上、结构上、时间上完全不同的项目。这些基本差异决定了司法审查的结构和实质），“enterprises”本身表示企业，但是根据原文，探讨的内容是宪法的问题，和商业无关，排除C选项“商业活动”和D选项“商业公司”；B选项“参与的勇气和意愿”并不是原文所表达的内容；从原文可以判断出“enterprises”表示“项目”，A选项“项目”符合原文。因此A选项正确。

4.单选题

BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we___inEuropefortwoweeks.

问题1选项

A.shallstay

B.havestayed

C.willhavestayed

D.havebeenstaying

【答案】C

【解析】考查时态。bythetime引导的时间状语从句中使用了一般现在时表将来，主句应用将来时，因此排除A，B，D选项。句意：当你到达伦敦时，我们将已经在欧洲___两周了。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Thegovernorwas___bythepublicformisusinghispowerforpersonalinterests.

问题1选项

A.sneaked

B.praised

C.flailed

D.rebuked

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项sneaked“溜；鬼鬼祟祟做事；向老师打小报告；偷偷地做；偷偷取得”；B选项praised“赞扬；（尤指唱歌）歌颂（上帝）”；C选项flailed“乱动；（用棍棒）猛击；（使）大幅波动；踉跄；用连枷打（谷）”；D选项rebuked“斥责，指责；控制”。句意：这位州长因滥用权力谋取个人利益而受到公众的___。本句表达“被公众斥责”，因此D选项正确。

6.单选题

Ⅶ.Humanrightsareoftenpresentedastheoutcomeofalongandnoblematurationprocessofintellectualideassuchasfreedom,equalityorhumandignity—basicallyastheultimatecrystallizationofEnlightenmentideas.Thecontemporaryimportanceofhumanrightsisthenviewedasthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization,advancingtheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryperson.Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(尼采)(orlaterFoucault(福柯))becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.Fromthisperspective,thejobofthehistorian,sociologistorphilosopherisnottoreconstructthelinearpathfromwhichhumanrightshavevictoriouslyemergedbuttoinvestigatethehaphazardmake-upofhumanrights,lookingintothecontingentconditionsandunforeseencircumstancesoutofwhichvaluesgrow.

InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoas(汉斯•约阿斯)seekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.Basically,howcanwebestdescribeandexplainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights,functioningtodayasadefactoglobalcivilreligionwithitsowntransnationalsymbolssuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsorsharedritualssuchasUN’sUniversalPeriodicReview?However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatNietzscheorFoucault___.

2.NietzscheorlaterFoucaultcriticizedthelargenumberofliteraturebecause___.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,HansJoastriesto___.

4.ThedifferencebetweenNietzscheandJoasisthat___.

问题1选项

A.isascholarwhousesteleologicalmethodtowardshumanrights

B.disagreeswiththeteleologicalmethodofresearch

C.claimsthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

D.thinksthathumanrightsisthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization

问题2选项

A.theyusedagenealogicalmethodology

B.theideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelydoesnotderivefromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

C.donotgivecredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory

D.theymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingtothecurrentstateofaffairs

问题3选项

A.connectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencythemoresociologicalquestion

B.explainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights

C.describethefunctioningofhumanrightsasadefactoglobalcivilreligion

D.describetheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsasthetransnationalsymbolofhumanrights

问题4选项

A.thelatterwantstocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights

B.theformerdevisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasure

C.thelatteralsowantstoexplainthenowself-evidentmoralcharacterofhumanrights

D.theformeracknowledgesthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.（在这一脉络下，大量的文献聚焦于人权的先驱者，声称普遍的人类尊严和个人权利的理念最终源于诸如天主教、新教或法国启蒙运动等。这些叙述和历史被尼采（或后来的福柯）深刻批评，因为它们将过去误读为一种导致并证明事件现状的目的论）可知尼采或福柯批评目的论，选B选项“不同意目的论的研究方法”，A选项“是一位用目的论方法研究人权的学者”以及C选项“认为人类普遍尊严和个人权利的理念最终源于天主教、新教或法国启蒙运动”在文中属于人权的先驱者，不是尼采或福柯的观点，偷换概念，排除；D选项“认为人权是历史、理性或文明前进的最终结果”未在第一段提及。因此B选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.（在这一脉络下，大量的文献聚焦于人权的先驱者，声称普遍的人类尊严和个人权利的理念最终源于诸如天主教、新教或法国启蒙运动等。这些叙述和历史被尼采（或后来的福柯）深刻批评，因为它们将过去误读为一种导致并证明事件现状的目的论）可知选D选项“它们把过去误解为一种导致当前事态的目的论”以及B选项“普遍的人类尊严和个人权利的想法最终不是来自天主教、基督教，新教或法国启蒙运动”并不是尼采或福柯后来批评大量的文学的原因；第一段InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.（相反，尼采提出了一个谱系方法论，它把归信于偶然的，不可预测的，隐藏的，经常是黑暗的历史潮流）可知A选项“他们使用了一种谱系方法论”和C选项“不相信偶然的，不可预测的，隐藏的，经常是黑暗的历史潮流”是尼采所赞同的，排除。因此D选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“HansJoas”定位到原文第二段第一句InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoasseekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.（在《人的神圣性》一书中，汉斯•约阿斯试图将尼采关于价值起源的历史偶然性意识与更多的社会学问题联系起来，即为什么人权和普遍的人类尊严现在成为一种新的全球文化和道德）可知选A选项“将尼采的历史偶然性意识与更多的社会学问题联系起来”以及B选项“解释人权的深刻的道德承诺和几乎普遍的呼吁”错误；C选项“将人权的运作描述为事实上的全球公民宗教”和D选项“将《世界人权宣言》描述为人权的跨国象征”不符合原文。因此A选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“NietzscheandJoas”定位到原文第二段Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.（更确切地说，在承认人权是一种真正的历史创新的同时，他还希望保护——并解释——人权对那些感到受其约束的人所具有的如今不言而喻的道德品质）可知选C选项“后者还想解释现在不言而喻的人权的道德特征”以及D选项“前者承认人权是一种真正的历史创新”错误，尼采和乔斯都承认人权是一种真正的历史创新；第二段However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.（然而，与尼采的解读相反，乔斯并不想批评或解构普遍人权的理念。因此，他设计了一种研究对象和方法，这种方法不是由传统的社会学度量来评判的，而是更倾向于解释性的方法）可知乔斯并不想批评或解构普遍人权的理念，而尼采会批评或解构普遍人权的理念，A选项“后者是对普遍人权思想的批判或解构”，B选项“前者设计了一个研究对象和方法，这不是批判性的传统社会学措施”和原文相悖。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

Christine’srealproblemisthatshe___confidence.

问题1选项

A.islackof

B.islackin

C.lacksfor

D.lacksof

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。lackof“没有，缺乏；不足，不够”，名词短语；lackin“缺少，在……缺少，缺乏”，动词短语。A选项be动词+名词短语作谓语，正确；B选项be动词+动词短语，错误；C选项lackfor一般不做固定搭配；D选项lackof名词短语不能当谓语。因此A选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Withoutfacts,wecannotformaworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledge___ourthinking.

问题1选项

A.whichtobebasedon

B.whichtobaseupon

C.uponwhichtobase

D.towhichtobebased

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词不定式短语作定语。分析句子结构可知wecan’tformaworthwhileopinion是主句，forweneedtohavefactualknowledge___ourthinking是原因状语从句，在这个从句中___ourthinking是knowledge的定语，展开后半截应该是tobaseourthinkinguponfactualknowledge，是主句中的we主动的发出base这个动作，所以不能使用被动语态，排除A，D选项；动词不定式短语作定语时要加上which完善结构（但是并非从句）且和base这个动作搭配的介词upon需要放在which之前，排除B选项。句意：没有事实，我们就不能形成有价值的观点，因为我们需要事实知识来作为我们思考的基础。因此C选项正确。

9.单选题

Onedifficulty___thecomponentsofeconomicmovementsliesinthefactthatthosecomponentsarenotcompletelyindependentofoneanother.

问题1选项

A.ofisolation

B.inisolating

C.willisolate

D.toisolate

【答案】B

【解析】考查非谓语动词。Onedifficulty为主语，liesin谓语，thefact宾语，that引导同位语从句，___thecomponentsofeconomicmovements为定语修饰主语。本句已经有谓语动词，则C选项错误，C选项代入句子中会在一个句子内出现两个谓语，导致句子结构错误；difficulty后常接“in+v-ing”作定语，in有时可省去，不用动词不定式，则排除A，D选项。句意：孤立经济运动的各个组成部分的一个困难在于，这些组成部分并不是完全相互独立的。因此B选项正确。

10.单选题

Itis___impossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.

问题1选项

A.preferably

B.virtually

C.precisely

D.presumably

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项preferably“更合意地，最好是”；B选项virtually“事实上，几乎；实质上”；C选项precisely“精确地；恰恰”；D选项presumably“大概；推测起来；可假定”。句意：___无法想象，如果没有城市的支持，大学、医院、大企业甚至科学技术会出现。本句表达“几乎无法想象”，因此B选项正确。

11.单选题

V.Duringthefirsthalf2015,boththeDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengersbecameablemastersofsocialmedia,pressreleases,andlobbyingtacticstocurryfavoramongvotingshareholdersofallstripes.Trianwasabletowinthepublicendorsementofsignificantproxyadvisoryfirms(suchasGlass-LewisandISS),whileDuPontsecuredsupportofsignificantinstitutionalinvestors(suchasCALPERS).Whenthedustfinallysettled,theincumbentshadekedoutvictoriesonallfourchallengedseats.Butthemarginwasuncomfortablysmall,withthesplitlargelyseparatingself-identified“longterm”investors(includingindexfundssuchasVanguard,BlackRockandStateStreet)from“shortterm”investors(whichincludedbothactivisthedgefundsandasizableportionofretailinvestors—estimatedtocontrolaroundthirtypercentoftheshares).

ThegovernancekerfuffleatDuPont,andtherhetoricalfisticuffsitprecipitated,helpsmotivatethispaper:Indeed,whileDuPontisacompellingcasestudyinitsownright,itisalsoemblematicofagrowingrecenttrendofshareholderactivism—onethathasattractedanincreasinglyperferviddebatewithinthecorporatelawandfinancecommunityaroundcontemporaryactivism’smerits.ThereislittledoubtthatactivismhasbecomeaforcetobereckonedwithamongU.S.issuers.ThelastfifteenyearsbearwitnesstoadiscernibleescalationofproxyfightssimilartoDuPont’s.Moreover,evenasthenumberofproxychallengershasescalated,theyhaveenjoyedgreatersuccess:dissidentsnowgainsomemeasureofvictory(throughsettlementoroutrightvictory)inovertwo-thirdsofthechallengestheylaunch.

Theburgeoningsuccessofproxyfightsisarguablyreflectedinthecontemporaneousgrowthofactivisthedgefunds,whichhaveballoonedfromunder$100millioninassetsundermanagementin2000toover$140billiontoday.Whiletheactivismtrendisremarkable,thecacophonousdebatesurroundingitreallystealstheshow.Thecompetingpositionsarebynowwell-troddenterrain.Activists,itisalleged,privilegeshorttermearningsovermoredurable(butlessliquid)investmentsinlongtermvalue,leadingtobusinessdecisionsthatnotonlyforsakelongtermvalueforimmediategain,butdosoinamannerthatsacrificesnetpresentvalue.Andindeed,severalstudiesofhedge-fundengagementsfindthathedgefundactivismsignificantlycurbslong-terminvestmentsinresearchanddevelopment,durableassets,andworkforcecapital.

1.Thefirstsentenceoftheparagraphsisclosestinmeaningwiththefollowingstatement.

2.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthefollowingbut___.

3.Thesecondparagraphtellsusthat___.

4.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorsaysthat“activistsprivilegeshorttermearningsovermoredurableinvestmentsinlongtermvalue”.Theunderlinedword“privilege”isclosestinmeaningwith___.

问题1选项

A.TheDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengersaremasters.

B.VotingshareholdersofalltypesconcernaboutDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengers.

C.Socialmediaandpressreleasescurryfavoramongvotingshareholdersofallstripes.

D.TheDuPontincumbentsandTrianchallengersheldpressreleases.

问题2选项

A.DuPontwongreatvictory

B.significantinstitutionalinvestorssupportedDuPont

C.significantproxyadvisoryfirmssupportedTrian

D.theauthoristalkingaboutboardelection

问题3选项

A.thegovemanceatDuPonthascomeacrosssomeproblems

B.dissidentsgainovertwo-thirdsoftheseats

C.proxyfightssimilartoDuPont’sstarted15yearsago

D.shareholderactivismisgrowingandhasbecomeaforcetobereckonedwith

问题4选项

A.grantedspecialright

B.fightfor

C.favor

D.keepsecre