2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号19

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(an)（）ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.

问题1选项

A.altitude

B.latitude

C.multitude

D.attitude

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析。句意：英语中的单词，在曰常谈话中几乎用不到。altitude高度、海拔；latitude纬度；multitude多数；attitude态度。因此，C项符合句意。

2.单选题

Whenadiseaseofepidemicproportionsripsintothepopulace,scientistsimmediatelygettowork,tryingtolocatethesourceoftheafflictionandfindwaystocombatit.Oftentimes,successisachieved,asmedicalscienceisabletoisolatetheparasite,germorcellthatcausestheprob-lemandfindswaystoeffectivelykillorcontainit.Inthemostseriousofcases,inwhichtheen-tirepopulationofaregionorcountrymaybeatgraverisk,itisdeemednecessarytoprotecttheentirepopulationthroughvaccination,soastosafeguardlivesandensurethatthediseasewillnotspread.

Theprocessofvaccinationallowsthepatient’sbodytodevelopimmunitytothevirusordiseasesothat,ifitisencountered,onecanwarditoffnaturally.Toaccomplishthis,asmallweakordeadstrainofthediseaseisactuallyinjectedintothepatientinacontrolledenvironment,sothathisbody’simmunesystemcanlearntofighttheinvaderproperly.Informationonhowtopenetratethedisease’sdefensesistransmittedtoallelementsofthepatient’simmunesysteminaprocessthatoccursnatural-ly,inwhichgeneticinformationispassedfromcelltocell.Thismakessurethat,shouldthepatientlatercomeintocontactwiththerealproblem,hisbodyiswellequippedandtrainedtodealwithit,havingalreadydonesobefore.

Therearedangersinherentintheprocess,however.Onoccasion,eventheweakenedversionofthediseasecontainedinthevaccineprovestoomuchforthebodytohandle,resultingintheimmunesystemsuccumbing,and,therefore,thepatient’sdeath.Suchisthecaseofthesmallpoxvaccine,designedtoeradicatethesmallpoxepidemicthatnearlywipedouttheentireNativeAmericanpopula-tionandkilledmassivenumbersofsettlers.Approximately1in10,000peoplewhoreceivesthevac-cinecontractthesmallpoxdiseasefromthevaccineitselfanddiesfromit.Thus,iftheentirepopula-tionoftheUnitedStatesweretoreceivetheSmallpoxVaccinetoday,30000Americanswouldbeleftdead.

Fortunately,thesmallpoxviruswasconsiderederadicatedintheearly1970s,endingthemanda-toryvaccinationofallbabiesinAmerica.Intheeventofareintroductionofthedisease,however,mandatoryvaccinationsmayresume,resultinginmoreunexpecteddeathsfromvaccination.Theprocess,whichistrulyamixedblessing,mayindeedhidesomehiddencurses.

1.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe（）

2.WhatdoestheexampleoftheSmallpoxVaccineillustrate?

3.Thephrase“warditoffnaturally”(Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans（）

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

5.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageis（）

问题1选项

A.“Vaccinations:ABlessingorACurse”

B.“PrinciplesofVaccinations”

C.“Vaccines:MethodsandImplications”

D.“AMiracleCureunderAttack”

问题2选项

A.Thepossiblenegativeoutcomeofadministeringvaccines.

B.Thepracticaluseofavaccinetocontrolanepidemicdisease.

C.Theeffectivenessofvaccinesineradicatingcertaindisease.

D.Themethodbywhichvaccinesareemployedagainstthedisease.

问题3选项

A.disposeofitnaturally

B.fightitoffwithease

C.seetoitreluctantly

D.splitupproperly

问题4选项

A.Savingthemajoritywouldnecessarilyjustifythedeathoftheminority.

B.Theimmunesystemcanbetrainedtofightweakerversionsofadisease.

C.Mandatoryvaccinationsareindispensabletothesurvivalofthepopulace.

D.Theprocessofvaccinationremainsamysterytobefurtherresolved.

问题5选项

A.tocommentandcriticize

B.todemonstrateandargue

C.tointerestandentertain

D.toexplainandinform

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨题。C选项“接种：方法和含义”概括全文大意。其他选项不够全面。

2.细节题。文章中天花的举例是在第三段中出现的，第三、四段主要阐述使用疫苗可能带来的负面效果，而A选项“管理疫苗可能带来的负面后果”与文章相符。

3.细节题。第二段讲述的是如果接种疫苗，身体可以自然对抗这种疾病，选项B（很轻松地与之对抗）正确。

4.推理题。选项B（免疫系统能够被训练来抵抗较弱的疾病变体）符合原文中心思想。

5.主旨题。本文是科普性文章。所以D项（为了解释和告知信息）正确。

3.单选题

Thesevariedracialgroupshavelearnedtolivetogetherinpeaceand（）,set-tinganexamplewellworthfollowing.

问题1选项

A.harmony

B.grace

C.rhythm

D.relief

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析。harmony和谐；grace优雅，慈悲；rhythm韵律，节奏；relief宽慰，免除。句意：这些不同的种族群体已学会和平（）地生活在一起，树立了值得学习的榜样。inharmony意为“和谐地”，因此正确答案是A选项。

4.单选题

Wearewritingtothemanager（）therepairsrecentlycarriedoutattheaboveaddress.

问题1选项

A.withtheexceptionof

B.withthepurposeof

C.withthereferenceto

D.withaviewto

【答案】C

【解析】短语辨析。句意：我们写信给经理，（内容是）（）最近在上述地址进行的修理工作。

withtheexceptionof除...以外；withthepurposeof为了；withthereferenceto关于；withaviewto目的在于。因此，C项withthereferenceto关于符合句意。

5.单选题

Themiserwillnotdonateanymoneytocharitybecauseheis（）.

问题1选项

A.greedy

B.thrifty

C.stingy

D.careful

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：这位吝啬鬼是不会捐一点钱的,因为他

。greedy贪婪的；thrifty节俭的；stingy吝啬的；careful谨慎的。故选C。

6.单选题

The（）colonialistsmanagedtowipeouttheentirepopulation.

问题1选项

A.aboriginal

B.original

C.large

D.regional

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：（）殖民主义者们设法消灭全部人口。aboriginal原始的，土著的；original最早的，最初的；large大量的；regional地区的。因此，A项aboriginal符合句意。

7.单选题

Parentsoftenfacedthe（）betweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhattheycouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.

问题1选项

A.paradox

B.dilemma

C.junction

D.premise

【答案】B

【解析】句意：父母们经常面对这样的（）：是选择做他们认为对孩子发展好的事情，还是选择对孩子吵闹和破坏放任自由。A选项paradox自相矛盾；B选项dilemma进退两难；C选项junction连接，接合；会合点；D选项premise前提；假定，B选项dilemma符合句意。

8.单选题

In1906muchofSanFranciscowasdestroyedbyanearthquakeandthefiresthat（）

问题1选项

A.evaded

B.ensued

C.encountered

D.emitted

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意：1906，旧金山大部分地区被地震和随后发生的火灾摧毁。因此选B。

9.单选题

Whileadmiringthatthisforecastwas（）uncertain,thescientistswarnedagainsttreatingitasacryofwolf.

问题1选项

A.anyhow

B.somewhere

C.somewhat

D.anyway

【答案】C

【解析】副词辨析。句意：虽然承认这次预报不确定，但科学家仍警告不要把它当作危言耸听。anyhow总之，无论如何；somewhere在某处，到某处；somewhat有点，稍微；anyway总之，无论如何。因此，C项符合句意。

10.单选题

Government（）theuseofseatbeltsinallcars.

问题1选项

A.prevails

B.provokes

C.mediates

D.mandates

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意：政府（）在所有车中使用安全带。

prevail胜过，获胜，生效，流行；provoke激起，挑衅；mediate调解，斡旋，居中；man-date授权，托管，强制。D选项“强制”符合句意。

11.单选题

Theytossedyourthoughtsbackandforthforoveranhour,butstillcouldnotmake（）ofthem.

问题1选项

A.impression

B.comprehension

C.meaning

D.sense

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。句意：他们反复考虑了你的观点长达一个多小时，但是仍然不能（）它们。impression印象；comprehension理解；meaning意思；sense感觉；观念；道理；理智。makesenseof为固定搭配，意为“理解”。

12.单选题

Paperbacknovelsinthe1940’sand1950’softenhad

coverstoattractreaders’attention.

问题1选项

A.murky

B.lurid

C.legitimate

D.pale

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：20世纪40年代和50年代的平装小说经常有骇人听闻的封面，以吸引读者注意力。因此选B。

13.单选题

TheexpeditionhasleftfortheAndesandthereisno（）whenitwillreturn.

问题1选项

A.informing

B.reporting

C.knowing

D.advising

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意：探险队已出发前往安第斯山脉，但没有通知何时返回。故选A。

14.单选题

Duringourfirstteachertrainingyear,weoftenvisitedlocalschoolsforthe（）

oflessons.

问题1选项

A.observation

B.investigation

C.inspection

D.examination

【答案】A

【解析】句意：教师培训的第一年，为了（）课程,我们经常参观当地的学校。A选项observation观察；B选项investigation调查，研究；C选项inspection检查；D选项examination检查，考试。选项A符合句意。

15.单选题

Ingeneral，matterswhichlieentirelywithinstatebordersarethe（）concernofstategov-ernments.

问题1选项

A.extinct

B.excluding

C.excessive

D.exclusive

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析。句意:—般来说，国家边境问题是政府（）关心的问题。

extinct灭绝的；excluding除…外，不包括;excessive过度的，过分的;exclusive独有的，专一的。D项exclusive独有的，专一的符合句意，在这里表示“专门的,特别的”。

16.单选题

Theriverwas（）withindustrialwastefromthenearbyfactory.

问题1选项

A.Irradiated

B.contaminated

C.corrupted

D.fragmented

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意:这条河被来自附近的工业废料（）。

irradiate辐射；contaminate污染；corrupt使腐败，使堕落；fragment分裂，使成碎片。由题意可知这条河被工业废料污染了，B选项“污染”符合句意。

17.单选题

Althoughmostdreamsapparentlyhappen（）,dreamactivitymaybeprovokedbyexternalinfluences.

问题1选项

A.spontaneously

B.simultaneously

C.homogeneously

D.instantaneously

【答案】A

【解析】副词辨析。句意：尽管大多数的梦明显是（）出现的，梦境活动也可能受到外界的影响。

spontaneously自然地，不由自主地；simultaneously同时地；homogeneously同样地；instantaneously即刻，突如其来地。因此，A项spontaneously符合句意。

18.单选题

Theyhadafierce（）astowhethertheircompanyshouldrestorethetraderelationship

whichwasbrokenyearsago.

问题1选项

A.debate

B.clash

C.disagreement

D.contest

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析。句意：关于公司是否应该恢复数年前破裂的贸易关系，他们进行了一场激烈的

。

debate讨论，辩论；clash争论；disagreement分歧；contest竞争。因此，A项符合句意。

19.单选题

Itisdifficultto（）thisgoalifyouworkhardcontinuously.

问题1选项

A.attributeto

B.audit

C.bare

D.attain

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意：即使你一直努力工作，也很难这个目标。attributeto归因于；audit稽查，审计；bare揭开;脱掉（衣服）；attain获得，达到。因此，D项符合句意。

20.单选题

Theprofessorgave（）instructionforcarryingouttheresearchproject.

问题1选项

A.explicit

B.formidable

C.afflictive

D.dominant

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：为了完成研究项目，教授给了简介。explicit详尽的，详述的；formidable可怕的，难以对付的；afflictive令人痛苦的，苦恼的；dominant支配的，显性的。因此，A项符合句意。

21.写作题

Writeanessayofnolessthan150wordsaboutyourviewpointstoopiniononthewritingclassforthePHDstudents.

【答案】

MyViewpointstoWritingClassforPhDStudents

22.单选题

Thelocalgovernmenthas（）thelandownerstofishthesewaters.

问题1选项

A.transformed

B.ransferred

C.licensed

D.allocated

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。句意：当地政府已经（）地主在河里钓鱼。transformed转变；transferred移动、转移；licensed许可；allocated分配。故选C。

23.单选题

Manyreportedthatthegeneralmilitarymessagetheyreceivedwasthat,asnurses,theywereex-pectedtobe（）strong.

问题1选项

A.empirically

B.eminently

C.emulously

D.emotionally

【答案】D

【解析】副词辨析。句意：许多人声称，他们收到的一般军事信息是，作为护士，他们应该在坚强。empirically凭经验地，经验为主地；eminently突出地，显著地；emulously好胜地，

竞争性地；emotionally感情上，心理上。因此，D项符合句意。

24.单选题

Japanisa（）societyofonenationalityandafewunderrepresentedminoritygroups，suchastheethnicChineseandKoreans.

问题1选项

A.spontaneous

B.simultaneous

C.homogenous

D.instantaneous

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：日本是一个（）单民族社会，由一个民族和一些代表性不足的像中国人和韩国人这样的少数群体组成。spontaneous自发的；simultaneous同时存在的；homogenous同源的，纯系的；instantaneous瞬间的。C选项homogenous符合句意。

25.单选题

Earlylastyearthecompanyresearchedthepossibilityof（）anewlate-night

show.

问题1选项

A.launching

B.longing

C.leading

D.landing

【答案】A

【解析】句意：去年年初，这个公司研究了（）新的深夜秀的可能性。A选项launching发动；开展（活动、计划等）；B选项longing渴望；C选项leading领导；引导；D选项landing登岸；

降临。选项A符合句意。

26.单选题

Thoughsometimes（）alltoooftentechnologyisseenasapanaceaforthegreateconomic,social,andpoliticalchallengesfacingthenationasitembarksonthepathofmodernization.

问题1选项

A.expensive

B.effective

C.ignored

D.calamitous

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：尽管技术有时（），但常常被视为应对高速经济发展和现代化道路中面临

的政治挑战的灵丹妙药。expensive昂贵的；effective有效的；ignored被忽视的；calamitous灾难的。因此，C项符合句意。

27.单选题

Vacationpoliciescontinuetobeasourceof（）betweenmanagementandtheworkers.

问题1选项

A.disturbance

B.resistance

C.contraction

D.friction

【答案】D

【解析】名词辨析。句意：休闲度假政策仍然是管理层和工人之间（）的根源。

disturbance干扰，骚乱；resistance阻力，电阻，抵抗；contraction收缩，紧缩；friction

摩擦。D选项符合句意。

28.单选题

Englishisanimportantforeignlanguagetomasterbecauseitprovidesready（）toworldscholarshipandworldtrade.

问题1选项

A.excess

B.approach

C.solution

D.access

【答案】D

【解析】句意：英语是一门非常重要的需要掌握的外语，因为它是通向知识世界和商业世界的（）。

A选项excess超过；B选项approach接近；C选项solution解决；D选项access入口，进入。选项D符合句意。

29.单选题

Thedevelopmentofthesegenetechnologiesmaybefarinthefuture,but（）themoralandsocialissuesraisedbythemshouldbediscussed,foronceatechnologyhasbeeninvented,itmaybedifficulttostoporcontrol.

问题1选项

A.presently

B.summarily

C.seriously

D.hesitantly

【答案】A

【解析】副词辨析。句意：这些基因技术可能在未来会有很大的发展，但是应该讨论的是道德和社会问题。因为一旦发明了这种技术，就很难停止或控制。presently目前；summarily即刻地；seriously严肃地；hesitantly迟疑地。因此，A项符合句意。

30.单选题

Theirviewthatwomenarethenatural（）ofmoralityisnotmyview.

问题1选项

A.guardians

B.guards

C.guides

D.soldiers

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析。句意：他们认为，女人是道德的天然，但我不认同。guardians守护者、保护人；guards守卫、后卫、护卫队、禁卫军；guides引导、向导；soldiers军人。故选A。

31.单选题

Veryfewpeopleunderstoodhislecture,thesubjectofwhichwasvery（）.

问题1选项

A.intelligible

B.obscure

C.dim

D.conspicuous

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析。句意：很少有人能理解他的演说，内容太

。

intelligible可理解的，明白易懂的；obscure晦涩的，昏暗的；dim暗淡的，模糊的；conspicuous显著的，出众的。句子前半句说“很少有人能理解他的演说”，由此推断，B项符合句意。

32.单选题

Whyshouldanyonewanttoread（）ofbooksbygreatauthorswhentherealpleasurecomesfromreadingtheoriginals?

问题1选项

A.digests

B.insights

C.themes

D.leaflets

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析。digests文摘；insights洞悉，领悟；themes主题；leaflets传单。句意：真正的快乐来自阅读原著，怎么还会有人想读名著的（）呢？因此推测，正确答案是A选项。

33.单选题

Alltheceremoniesatthe2000OlympicgameshadauniqueAustralianflavor,（）oftheirmulticulturalcommunities.

问题1选项

A.noticeable

B.indicative

C.conspicuous

D.implicit

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析。noticeable明显的；indicative表示的，象征的；conspicuous明显的，惹人注

目的；implicit不言明的，含蓄的，无疑问的。句意：2000年奥运会所有的仪式都带有一

种独特的澳大利亚风情，（）他们是多元文化的社会。B选项indicative在此符合句意,

意为“表明他们是多元文化的社会”。

34.单选题

Thenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreportmade（）.

问题1选项

A.onthelocation

B.onthesite

C.onthespot

D.ontheground

【答案】C

【解析】短语辨析。句意：火灾的新闻之后是一份详细的现场报告。因此选C。

35.单选题

Ifounditdifficultto（）mycareerambitionswiththeneedtobringupmy

children.

问题1选项

A.intensify

B.amend

C.reconcile

D.consolidate

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。intensify使增加，加剧；amend修改；reconcile使顺从，和解；consolidate合并，巩固，加强。句意：我发现很难让我的事业抱负（）抚养孩子的需求。reconcilewith意为“使一致，和好，调解”，因此C选项符合句意。

36.单选题

Thereare（）differencesbetweentheoryandpractice.

问题1选项

A.legible

B.laden

C.radical

D.medieval

【答案】C

【解析】形容词辨析。句意:理论和实践之间有根本的区别。故选C。

37.翻译题

AsApplepreparestoreportwhat(analystsproject)maybethecompany’sfirstyear-over-yearquarterlyearningsdeclineinadecadeonTuesday,itisalsograpplingwithjitteryinvestorsandarecentshare-priceplungethathaswipedabout$280billionoffitsmarketcapitalizationsinceitsstockreachedahighof$702.10lastSeptember.

（1）MuchoftheinvestornervousnessisrootedinhowWallStreetistreatingandvaluingtheCupertino,Calif.,companyasatraditionalhardwaremaker.OnecampofanalystsandsomeinvestorssaidthereisstrongevidencethatAppleshouldbeviewedinadifferentlight:asasoftware–hardwarehybrid.

Thedistinctionmatters.Ifitcontinuestobeseenasahardwarebusiness,Apple’sstreak—drivenbyproductsliketheiPhoneandiPad—couldrunoutquicklyassmartphonesandtabletsgetcommoditizedandconsumertasteschange.（2）ItisalessonlearnedbycompanieslikeBlackBerry-makerResearchInMotionLtd.,whosetechhardwarewasquicklyeclipsedbyproductsfromAppleitself.

IfAppleisclassifiedasasoftware-hardwarehybrid,thecompanycouldbevaluedmorelikeInternetandsoftwaremakersthathaverecurringrevenuestreamsandthatoftentradeathigherprice-to-earningsratiosthanhardwarefirms.

“ThemarketviewsAppleasaconsumerhardwarecompanytiedtoproductcyclesthatdrivevolatilerevenueandearningsstreams,’’saysMorganStanleyanalystKatyHuberty.（3）Butthatviewisn’tcomplete,shesays,since“ApplecustomersbuyintoabrandthatofferseaseofusesimilartocompanieslikeAorenterprisecompanieslikeNetApp.”

AnApplespokesmandeclinedtocommentaheadofTuesday’searningreport.

WithWallStreetcategorizingAppleasahardwaremaker,investorsvaluethecompany—whichmadeanastounding$13billioninprofitsinthequarterendedinDecember—at8.6timesexpectedearningspershareforthenext12months.InvestorsarecurrentlyvaluingHewlett-PackardCo.,whichmade$1.2billioninprofitsduringitsmostrecentquarter,ataprice-to-earningsratioof5.6.TroubledPCmakerDellInc.,whosestockpriceinflatedaftersigningabuyoutdealearlierthisyear,tradesataP/Eratioof8.5.

Apple’sgrossmarginsarearound40%,animportant-measureofthecompany’sefficiencyatmakingmoney.ThatisroughlytwiceashighasH-P’sandDell’s.Applehascharacteristicsthatdifferfrommanyotherhardwarebusinesses.（4）ItscustomersoftenupgradetheirAppleproductsannually,farmorefrequentlythanthefour-yearPCupgradecyclestypicallyfoundattechhardwarebusinessesincludingHewlett-PackardorDell.WhileH-PandDellhavetriedbeefinguptheenterprisesoftwaresideoftheirbusiness,Apple’soperatingsystemandiTunessoftwareisalreadyubiquitous.（5）Applealsohasmorethan500millionaccountsforitsAppStoretiedtocreditcards—andacustomerbasetosellnewservicesto—givingitarecurringsoftwareandservicesrevenuestream.Appletookinrevenueof$3.7billionfromiTunesandothersoftwareandservicesinitslastquarter,or7%ofitstotalrevenue.

【答案】1.大部分投资者的紧张情绪源于华尔街将加州库比蒂诺的（苹果）公司定位和评价为传统硬件制造公司。

2.很多公司例如蓝莓制造商RIM公司都受到了教训，他们的硬件技术很快就被苹果自主研发的产品淘汰。

3.但是这种观点是不全面的，她说，因为“苹果用户购买的是一个品牌，它可以为他们提供类似于亚马逊或者NetAPP这样的企业所提供的便捷服务”。

4.该公司的用户经常会每年都更新他们的苹果产品，远远超过了包括惠普或戴尔在内的技术硬件企业中普遍存在的四年更新一次个人电脑的频率。

5.在它的APP商店里，苹果拥有超过5亿个绑定了信用卡的账户，以及一个可以销售新服务的客户群，这给它带来一个循环性软件和服务的收入流。

38.单选题

Ifyou（）thebottleandcigarettes,you’llbemuchhealthier.

问题1选项

A.takeoff

B.keepoff

C.getoff

D.setoff

【答案】B

【解析】短语辨析。句意：如果你酒瓶和烟，你会更健康。takeoff脱掉，起飞；keepoff挡住，禁食，不接近；getoff下车；setoff出发，（使）开始。因此，B项keepoff符合句意，在此表示“远离，戒掉，不接近”。

39.单选题

Heisvery（）inhisfamilyandneverdoesanythingagainsthiswife.

问题1选项

A.hence

B.filled

C.enormous

D.humble

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析。hence因此；filled填满的；enormous巨大的；humble谦逊的，（级别或地位）低下的。句意：他在家里很（），从不做任何违背他妻子的事。因此，D选项符合句意。

40.单选题

Theymadedetailedinvestigationsto（）themselveswiththeneedsofthe

ruralmarket.

问题1选项

A.adhere

B.acknowledge

C.acquaint

D.activate

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。此处为固定搭配，acquaintwith意为“熟悉，了解”。

41.单选题

Emailisaconvenient,highlydemocraticinformalmediumforconveyingmessages

that（）welltohumanneeds.

问题1选项

A.adheres

B.conforms

C.satisfies

D.reflects

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。adheres坚持，黏附；conforms符合；satisfies满足，使满意；reflects反射，考虑。句意：电子邮件是方便的、高度大众化的用于传递信息的非正式媒介，它（）人们的需求。从语义上来说，B项和C项都可以,但是satisfy是及物动词，排除。conformto意为“符合，遵照，顺应”，因此正确答案是B选项。

42.单选题

Theenergycontainedinrockwithintheearth’scrustrepresentsanearlyunlimitedenergysource,butuntilrecentlycommercialretrievalhasbeenlimitedtoundergroundhotwaterand/orsteamrecov-rysystems.Thesesystemshavebeendevelopedinareasofrecentvolcanicactivity,wherehighratesfheatflowcausevisibleeruptionofwaterintheformofgeysersandhotsprings.Inotherareas,owever,hotrockalsoexistsnearthesurfacebutthereisinsufficientwaterpresenttoproduceerup-ivephenomena.Thusapotentialhotdryrock(HDR)reservoirexistswhenevertheamountofspon-aneouslyproducedgeothermalfluidhasbeenjudgedinadequateforexistingcommercialsystems.

Asaresultofrecentenergycrisis,newconceptsforcreatingHDRrecoverysystems—whichin-olvedrillingholesandconnectingthemtoartificialreservoirsplaceddeepwithinthecrust—arebe-ngdeveloped.InallattemptstoretrieveenergyfromHDRs,artificialstimulationwillberequiredtoreateeithersufficientpermeabilityorboundedflowpathstofacilitatetheremovalofheatbycircula-ionofafluidoverthesurfaceoftherock.

TheHDRresourcebaseisgenerallydefinedtoincludecrustalrockthatishotterthan150°C,istdepthslessthantenkilometers,andcanbedrilledwithpresentlyavailableequipment.Althoughellsdeeperthantenkilometersaretechnicallyfeasible,prevailingeconomicfactorswillobviouslyeterminethecommercialfeasibilityofwellsatsuchdepths.Rocktemperaturesaslowas100oCmayeusefulforspaceheating；however,forproducingelectricity,temperaturesgreaterthan200°Careesirable.

Thegeothermalgradient,whichspecificallydeterminesthedepthofdrillingrequiredtoreachaesiredtemperature,isamajorfactorintherecoverabilityofgeothermalresources.Temperaturegra-ientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssocia-ionofPetroleumGeologistssuggestthattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrossheUnitedStates.(Therearemanyareas,however,forwhichnotemperaturegradientrecordsex-st.)

IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperatureradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.?softo-alenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates.fweconservativelyestimatethatonlyabout0.2percentisrecoverable,wefindatotalofallthecoalemainingintheUnitedStates.Theremainingproblemistobalancetheeconomicsofdeeper,hotter,orecostlywellsandshallower,cooler，lessexpensivewellsagainstthevalueofthefinalproduct,e-ectricityand/orheat.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto().

2.Thepassagewouldbemostlikelytoappearina()

3.Accordingthepassage,anaveragegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthcanbeusedto()

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheavailabilityoftemperature-depthrecordsforanyspe-cificareaintheUnitedStatesdependsprimarilyonthe().

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.alertreaderstotheexistenceofHDRsasanavailableenergysource

B.documentthechallengesthathavebeensurmountedintheefforttorecoverenergyfromHDRs

C.warntheusersofcoalandoilthatHDRsarenotaneconomicallyfeasiblealternative

D.encouragetheuseofnewtechniquesfortherecoveryofenergyfromundergroundhotwaterandsteam

问题2选项

A.petrologicalresearchreportfocusedonthehistoryoftemperature-depthrecordsintheUnitedStates

B.congressionalreporturgingtheconservationofoilandnaturalgasreservesintheUnitedStates

C.technicaljournalarticleconcernedwiththerecoverabilityofnewlyidentifiedenergysources

D.consumerreportdescribingtheextentandaccessibilityofremainingcoalresources

问题3选项

A.balancetheeconomicsofHDRenergyretrievalagainstthatofundergroundhotwaterorsteamrecoverysystems

B.determinetheamountofenergythatwillbeusedforspaceheatingintheUnitedStates

C.providecomparisonsbetweenhotwaterandHDRenergysourcesinUnitedStates

D.estimatethetotalHDRresourcebaseintheUnitedStates

问题4选项

A.possibilitythatHDRsmaybefoundinthatarea

B.existenceofpreviousattemptstoobtainoilorgasinthatarea

C.historyofsuccessfulhotwaterorsteamrecoveryeffortsinthatarea

D.failureofinhabitantstoconserveoilgasreservesinthatarea

问题5选项

A.EnergyfromWaterSources:TheFeasibilityofCommercialSystems

B.GeothermalEnergyRetrieval:VolcanicActivityandHotDryRocks

C.EnergyUnderground:GeothermalSourcesGiveWaytoFossilFuels

D.TappableEnergyforAmerica’sFuture:HotDryRocks

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.最后一段指出：IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge（HDR能源基础是巨大的）。A项“提醒读者HDR可作为可利用能源”符合文意。

2.本文旨在提醒读者HDR可作为可利用能源。所以，这篇文章可能出现在C项“关于新发现能源可恢复性的技术期刊”上。

3.根据题干关键词“averagegeothermalgradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepth”定位至最后一段：IndicationsarethattheHDRresourcebaseisverylarge.Ifanaveragegeothermaltemperaturegradientof22°Cperkilometerofdepthisused,astaggering13,000,000quadrillionB.T.U.’softotalenergyarecalculatedtobecontainedincrustalrocktoaten-kilometerdepthintheUnitedStates（迹象表明，HDR的能源库巨大。如果按每公里深度的地热梯度平均为22摄氏度计算，可以得出美国1万公里深度的地壳岩石中所包含的总能源。）D项“estimatethetotalHDRresourcebase”符合文意。

4.第四段指出：“Temperaturegradientmapsgeneratedfromoilandgaswelltemperature-depthrecordskeptbytheAmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologistssuggest

thattappablehigh-temperaturegradientsaredistributedallacrosstheUnitedStates.”B项“该地区先前试图获取燃油和天然气”符合文意。

5.本文讲述了HDR能源的发现及应用前景，通篇的关键词为HDR。D项最适合做文章的标题。

43.翻译题

Bacteria（细菌）,likepeople,canbedividedintofriendandfoe.81.Inspiredbyevidencethatthefriendlysortmayhelpwitharangeofailments（疾病）,manypeopleconsumebacteriaintheformofyogurtsanddietarysupplements.Suchasmatteringofartificialadditions,however,representsbutadropintheocean.Thereareatleast800typesofbacterialivinginthehumangut.AndresearchbyStevenGilloftheInstituteforGenomicResearchinRockville,Maryland,andhiscolleagues,publishedinthisweek’sScience,suggeststhatthecollectivegenomeoftheseorganismsissolargethatitcontains100timesasmanygenesasthehumangenomeitself.

DrGillandhisteamwereabletocometothisconclusionbyextractingbacterialDNAfromthefaeces（粪便）oftwovolunteers.82.Becauseofthecomplexityofthesamples,theywerenotabletoreconstructtheentiregenomes（基因组）ofeachofthegutbacteria,justtheindividualgenes.Butthatallowedthemtomakeanestimateofnumbers.

Whatallthesebacteriaaredoingistrickytoidentify—thebacteriathemselvesaredifficulttocultivate.83.Sotheresearchersguessedatwhattheymightbeuptobycomparingthegenestheydiscoveredwithpublisheddatabasesofgeneswhosefunctionsarealreadyknown.

84.ThiscomparisonhelpedDrGillidentifyforthefirsttimetheprobable

enzymatic（酶（性）的）processesbywhichbacteriahelphumanstodigestthecomplex

carbohydratesinplants.Thebacteriaalsocontainaplentifulsupplyofgenesinvolvedinthesynthesisofchemicalsessentialtohumanlife—includingtwoBvitaminsandcertainessentialaminoacids—althoughtheteammerelyshowedthatthesemetabolicpathwaysexistratherthanprovingthattheyareused.Nevertheless,thepathwaystheyfoundleavehumanslookingmorelikeruminants:animalssuchasgoatsandsheepthatusebacteriatobreakdownotherwiseindigestiblematterintheplantstheyeat.

ThebroaderconclusionDrGilldrawsisthatpeoplearesuperorganismswhosemetabolismrepresentsanamalgamationofhumanandmicrobialattributes.Thenotionof

asuperorganismhasemergedbefore,asresearchersinotherfieldshavecometoviewhumansashavingadiverseinternalecosystem.85.This,suggestsome,willbecrucialtothesuccessofpersonalisedmedicine,asdifferentpeoplewillhavedifferentresponsestodrugs,dependingontheirmicrobialflora.（微生物群落）Accordingly,thenextstep,saysDrGill,istoseehowmicrobialpopulationsvarybetweenpeopleofdifferentages,backgroundsanddiets.

Anotherareaofresearchistheprocessbywhichthesehelpfulbacteriafirstcolonizethedigestivetract.Babie