2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号83

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国财政科学研究院考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Noneofthesestudents,includingtheonewhopassedtoday’stestis_______thestandardoflastyear’sstudents.

问题1选项

A.to

B.upto

C.with

D.on

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项tothestandard非固定搭配；B选项uptothestandard“达到标准”；C选项withthestandard非固定搭配；D选项onthestandard“按照标准”。句意：包括通过今天测试的学生，没有学生______去年学生的标准。根据语境，这里uptothestandard“达到标准”比较合理，是指和去年的学生相比，今年的学生没有那么优秀。因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

AnotherfoodcropraisedbyIndians______strangetotheEuropeanwascalledIndiancorn.

问题1选项

A.whowere

B.thatwere

C.thatwas

D.whowas

【答案】C

【解析】考查定语从句。句意：印第安人种植的另一种对欧洲人来说很陌生的粮食作物叫作印第安玉米。横线及strangetotheEuropean部分是修饰anotherfoodcrop的定语从句，根据anotherfoodcrop是不可数名词确定用thatwas，C选项thatwas符合题意。因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

We’veseena_______trendofconsumerssayingtheywillspendmore,fromholidayshoppingto2015travelplans,andspendingplansforFeb.14arenoexception.

问题1选项

A.consistent

B.persistent

C.insistent

D.resistant

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项consistent“始终如一的，（论点、观点）前后一致的”；B选项persistent“持续的；执着的”；C选项insistent“坚决的；（声音、节奏等）持续的”；D选项resistant“抵制的；有抵抗力的”。句意：从假日购物到2015年旅游计划，我们已经看到了消费者_______的趋势，他们会花更多的钱，2月14日的消费计划也不例外。根据语境，这里指消费者的消费趋势不会改变，所以consistent“始终如一的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

4.单选题

Heknewthatthearea’srichplantlifehadbeenseverely______bythehugeherdsofcowsgrazingtheland.

问题1选项

A.depleted

B.decomposed

C.corrupted

D.corroded

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项depleted“耗尽……的资源”；B选项decomposed“分解”；C选项corrupted“使恶化；使腐败”；D选项corroded“腐蚀”。句意：他知道这个地区大量的植被已经被大量放牧的牛群严重______。根据语境，depleted“耗尽……的资源”搭配richplantlife“丰富的植物”比较合理，意指植被资源被严重消耗。因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Wemovedtothenewhouseinthesuburbssothatthekidswouldhaveagarden______.

问题1选项

A.inwhichtoplay

B.toplaywith

C.toplay

D.wheretoplay

【答案】A

【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们搬到了郊区的新房子，这样孩子们就有一个可以玩耍的花园。横线部分是修饰garden的定语从句，根据词组playinagarden确定有介词in，根据花园用来玩的目的确定有to，A选项inwhichtoplay符合题意。D选项wheretoplay引导地点状语从句，garden本身表示地点，故错误。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

TheBeatGenerationisalabelappliedtoanon-conformistsocialmovementbeguninNewYorkCityinthe1950s.Itsmessagewascarriedbyagroupofwriterswhousedstream-of-consciousnessformstoexpresstheinsightsandlongingsofthosewhorejectedthemainstreamvaluesofthetimes.AlthoughtheBeatwritersproducedfewlastingworks,theirattitudesinspiredrockmusicartistsandsocialmovementsofthe1960sandbeyond.

Thetermbeatwascoinedin1964byHerbertHuncke.Hemeantittobeasynonymfortiedordownandout.In1948,thewordwasusedbyJackKerouacinhisphraseBeatGeneration,bywhichhechangedthereferencetomeanupbeatandbeatific.Thephrasefinallyenteredpublicconsciousnessin1952withJohnClellonHolmes’sarticleintheNewYorkTimesMagazinecalled“ThisistheBeatGeneration.”

TheoriginalBeatswereagroupoffriendsfromNewYorkCitywhometinthemid-1940s.TheyincludedJackKerouac,AllenGinsberg,NealCassady,andWilliamS.Burroughs.ThatcoregroupmovedtoSanFrancisco,wheretheywerejoinedbythepoetLawrenceFerlinghettiandmanyothers.

ThefirstfamousworkofBeatliteraturewasthelongpoem,Howl,byAllenGinsberg.In1955,GinsbergreadthepoemaloudatagalleryinSanFrancisco,causingastirwithitsportrayalofdruguseandhomosexuality.ItsfamewasfueledbytheobscenitytrialofLawrenceFerlinghetti,whosoldthepoeminhisbookstore.ButFerlinghettiwasacquittedwhenthejudgeruledthattheworkdidhave“redeemingsocialimportance”andthuswasnotobscene.

ThemostsuccessfulBeatnovelistwasJackKerouac.Inhisbestnovel,OntheRoad,publishedin1957,KerouacdescribedanautomobiletriparoundtheUnitedStatesbyacharacterbasedonhimself,SalParadise,andDeanMoriarty,basedonKerouac’sfriendNealCassady.ThenovelmadeCassadyintoaculturaliconknownforhisirresponsiblelifestyle,womanizing,amorality,andlustforlife.

OntheRoadbecameknownasmuchforhowKerouacwroteitasforitscontent.Kerouacallegedlywashighonpillswhilehewroteit,andhetypeditonacontinuousscrollofpapersothathewouldnothavetointerrupthisthoughtsbychangingpaper.Heissaidtohavebelievedthat“thefirstthoughtisthebestthought”,andheclaimedthatheneverrevisedwhathewrote.Thoughhesaidthathewrotethebookinjustthreeweeks,thetruthisthathehadbeenplanningthenovelforyearsandthathewroteseveraldrafts.

AlsoinfluentialwasanovelbyWilliamS.Burroughs,NakedLunch,whichalsosurvivedanobscenitytrial.Inthatwork,Burroughs,whowasadrugaddicthimself,tellsofhisdrug-inducedfantasiesandhistravelsamongaddictsandcriminals.

Inthe1960s,thosewhofollowedBeatphilosophybecameknownashippiesoryippies.TheirculturewascenteredinSanFrancisco,whichbecameacenterofrockmusic,drugculture,andprotestagainstthewarinVietnam.

TheBeatGeneration’slastingcontributiontoliteratureisthatitencouragedwritingonmorepersonaltopics,includingthoseshowingtheunpleasantsidesofhumannatureandofsociety.Itvalidatedexpressionthroughinformal,conversationallanguageandmadeprofanityapermissibletoolforrevealinghumanfeelings.

26.Thewordcoinedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.

27.WhydoestheauthormentiontheNewYorkTimesMagazineinthepassage?

28.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueofOntheRoad?

29.Thewordinterruptinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.

30.Accordingtothepassage,Beatliteraturecanbestbedescribedas________.

问题1选项

A.invented

B.spread

C.minted

D.explained

问题2选项

A.ToshowtheoriginofthetermBeat.

B.ToidentifywhenthetermBeatGenerationbecamewidelyknown.

C.TonametheNewYorkTimesasaBeatnewspaper.

D.TogiveinformationaboutJohnClellonHolmes.

问题3选项

A.ItportraystherecklesslifestyleofAmericanyoungstersinthelate1950s.

B.ItwascompletedinashorttimewhileJackKerouacwasondrugs.

C.ItmadeNealCassadyanimportantsymbolofalibertinelifestyle.

D.ItisbasedontwocharacterstakingaroadtriparoundNorthAmerica.

问题4选项

A.suspend

B.introduce

C.express

D.exclaim

问题5选项

A.beingbannedbythecourts

B.havinglittlelastinginfluence

C.addressingpersonalfeelings,ofteninrebellionagainstsociety

D.expressingtheconservativeviewsofthe1950s

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】26.语义推测题。Coined意思是创造（新词等），根据第二段Thetermbeatwascoinedin1964byHerbertHuncke.In1948,thewordwasusedbyJackKerouac…Thephrasefinallyenteredpublicconsciousnessin1952withJohnClellonHolmes’sarticleintheNewYorkTimesMagazinecalled“ThisistheBeatGeneration.”（beat这个词是由HerbertHuncke在1964年创造。1948年，杰克•凯鲁亚克使用了这个词……这个词在1952年约翰•克莱伦•霍姆斯在《纽约时报杂志》发表的一篇题为《这是垮掉的一代》的文章中才最终进入公众的意识。），可知第二段在讲beat这个词的前世今生，从来源到如今的运用，所以A选项“发明，创造；捏造”正确，B选项“传播”和D选项“解释”错误。C选项“新生产的”：根据时间推算不合理，故错误。因此A选项正确。

27.推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句Thephrasefinallyenteredpublicconsciousnessin1952withJohnClellonHolmes’sarticleintheNewYorkTimesMagazinecalled“ThisistheBeatGeneration.”（这个词在1952年JohnClellonHolmes在《纽约时报杂志》上发表的一篇题为《这是垮掉的一代》的文章中才最终进入公众的意识），可知“垮掉的一代”因为时代杂志在1952年被广为人知，所以B选项“确定‘垮掉的一代’这个术语何时广为人知”正确，D选项“提供关于JohnClellonHolmes的信息”不是表达的重点，故错误。A选项“为了说明Beat这个词的起源”：这个词是HerbertHuncke创造的，故错误。C选项“纽约时报是一份垮掉的报纸”：不符合文章意思，故错误。因此B选项正确。

28.推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句ThenovelmadeCassadyintoaculturaliconknownforhisirresponsiblelifestyle,womanizing,amorality,andlustforlife.（这部小说使卡萨迪成为一个文化标签，以他不负责任的生活方式、好色、不道德和对生活的欲望而闻名。），可知人们把浪子和NealCassady联系在一起，所以C选项“这使得NealCassady成为放荡不羁的生活方式的重要代表”正确，A选项“描绘了20世纪50年代末美国年轻人鲁莽，不计后果的生活方式”中文化形象跟美国年轻人现实的生活方式不是一个概念，故错误。B选项“在JackKerouac吸毒的时候短时间完成”：根据第六段倒数第一句hehadbeenplanningthenovelforyearsandthathewroteseveraldrafts（他已经计划这本小说好几年了，并且写了好几次草稿），可知这部小说花了很长时间完成，故错误。D选项“基于两个人物在北美的公路旅行”：根据第五段第二句KerouacdescribedanautomobiletriparoundtheUnitedStatesbyacharacterbasedonhimself,SalParadise,andDeanMoriarty,basedonKerouac’sfriendNealCassady.（Kerouac描述了一个以他自己为原型的SalParadise和以他朋友NealCassady为原型的DeanMoriarty环游美国的公路旅行。），可知是环游美国而非在北美，故错误。因此C选项正确。

29.语义推测题。interrupt意思是中断，根据第六段第二句hetypeditonacontinuousscrollofpapersothathewouldnothavetointerrupthisthoughtsbychangingpaper.（他把这篇文章打印在一卷连续的纸上，这样就不会因为换纸而打断自己的想法），把文章打印在连续的纸张上，可知是想让想法也是连续的，推测interrupt和连续意思相反，所以A选项“暂停”符合题意，故正确。B选项“介绍”，C选项“表达”和D选项“惊叫”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

30.事实细节题。根据第九段第一句TheBeatGeneration’slastingcontributiontoliteratureisthatitencouragedwritingonmorepersonaltopics,includingthoseshowingtheunpleasantsidesofhumannatureandofsociety.（“垮掉的一代”对文学的长久贡献在于，它鼓励人们写更多关于个人的话题，包括那些显示人性和社会不愉快一面的话题。），可知垮掉的一代文学作品主要写个人感情，包括人性和社会中让人不悦的内容，所以C选项“处理个人感情，通常是对社会的反抗”正确，B选项“没有持久的影响”错误。A选项“被法院禁止”：根据第四段最后一句Ferlinghettiwasacquittedwhenthejudgeruledthattheworkdidhave“redeemingsocialimportance”andthuswasnotobscene.（但是当法官裁定这项工作确实具有“补偿性的社会重要性”，因此不是淫秽的时候，Ferlinghetti被无罪释放），可知这不被法院禁止，故错误。D选项“表达20世纪50年代的保守观点”：根据第八段Inthe1960s,thosewhofollowedBeatphilosophybecameknownashippiesoryippies.（在20世纪60年代，那些遵循垮掉哲学的人被称为嬉皮士或雅皮士。），可知垮掉的文学表达的是非传统的观点，故错误。因此C选项正确。

7.翻译题

“Bah!Humbug”,wasScrooge’sopinionofcharitablegivingandeventodaysomeeconomistsreckoncharitygoesagainsteconomicrationality.36.Itisoftenallegedthataltruismisinconsistentwitheconomicrationality,whichassumesthatpeoplebehaveselfishly.Certainly,mucheconomicanalysisisconcernedwithhowindividualsbehave,andhomoeconomicus(economicman)isusuallyassumedtoactinhisorherself-interest.

37.Someeconomicmodelsassumethatself-interestedindividualsbehavealtruisticallybecausetheygetsomebenefit,orutility,fromdoingso.Forinstance,itmaymakethemfeelbetteraboutthemselves,orbeausefulinsurancepolicyagainstsocialunrest.Othereconomicmodelsrelaxthetraditionalassumptionoffullyrationalbehaviorbysimplyassumingthatpeoplesometimesbehavealtruistically,evenifthismaybeagainsttheirself-interest.ThePeaceCorpsisanexample,forpeopleoftengiveuppotentiallylucrativestartstotheircareersorinterruptthemtodogoodworkoverseas.PeoplewhoworkforthePeaceCorpsdosobecausetheywanttoandtokeepthePeaceCorpsdynamicwithfreshideas.38.Sociologistswouldarguethatthereisanaturalinclinationofhumanbeingstoengagethemselvesinhelpingothers,asanaturalinstincttopreservethespecies.Thuspublicdutyisasurvivalact.

Thequestionthenisraisedregardingpoliticalparticipation,whetheritcanbeclassifiedasanactofeconomicrationalityorofaltruism.39.Publicdutymaynotnecessarilymeanduty,althoughitmayincludethatconstantandactivepracticalparticipationinthedetailsofpoliticswithoutwhich,uponthepartofthemostintelligentcitizens,theconductofpublicaffairsfallsunderthecontrolofselfishandignorantorcraftyandvenalmen.Politicsoftenrequiresserviceincommittees,careandtroubleandexpenseofmanykinds,patientenduranceofrebuffs,chagrins,ridicules,disappointments,anddefeats.40.Allthesedutiesandservices,whenselfishlyandmeanlyperformed,stigmatizeamanasamerepolitician,butwhenperformedwithhonestyandvigilance,theybecomegradualbuildingblocks,stonebystoneandlayerbylayer,ofanationofself-restrainedliberty.

【答案】36.经济学家声称，利他主义与经济理性背道而驰，因为后者假定人们行为自私。

37.一些经济模型假设，利己主义者之所以表现出利他行为，是因为他们从中获得了一些利益或效用。例如，让他们自我感觉更好，或者有效防止社会动荡。

38.社会学家认为人类有一种帮助别人的自然倾向，这是保护同类的自然本能。因此，公共义务是一种生存行为。

39.虽然公共义务有时包括持续和积极参与政治事务，但是公共义务不一定意味着义务。

40.如果带着私心和恶意履行责任和提供服务，那就玷污了这份职业，徒留政客的名声。但是如果带着真诚与严谨，这些行为就会一点一滴、层层递进地建构自我约束下的自由国家。

8.单选题

Thequalityofteachingshouldbemeasuredbythedegree______thestudents’potentialityisdeveloped.

问题1选项

A.ofwhich

B.withwhich

C.inwhich

D.towhich

【答案】D

【解析】考查定语从句。句意：教学质量应该以学生潜能的开发程度来衡量。横线及其后面部分是修饰degree的定语从句，根据固定搭配tothedegree确定用介词to，D选项towhich符合题意。因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertainty,elseitwasnon-rational.Andcertaintywastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefromclassicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicallyrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodel,though,isbankrupt.

Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.Therearenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentenceforaparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecase,itdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.Nonetheless,languageusageisnotsubjective.

Thisshouldnotsurpriseusintheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalscience,psychology,chemistryandphysicsarenotcertain,buttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsIseeit,ethicalinquiryproceedslikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparents,teachers,andsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselvesinexplicablymakingcertainvaluations,possiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.Wemay“learnthehardway”thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers’“theories”orpatternsofbehavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare“tested”;weactaswethinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandonothers.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.

Ofcoursepeoplemakedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusingsomealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wehavenovantagepointoutsidehumanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwrong,goodandbad.Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.

Weareleftwithintherealworld,tryingtocopewithourselves,witheachother,withtheworld,andwithourownfallibility.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehaveanalgorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.

Ifweunderstandethicsinthisway,wecansee,Ithink,therealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoralprescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingthealiment,weapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheoryprovidesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.

21.Ethicalprinciplesaregenerallythoughttobe________.

22.Inwhatwayisethicssimilartolanguageuse?

23.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthatwemaylearnmoralprinciples“thehardway”?

24.Itisimpliedinthetextthatarelativisticviewofethnics________.

25.Theauthorassertsthatthetruevalueofethicaltheoryliesin________.

问题1选项

A.explicitlyclear

B.implicitlyvague

C.certainbutnon-rational

D.relativebutnotsubjective

问题2选项

A.Bothhaverulestodeterminetheoptimalchoiceunderacircumstance.

B.Bothvaryaccordingtothecontexttheyareapplicableto.

C.Bothareobjective,notsubjective,entities.

D.Similarsetsofrulescanbeappliedinquitedifferentsituations.

问题3选项

A.Wereevaluateourpreviouslyheldbeliefsaswegrowolder.

B.Werefutesomemoralprinciplesonlyafterwefindtheminconsistent.

C.Weacquireasenseofrightandwrongfromreallifelessons.

D.Weactbyignoringourinheritedaltruistictendencies.

问题4选项

A.canonlybeacquiredafterreallifelessons

B.oftengenerateunacceptableconsequences

C.ismorematureandrational

D.istooabstracttobeofanypracticalvalue

问题5选项

A.itsprescriptivepower

B.itsdiagnosticfunction

C.itseffectivenessinresolvingmoraldilemmas

D.itsrelevancetothesituation

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】21.实施细节题。根据第一段第一句Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertainty,elseitwasnon-rational.（我们假定道德标准需要确定性的密封，否则它就是非理性的。），可知道德标准被视为非常明确，绝对，并且不是非理性的，A选项“明确清晰的”正确。B选项“隐隐约约，模糊”，C选项“确定但非理性”错误和D选项“相对但不主观”错误。因此A选项正确。

22.推理判断题。根据第二段第四句Althoughasentenceorphraseiswarrantedinonecase,itdoesnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlikecircumstances.（虽然一个句子或短语在某种情况下是正当的，但这并不意味着它在类似的情况下自动适用。），可知道德和语言没有固定和绝对的使用方法，而是要根据情况而定，也没有特定情况，B选项“两者都根据它们适用的背景而不同”正确，A选项“两者都有在特定情况下决定最佳选择的规则”错误。C选项“两者都是客观的，而不是主观的实体”：根据第二段最后一句Nonetheless,languageusageisnotsubjective.（然而，语言的使用并不是主观的。），作者说的然而，可知作者想要表达的是语言是客观的，而道德不是客观的，故错误。D选项“类似的规则可以应用于相当不同的情况”：没有提到类似的规则的用法，属于过度推断，故错误。因此B选项正确。

23.语义推测题。根据第三段倒数第四句Wemay“learnthehardway”thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.（我们可能会“吃了苦头才明白”，有些行为会产生不可接受的后果。），行为产生后果，这里指的是在实际生活中检验对错，B选项“我们驳斥一些道德原则，只是在我们发现它们不一致之后”错误和C选项“我们从现实生活的教训中获得对与错的意识”正确。A选项“随着年龄的增长，我们会重新评估以前持有的信念”：根据第三段第五、六句Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.（随着年龄的增长，我们会接触到不同的观点。这些可能会引导我们重新评估目前持有的信念。），可知重新评估以前持有的信念和接触不同观点有关，重新评估不是驳斥，故错误。D选项“我们通过忽视我们遗传的利他主义倾向来行动”：根据第三段第七句possiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistictendencies.（这可能是因为遗传的利他主义倾向。），可知并没有忽视利他主义，故错误。因此C选项正确。

24.推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句Butthenwedon’thaveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.（但是我们也没有一个有利的位置，让我们成为哲学相对主义者。）和第五段最后一句Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordeterminingcorrectlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecausewecannolongercommunicate.（我们也没有确定语言正确用法的算法，但这并不会让我们因为再也不能交流而绝望地举手投降。），可知相对主义的观念里，事情没有固定的解决办法，有时也会遇到困境，但是总体来说会积极面对，C选项“更加成熟和理性”正确。A选项“只有在真正的生活教训后才能获得”：根据第三段第五、六句Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.（随着年龄的增长，我们会接触到不同的观点。这些可能会引导我们重新评估目前持有的信念。），可知不同的观点也会对此有帮助，故错误。B选项“经常产生不可接受的后果”：根据第三段倒数第四句Wemay“learnthehardway”thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences.（我们可能会“吃了苦头才明白”，有些行为会产生不可接受的后果。），可知不可接受的后果由某些行为产生，与相对主义无关，故错误。D选项“太抽象了，没有任何实用价值”：根据第六段最后一句Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.（伦理理论之所以重要，并不是因为它们解决了所有的道德困境，而是因为它们帮助我们注意到道德问题的显著特征，并帮助我们在情境中理解这些问题。），可知相对主义在实际生活中有价值，故错误。因此C选项正确。

25.语义推测题。根据第六段最后一句Ethicaltheoriesareimportantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnoticesalientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.（伦理理论之所以重要，并不是因为它们解决了所有的道德困境，而是因为它们帮助我们注意到道德问题的显著特征，并帮助我们在情境中理解这些问题。），可知道德论的真正意义是帮助我们在情境中理解问题，不能直接解决问题，D选项“与情况的相关性”正确，C选项“解决道德困境的有效性”错误。A选项“指令权”和B选项“诊断功能”：根据第六段第三、四句Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:afterdiagnosingthealiment,weapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.（他们认为我们应该像使用膏药一样应用伦理原则：诊断出食物后，我们使用适当的敷料。但这是一个错误。），可知道德论和药不是一回事，诊断以后就可以开药，故错误。因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Weheldameetingtosumupourexperience______wefinishthework.

问题1选项

A.incidentally

B.while

C.immediately

D.before

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。句意：一结束工作，我们就开了会总结经验。A选项incidentally“顺便”；B选项while“当……时候”；C选项immediately“立刻；一……就”；D选项before“在……之前”。根据语境，这里指工作一结束就开会，C选项immediately“一……就”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

11.翻译题

Thepricewepayforthissalutarychangeis,nodoubt,great.Weassemblethousandsofoperativeinthefactory,andinthemine,ofwhomtheemployercanknowlittleornothing,andtowhomheislittlebetterthanamyth.Allintercoursebetweenisatanend.Rigidcastesareformed,and,asusual,mutualignorancebreedsmutualdistrust.Eachcasteiswithoutsympathywiththeother,andreadytocreditanythingdisparaginginregardtoit.36.Underthelawofcompetition,theemployerofthousandsisforcedintothestrictesteconomies,amongwhichtheratespaidtolaborfigureprominently,andoftenthereisfrictionbetweentheemployerandtheemployed,betweencapitalandlabor,betweenrichandpoor.Humansocietyloseshomogeneity.

37.Thepricewhichsocietypaysforthelawofcompetition,likethepriceitpaysforcheapcomfortsandluxuries,isalsogreat,buttheadvantagesofthislawaregreaterstillthanitscost,foritistothislawthatweoweourwonderfulmaterialdevelopment,whichbringsimprovedconditionsinitstrain.Butwhetherthelawbebenignornot,wemustsayofit,aswesayofthechangeintheconditionsofmentowhichwehavereferred.

Itishere;wecannotevadeit;oftheeffectofanynewsubstitutesforitproposedwecannotbesure;38.Andwhilethelawmaybesometimeshardfortheindividual,itisbestfortherace,becauseitinsuresthesurvivalofthefittestineverydepartment.39.Weacceptandwelcome,therefore,asconditionstowhichwemustaccommodateourselves,greatinequalityofenvironment,theconcentrationofbusiness,industrialandcommercial,inthehandsofafew;andthelawofcompetitionbetweenthese,asbeingnotonlybeneficial,butessentialtothefutureprogressoftherace.Havingacceptedthese,itfollowsthattheremustbegreatscopefortheexpertiseofspecialabilityinthemerchantandinthemanufacturer,whohastoconductaffairsupongreatscale.40.Thatthistalentfororganizationandmanagementisrareamongmenisprovedbythefactthatitinvariablysecuresenormousregardsforitspossessors,nomatterwhereorunderwhatlawsorconditions.

【答案】36．在竞争法则下，成千上万的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的措施。在这些节约措施中，付给工人的工资首当其冲。这样，雇主和雇员之间，劳资双方之间以及富人和穷人之间就常有摩擦。

37．在社会中人类为了竞争所付出的代价，就和为了不需要花钱就能得到的舒适和奢侈品一样代价高昂；但是竞争法则带来的好处高于付出的代价，因为正是这种竞争法则，经济快速发展，生活水平得到提高。

38．虽然这一法则对个体来说可能很难，但是它适用于人类，因为它保证了人类在各个领域都能适应并生存。

39．因此，我们接受并欢迎我们必须适应的条件，也就是工业和商业掌握在少数人手中的巨大不平等；而他们之间的竞争法则不仅是良性的，而且对种族的未来发展必不可少。

40．无论在什么地方，在什么法则或条件下，具有组织管理才能的人都不可避免地得到巨大的尊荣，这一事实证明了只有少数人有这种能力。

12.单选题

BytheendoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodslavesocietywas______disintegration.

问题1选项

A.onthegroundof

B.onthetopof

C.inthelightof

D.onthevergeof

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项onthegroundof“因为”；B选项onthetopof“除……之外；在……之上”；C选项inthelightof“鉴于”；D选项onthevergeof“接近于，濒临于”。句意：到春秋末年，奴隶社会已______处于解体。根据语境，这里指奴隶社会快要解体了，所以onthevergeof“接近于，濒临于”符合题意。因此D选项正确。

13.单选题

Theytriedtodrivetheirhorseintotheriver,buthesimplycould______not.

问题1选项

A.budge

B.surge

C.trudge

D.dredge

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项budge“微微移动”；B选项surge“汹涌”；C选项trudge“跋涉；步履艰难地走”；D选项dredge“疏浚，挖掘”。句意：他们试图把他们的马赶到河里，但马就是不能______。根据语境，这里指马在那里不肯动，A选项budge“微微移动”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

______advanceandretreatintheireternalrhythms,butthesurfaceoftheseaitselfisneveratrest.

问题1选项

A.Notonlywhenthetidesdo

B.Asthetidesnotonlydo

C.Notonlydothetides

D.Dothetidesnotonly

【答案】C

【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：不仅潮汐以它们永恒的节奏前进和后退，而且海面本身也从来没有静止过。根据题目和选项确定考查固定搭配notonly…but的部分倒装，notonly放在句首的倒装结构为notonly+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语+其他，所以C选项Notonlydothetides符合题意。因此C选项正确。

15.单选题

AmItounderstandthathisnowpost______noresponsibilitywithitatall?

问题1选项

A.keeps

B.supports

C.carries

D.possesses

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项keeps“保持”；B选项supports“支持”；C选项carries“怀揣；携带”，carryresponsibilitywithsth“对……负责”；D选项possesses“拥有”。句意：我是否应该理解，他现在的职位对此事不______任何责任吗？根据短语carryresponsibilitywithsth.和这里表示负责任，C选项carries“怀揣；携带”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

16.单选题

Thewordfor“TheDaVinciCode”isarareinvertiblepalindrome.Rotated180degreesonahorizontalaxissothatitisupsidedown,itdenotesthematernalessencethatissometimeslinkedtothesportofsoccer.Readrightsideup,itconciselyconveysthekindofextremeenthusiasmwithwhichthisriddle-filled,code-breaking,exhilaratinglybrainythrillercanberecommended.Thatwordiswow.

TheauthorisDanBrown(anameyouwillwanttoremember).Inthisgleefullyeruditesuspensenovel,Mr.Browntakestheformathehasbeendevelopingthroughthreeearliernovelsandfine-tunesittoblockbusterperfection.NotsincetheadventofHarryPotterhasanauthorsoflagrantlydelightedinleadingreadersonabreathlesschaseandcoaxingthemthroughhoops.Considerthenewbook’sprologue,setintheGrandGalleryoftheLouvre.(Thisisthekindofbookthatnoticesthatthisonegallery’slengthisthreetimesthatoftheWashingtonMonument.)ItembroilsaCaravaggio,analbinomonkandacuratorinafighttothedeath.That’ssceneleavinglittledoubtthattheauthorknowshowtopiqueinterest,asthecurator,JacquesSauniere,fightsforhislife.

Desperatelyseizingthepaintinginordertoactivatethemuseum’salarmsystem,Saunieresucceedsinbuyingsometime.Andheusesthesestolenmoments?Whicharehislast?Totakeoffhisclothes,drawacircleandarrangehimselflikethefigureinLeonardo’smostfamousdrawing,“TheVitruvianMan.”AndtoleavebehindananagramandFibonacci’sfamousnumericalseriesasclues.

Whateverthisisabout,itisenoughtosummonLangdon,whobynow,heblushestorecall,hasbeendescribedinanadoringmagazinearticleas“HarrisonFordinHarristweed.”Langdon’slatestmanuscript,which“proposedsomeveryunconventionalinterpretationsofestablishedreligiousiconographywhichwouldcertainlybecontroversial,”isdefinitelygermane.

AlsosoononthesceneisthecryptologistSophieNeveu,achipofftheauthor’searlierprototypes:“Unlikethecookie-cutterblondesthatadornedHarvarddormroomwalls,thiswomanwashealthywithanunembellishedbeautyandgenuinenessthatradiatedastrikingpersonalconfidence.”EvenifhehadnotcontrivedthisentirestoryasahuntfortheLostSacredFeminineessence,womeninparticularwouldloveMr.Brown.

Thebookmovesatabreakneckpace,withtheauthorseemingthoroughlytoenjoyhiscontrivances.Virtuallyeverychapterendswithacliffhanger:noteasy,consideringtheamountofplainoldtakingthatgetsdone.AndSophieandLangdonaresentontherun,thebettertochurnupathrilleratmosphere.Totheircredit,theyevadetheirpursuersasingeniouslyastheydomosteverythingelse.

Whenbeingfollowedviaaglobalpositioningsystem,forinstance,itissmarttosendthesensorflyingouta40-footwindowandleadpursuerstothinkyouhavedonethesame.Somehowthebookmanagestoreconcilesuchderring-dowithremarkslike.“Anddidyouknowthatifyoudividethenumberoffemalebeesbythenumberofmalebeesinanybeehiveintheworld,youalwaysgetthesamenumber?”

“TheDaVinciCode”isbreezyenougheventomakefunofitscharacters’owncleverness.AtonepointLangdonisaskedbyhishostwhe