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1、Giftedness:TheGiftthat Keeps on GivingIntroductionStableversus unstable personal traitse.g. genderversushaircolorWhichisgiftedness?OftenviewedasachildhoodattributeThis reflectedbya recentwebsearchWhat aretheresultsofgoogling ?Googleresults“giftedchildren”1,440,000hitsversuspost-childhood:“gifted ado

2、lescents”39,600hits“gifted teenagers”1,670hits“gifted adults”24,700hits“gifted elderly”56hits“gifted seniorcitizens”8 hitsGoogleresultsandversus pre-childhood:“gifted babies”6,660hits“gifted infants”540hits“gifted zygotes”1 hitthelatter someJon Stewartquip!ArgumentGiftedness canbea life-longtraitThi

3、s developmentalcontinuityisespecially conspicuous whenwelookatthehighestlevelsofgiftednesse.g.,top1%rather thantop 10%SuperlativePerformanceThresholdAGETop10%Top1%PERFORMANCEFrom ConceptiontoReputationGenetic conceptionGestationInfancyChildhoodAdolescenceAdulthoodDeathPosthumous reputationGenetic co

4、nceptionGenetic conceptionItallbegins withthe “giftedzygote”Galtons1869Hereditary GeniusModernbehavioralgenetics:Giftednessismost likelymulti-polygenic(manypolygenictraits)emergenic(multiplicative/configurational)epigenetic(unfoldsover time)Inshort,acomplex,dynamic processGestationGestationIntrauter

5、ineenvironmente.g.,Geschwindstheoryelevatedtestosteroneafter20thweekright leftposterior hemispheregrowthgiftedness/savantismmathematicalabilityartistic/spatial abilitymusical abilitySimonBaron-Cohen:“extrememalebrain”InfancyInfancyTheDevelopmental“DarkAges”Earlydevelopmental signpostsnotalways indic

6、ativeoflatergiftednessandmay evenbecounter-indicative (e.g.,delayed speech)Sowhen do theDark Agesend?Whatsthe earliest ageatwhichthegiftbeginstomanifestitself?FaganTest of InfantIntelligenceAttentiontonoveltyat6-12 monthspredictsadultIQacademicachievementbutthisassessment concerns generalintelligenc

7、e (Spearmansg)What about moredomain-specific indicators?Cox(1926) 301GeniusesJeremyBentham:Englishjuristand utilitarian philosopher (earlyIQ180)Learned alphabet beforetalkingAt3 began classicaleducationwhenfatherbuysa Latin grammar; sameage readRapinsHistory of EnglandFeldman/Goldsmith(1986/2000)6 p

8、rodigiesa child whoread music beforehewasfour,twochildrenwho playedwinning chess beforethey enteredschool,another whostudied abstract algebraingradeschool,a youngsterwhoproducedtypedscriptsoforiginalstories andplaysbeforehis fifth birthday,anda child whoread,wrote,beganlearningforeignlanguages, andc

9、omposedshortmusical piecesbeforehewas outofdiapers.Winner(1996):GiftedChildrenMichael Kearneyspeakat4 months;read at 8months;algebra on ownatage3KyLeeHenchfascinated withletters& numbersat1.5mentalarithmeticat2playing mathcomputergamesby3SMPY (JulianStanleyetal.)TerryTao: FieldsMedalrecipienttaughth

10、imselftoread before2;usingportabletypewriter before2.5;solvedmathproblemstypical of 8-yearolds by 3.ChildhoodChildhoodDark Agesrarely endbeforeages2-3,andmorecommonlyendatthe ageofa latepreschoolerorkindergartnereven Mozartdidntbegincomposing until 5(withfathershelp)andJ.S.Milldidntwritehis first bo

11、ok(ahistoryofRome)until6.5(juvenilia)ChildhoodDuringthisageperiod variousenvironmentalfactors kickinincludingBirthorder(notprenatal!)Traumatic, enriching,and diversifyingeventsDomain-specificrolemodelsand mentors, andExpertiseacquisition(10-yearrule)that affectthetypeanddegree of giftednessThe“gift”

12、 as anature-nurturecollaborationAdolescenceAdolescenceAlthoughthepreviouslymentionedfactorscontinuetonurture growth,thegifted youth canalso be ledastrayfromthepathofoptimal development:Peer groupsbecomeespeciallycriticalduringthisphasee.g.,Csikszentmihalyi et al.s (1993)TalentedteenagersAdulthoodAdu

13、lthoodTheGreatTransformationfromInputtoOutputPotentialtoActual AchievementGiftedness to GeniusAdulthoodAcceleratedcareeronsetAbbreviatedexpertiseacquisition(10years)Earlyachievement(viz.1st“hit”in20s)Exceptionalproductivityoroutput (e.g.,Napoleon,Edison,Picasso,Mozart)High impact(e.g.,disciples,hono

14、rs)Long,productive careerEarly-+late-bloomers long-bloomersHence,lasttestaments,old-age style shifts,swan-songsExamplesCervantes:DonQuixote,Part II,age68,died age69ExamplesGalileo:TwoNew Sciences,age74,died age78ExamplesGoethe:Faust, PartII,age83,died age83ExamplesVerdi:Falstaff,age85,died age88Deat

15、hDeathLife expectancyascontingentonachievementdomainExamples:MathematiciansversusBiologistsPoetsversusNovelistsMilitaryversusPolitical LeadersRevolutionary versusStatusQuo PoliticiansPrecocitynegativeimpact on longevityGeniusAge 1st masterworkAge at deathArriaga (music)1820Galois(math)2020Chatterton(poetry)1617Posthumous reputationPosthumous reputationEventualeminenceisa directfunctionoflifetimeachievem