英语词汇学第一章课件

1、Chapter I Introduction1.1 The English Vocabulary1.2 The Structure of English Words Chapter I Introduction1.1 The Teaching ObjectivesHave a good understanding of English lexicology, its aims and meaningsLearn some general information about English vocabularyLearn the structure of English wordsTeachin

2、g ObjectivesHave a goodTeaching focusDefinition of “a word”Definition of morphemesDefinition of allomorphsTypes of morphemesfree morphemebound morphemeTeaching focusDefinition of “a1.1 The English vocabularyAn International languageEnglish as L1:Britain, U.S.A.,Ireland, Australia, Newzealand,Canada,

3、 South Africa etc.Population:340 million1.1 The English vocabularyAn IEnglish as L2:India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar (Burma)，Singapore，Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ghana，Namibia，Jamaica，Bermuda，MalaysiaPopulation: ? MillionsEnglish as FL:Population: 750 millionsEnglish as L2: Oxford English DictionaryN

4、umber of English vocabulary:414,829 (1928); 500,000 (1989) 2 millions of word increasing rate: 850 per yearCf: German 185,000 French 100,000How much vocabulary did literary masters have?Shakespear: 24,000Milton: 16,000 English educated people: 25,000 Chinese educated people: 5000 Oxford English Dict

5、ionaryHow much vocabulary should a Chinese student have?most frequently used coverage of reading materials1,000 80.5% 2,000 89%3,00093%4,00095%5,00097% P.3-4 tableHow much vocabulary should a CFour levels of vocabularySpeaking Active vocabularyWritingReading Passive vocabulary GuessFour levels of vo

6、cabularyActivity Read the following paragraphand see which words belong to which level of vocabulary:The United States Thursday paid tribute to Afghans who turned out to vote in the countrys crucial presidential election despite an intimidation campaign by the Taliban. U.S. officials say its too ear

7、ly to assess the credibility of the election. Activity Read the following paEnglish lexicologyThe study of English vocabularyExercises:To be done after classEnglish lexicology 1.2 The Structure of English WordsLead-in What is a word?An elusive notionhave has had ？ friend friends ？entry词条in a diction

8、ary - lexeme 词位word form 词形：词的不同形状lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合 1.2 The Structure of Definition:A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.Definition:classification of words according to syntactic functionFunction wordsdeterminer, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, auxiliary verb

9、, interjection. Content wordsnoun, verb, adjective, adverb.classification of words accordMorphological Structure of English WordsOutlineMorphemes 词素A. basic information about morphemesB. Allomorphs 词素变体Classification of Morphemes 词素分类A. Free morphemes & bound morphemesB. Roots & affixes Morphologica

10、l Structure of EngMorphemes 词素A. basic information about morphemesQ: What is the morpheme?A: The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13)Morphemes 词素Q: Whats the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”?词

11、：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体词素：不一定能独立运用Example试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？nationnation+alnation+al+izede-nation+al+izede-nation-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化Q: Whats the difference betweA word may be analyzable into one or more morphemes. 1. What is the difference between a morpheme like de- and a phoneme(音素) like /

12、k/ and /ju:/?Phonemes have no meaning while morphemes do.2. Is a morpheme identical with a syllable(音节)?No, because syllable has nothing to do with meaning. A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, like boy and child, or by two or more syllables, as in lady, crocodile, etc.A word may be analyz

13、able into B. Allomorphs 词素变体A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. 如：books, pigs, horses共同词素是什么？曲折词素-(e)s。有三种不同发音：/-s, -z, -iz/B. Allomorphs 词素变体这三种形式都是同一曲折词素-s的变体，称为词素变体。An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.More examples给下列动词加上后

14、缀使其变为名词：InventExpand, omitJustify, modernizeDescribe这三种形式都是同一曲折词素-s的变体，称为词素变体。Invention, expansion, omission, justification, modernization, description这几个都是词素变体。Invention, expansion, omission请在以下单词前加前缀，使其具有“不”的意思：Perfect, balance, mobileResponsibleLogicalFlexible, excusable im-, ir-, il- 都是in-的词素变体请

15、在以下单词前加前缀，使其具有“不”的意思：Classification of Morphemes 词素分类两种分类方法（P13）从可否独立使用来看：A. Free morphemes & bound morphemes 自由词素&粘着词素从所含的语义来看：B. Roots & affixes 词根&词缀Classification of Morphemes 词A. Free morphemes & bound morphemes自由词素：Man, faith, read, etc.粘着词素：un-, -ly, -ish, toler-, etc.B. Roots & affixes 词根&词缀

16、Roots: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. (P13)Work, workable, worker, worked, working中词根是workA. Free morphemes & bound morp词根 自由词根 粘着词根自由词根（P15）自由词根又叫做“简单词”。数量不多，但使用频率高；是英语词汇中最稳定、最具生命力的词。粘着词根粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。词根 自由词根观察下面几个单词，找出

17、共同词根：revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid拉丁词根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根：Affixes 词缀Definition: Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.Affix inflectional affixes 曲折词缀 derivational affixe

18、s 派生词缀inflectional affixes 曲折词缀(P14)曲折词缀只表达一定的语法范畴，是词的语法功能的标记。It does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word.Affixes 词缀曲折词缀大致只有以下几种：1. plural marker 复数标记2. genitive case 所有格3. the verbal ending 动词时态词缀4. er and est 比较级与最高级标记derivational affixes 派生词缀derivational affixes prefixes