2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号11

1、住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题You and I agree to meet at four-thirty, I show up at 4: 33. I dont say anything, because thats close enough to satisfy our social contract. Only after five minutes do you expect me to say, “Sorry, Im late.” At ten m

2、inutes I owe you an explanation, “The freeway exit was closed. I had to go four miles out of my way.” After twenty minutes I have to make a full and serious apology. After forty minutes Id better not show up at all.That sort of thingformally observed and never explicitly stated drives people from ot

3、her cultures crazy. Anthropologists list the toughest things to cope with in a foreign land. Second only to language is the way we deal with time.Now psychologists look at our view of time another way. They go into several countries and measure the pace of life. They measure the accuracy of bank clo

4、cks and how fast city dwellers walk. They time transactions in banks and post offices. They see how long people lake to answer questions.Japanese keep the fastest pace. Americans are a close second. Italians and Indonesians are at the bottom of the list. Italians give long answers to your questions.

5、 Indonesians dont give a fig about sting their bank clocks. Among American cities, Boston and Kansas City are fastest. New York is up there, of course, but we keep a faster pace here in Houston. Californias “laid back” reputation is deserved. The slowest pace of all is kept in Los Angeles.Finally, w

6、e look at heart disease. Thats tricky, because other factors are involved. Our hearts greatest enemy is tobacco. But heart disease also correlates with the pace we keep. Smokers who drive themselves are really asking for it.Now its 4:55. Im strolling, unhurried toward our 4:30 meeting. Im thinking s

7、omething about Isaac Watts, the English poet, wrote:Time, what an empty vapour it is;And days how swift they are!Swift as an Indian arrow flies,Or like a shooting star.That tension soaks through our view of time. Can we see time as an empty vapor? Or do our technologies define time and bind us to in

8、? In a technology-dense world, we too often let time turn into an Indian arrowone aimed at our heart.So the clock ticks, and we ask: Is time an arrow we must dodge or vapor we can ignore? If were smart, we live by the clock only when we have to. Otherwise, we sit back and play. We know how to let ti

9、ne be only vapor, after all.1. In America you have to apologize sincerely if you are _.2. We know from the passage that _.3. In the United States, the pace of life is quite relaxed in _.4. Which sentence correctly restates “Smokers who drive themselves are reallyrally asking for it”?5. What the auth

10、or wants to tell us is that _.问题1选项A.5 minutes lateB.20 minutes lateC.40 minutes lateD.10 minutes late问题2选项A.Indonesians do not measure the accuracy of bank clocksB.Japanese keep a fairly fast paceC.the pace of life in America is the fastestD.Italians lake their time in doing things问题3选项A.California

11、B.HoustonC.Los AngelesD.New York问题4选项A.Smokers should not drive cars because they get into accidents easily.B.Smokers who have heart disease should not drive themselves.C.Smokers who work too hard will soon find themselves down with heart trouble.D.Smokers who drive their own cars are really asking

12、for trouble.问题5选项A.people with heart trouble should not smokeB.time is dangerous in that it is like an arrow aimed at our heartsC.living by the clock in our technology-dense world could be fatalD.we should avoid having every moment of our life ruled by the clock【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事

13、实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段After twenty minutes I have to make a full and serious apology. After forty minutes Id better not show up at all.（在迟到20分钟后，我必须真诚道歉。在迟到40分钟后，我最好不露面。），所以B选项“迟到20分钟”正确。A选项“迟到5分钟”对应文章第一段，此处提到在迟到五分钟后，我应该说“对不起，我来迟了”，与题干不符，属于出处错位；C选项“迟到40分钟”对应第二段“迟到40分钟后，我最好不露面”，与题干意思不符，属于出处错位；D选项“迟到10分钟”对应

14、第二段“在迟到10分钟后，我欠你一个解释”，与题干意思不符，属于出处错位。因此B选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第四段Japanese keep the fastest pace. Americans are a close second. Italians and Indonesians are at the bottom of the list. Italians give long answers to your questions. Indonesians dont give a fig about setting their bank clocks.（日本人回答问题的速

15、度最快。美国人紧随其后。意大利人和印尼人排在最后。意大利人对你的问题回答很长。印尼人对设置银行时钟毫不在意。），由日本人回答问题的速度可推断出日本人的生活节奏很快，所以B选项“日本人的节奏相当快”正确。A选项“印度尼西亚人不会测量银行时钟的准确性”说法错误，此处只提到印度尼西亚人对银行设置的时钟不理会，并没有提到时钟的准确性测量，属于曲解原文；C选项“美国的生活节奏是最快的”说法错误，此处说到日本的生活节奏最快，美国第二，属于反向干扰；D选项“意大利人做事很费时”说法错误，此处只提到意大利人在银行回答问题的答案很长，并不意味着他们做所有的事情都费时，属于曲解原文。因此B选项正确。3.推理判断题

16、。根据题干可定位到文章第四段Among American cities, Boston and Kansas City are fastest. New York is up there, of course, but we keep a faster pace here in Houston. Californias “laid-back” reputation is deserved. The slowest pace of all is kept in Los Angeles.（在美国城市中，波士顿和堪萨斯城的生活节奏是最快的。当然，纽约在这方面一直领先，但休斯敦的节奏比纽约更快。加利福

17、利亚“悠闲”的名声当之无愧。最慢的是洛杉矶。），由此可知洛杉矶是美国生活节奏最轻松的，所以C选项“洛杉矶”正确。A选项“加利福利亚”，虽然此处提到了加利福利亚的生活很轻松，但不是最轻松的，故不选，属于出处错位；B选项“休斯顿”，此处说到纽约的生活节奏一直很快，休斯顿比纽约更快一点，而题干中问的是生活最轻松的地方，故B选项和D选项“纽约”都不选，属于反向干扰。因此C选项正确。4.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段Finally, we look at heart disease. Thats tricky, because other factors are involved. Our he

18、arts greatest enemy is tobacco. But heart disease also correlates with the pace we keep. Smokers who drive themselves are really asking for it.（最后，我们来看看心脏病。这很棘手，因为还涉及到其他因素。我们心中最大的敌人是烟草。但心脏病也与我们保持的节奏有关。自己开车的吸烟者真的是自找麻烦），由此可推断出患有心脏病的吸烟者不应该自己开车，所以B选项“患有心脏病的吸烟者不应该自己开车”正确。A选项“吸烟者不应该开车，因为他们很容易出事故”和D选项“自己开车

19、的烟民真是自找麻烦”此处都有提到，但是吸烟者开车并不会有什么危险，除非他患有心脏病，A、D选项都没有体现这一点，属于曲解原文；C选项“努力工作的吸烟者很快就会发现自己患有心脏病”文章并没有明确提到，属于无中生有。因此B选项正确。5.推理判断题。根据题干可定位到文章最后两段尤其最后一段的第二句If were smart, we live by the clock only when we have to.（如果我们够聪明，我们只会在必要的时候按时间行事。），结合文章可知作者把时间比喻成蒸汽和指向我们心脏的利箭，但其实患心脏病也与生活节奏有关，所以可以推断作者认为生活节奏快对身体健康是不利的，我们

20、的生活不应该完全受时间掌控，所以D选项“我们应该避免让时钟主宰我们生活的每一刻”正确。A选项“患有心脏病的人不应该吸烟”对应文章五段，文章只在该段提到了吸烟对心脏病有消极作用，但作者还提到了生活节奏太快也会导致心脏病发作，且全文都与生活节奏相关，所以A选项不足以概括作者的意图，属于以偏概全；B选项“时间是危险的，因为它就像一支指向我们心灵的箭”对应文章倒数第二段，此处提到我们的技术定义了我们对时间的看法，它可以是一把利箭，我们也可以把它当蒸汽，这都取决于人们自己的选择，属于以偏概全；C选项“在我们这个技术密集的世界里，按时钟生活可能是致命的”对应倒数第二段的最后一句，虽然该选项说法无误，但是不

21、足以概括作者的意图，属于以偏概全。因此D选项正确。2.单选题I dont ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what its like to work in a field dominated by men. I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found th

22、em interesting. What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-lime and the nature of black holes. At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph. D. at MIT and then as a post-d

23、octor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement-jobs, research papers, awards- was viewed through the lens of gender politics. So were my failures. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus right brain, or nature versus nurture, 1 would insta

24、ntly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I dont talk about that anymore. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didnt w

25、ant to deal with gender issues. Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? After all, I dont study sociology or political theory.Today I research and teach at Barnard, a womens college in New York City. Recently, someone asked me how many of the 45 students in

26、 my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children. And I dont dismiss those concerns. Still I dont tell them “war” stories. Instead, I have given them this: th

27、e visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And thats a sight worth talking about.1.Why doesnt the author want to talk about being a women scientist again?2.From Paragraph 2, we can

28、infer that people would attribute the authors failures to（ ）.3.What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph. D. and post-doctoral research?4.Why does the author feel great satisfaction when talking about her class?5.What does the image the author presents to her students suggest?问

29、题1选项A.She feels unhappy working in male -dominated fieldsB.She is fed up with the issue of gender discrimination.C.She is not good at telling stories of the kind.D.She finds space research more important.问题2选项A.the very fact that she is a womanB.her involvement in gender politicsC.her over-confidenc

30、e as a female astrophysicistD.the burden she bears in a male-dominated society问题3选项A.Lack of confidence in succeeding in space scienceB.Unfair accusations from both inside and outside her circleC.Peoples stereotyped attitude towards female scientistsD.Widespread misconceptions about nature and nurtu

31、re问题4选项A.Female students no longer have to bother about gender issuesB.Her students performance has brought back her confidence.C.Her female students can do just as well as male studentsD.More females students are pursuing science than before问题5选项A.Women students neednt have the concerns of her gene

32、ration.B.Women have more barriers on their way to academic success.C.Women can balance a career in science and having a family.D.Women now have fewer problems pursuing a science career.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。根据第一段“But while earning my Ph. D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing s

33、pace research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement-jobs, research papers, awards- was viewed through the lens of gender politics.”但当我在麻省理工学院获得博士学位，然后作为一名从事太空研究的博士后时，这个问题开始困扰我。我的每一项成就工作、研究论文、奖项都是通过性别政治的视角来看待的。由此可知，作者受够了性别歧视的问题。选项B符合原文。2.推理判断题。根据第一段“My every achievement-jobs, research

34、 papers, awards- was viewed through the lens of gender politics. So were my failures.”我的每一项成就工作、研究论文、奖项都是通过性别政治的视角来看待的，包括我的失败也是如此。也就是说，人们将作者的失败归咎于她是女性这一事实。选项A符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第一段最后一句“Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus right brain, or nature versus nurture, 1 would insta

35、ntly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.”有时，当我被迫就左脑与右脑，或先天与后天进行辩论时，我会立即为我和所有女性的利益展开激烈的斗争。选项C符合原文。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知，作者在纽约的一所女子学员进行研究和教学。最近，有人问我班上45个学生中有多少是女生。你无法想象我回答45个时有多满足。因为她们展现出45位热爱科学的女性形象，选项D符合原文。5.推理判断题。根据最后一段倒数第三句“I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor hea

36、vily pregnant doing physics experiments.”相反，我让她们看到她们物理教授怀着孕还在做实验的一幕。作者是想让她的学生们知道：女性可以在科学事业和家庭之间取得平衡。选项C正确。3.单选题I shall tell him the truth, _.问题1选项A.no matter whether he likes it or notB.whether he likes it or notC.no matter he likes it or notD.whether he would like it or not【答案】A【解析】考查状语从句。句意：不管他喜不喜

37、欢，我都会告诉他真相。no matter与疑问词who，what，where，when，how，if，whether等连用，意为“无论，不管”，可引导让步状语从句，A选项no matter whether he likes it or not符合题意。B选项中whether意思为“（表示迟疑或两个可能性之间的选择）是否”，不符合语境；C选项中no matter意思为“不要紧”，用法错误；D选项中whether用法错误。因此A选项正确。4.单选题The （ ）of modem bridge is made of concrete or steel and covered with somethi

38、ng else.问题1选项A.archB.platformC.skeletonD.coating【答案】A【解析】arch拱形, 拱门；platform平台, 月台；skeleton骨架, 骨骼；coating 涂层, 包衣。句意：现代桥梁的拱是由混凝土或钢制成的, 上面覆盖着其他的材料。选项A符合句意。5.单选题Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cu

39、mulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of m

40、an as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one anotherthe scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with t

41、he best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-ray, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine.Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems

42、, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to

43、 research by industrywhich is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quicklythe funds the U.S. Government allots to basic research currently mount to about 7 percent of its over-all research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, app

44、lied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, “Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries will be lost. Unfortunate

45、ly, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure sciencetend to degrade the quality of the nations technology in the long run, rather than to improve it.”1. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _.2. Industry is primarily interested in

46、applied research because it _.问题1选项A.The Importance of Basic ResearchB.Roentgens Ignorance of X-raysC.The Attractiveness of Applied ResearchD.Basic Research vs. Applied Research问题2选项A.provides better understandingB.offers immediate profitC.drives out basic researchD.solves practical problems【答案】第1题:

47、D第2题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。1. 首尾段核心句首段第一句提出问题：Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research?（为什么基金会集中支持基础研究而不是应用研究？），具体介绍基础研究。尾段第一句Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enj

48、oyed.（应用研究是为了解决具体的实际问题而进行的，它具有吸引力，因为可以直接看到和享受成果。），具体讲述应用研究。这篇文章分别介绍了这两种研究并且进行对比，由此推断本文的主旨是“基础研究与应用研究”。因此D选项正确。2. 分析文章的行文结构本文的行文逻辑是“AB”，分别讲述基础研究和应用研究，因此D选项正确。排除干扰项A选项“基础研究的重要性”：基础研究仅仅是第一段的内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。B选项“对X射线的不了解”：关键词X-rays对应第一段最后一句discovered X-ray, he had no idea of their usefulness to medicin

49、e，这个例子用来支持上一句the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated（往往无法预料基础研究的实际应用），不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。C选项“应用研究的吸引力”：这里只总结了第二段，也属于以偏概全。2.事实细节题。精确定位根据题干定位到第二段第三句Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industrywhich is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects becaus

50、e these increase profits quickly（撇开用于工业研究的资金不谈工业研究自然更关心应用方面，因为这些能迅速带来利益），可知工业界因为应用研究带来的好处而关注它，B选项“立刻带来利益”正确。排除干扰项A选项“帮助更好地理解”：根据第一段第三句The goal of basic research is understanding for its own sake.（基础研究的目标是为了理解而理解。），可知这指的是基础研究而不是应用研究，属于张冠李戴。C选项“排斥基础研究”：根据第二段第五句Unless adequate safeguards are provided,

51、applied research invariably tends to drive out basic.（除非提供充分的保障措施，应用研究往往会排斥基础研究。），这里指出的是基础研究和应用研究的关系，没有解释题干的原因，属于偷换概念。D选项“解决实际问题”：根据第二段第一句Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness（应用研究是为了解决具体的实际问题而进行的，它具有直接的吸引力），这里讲的是应用研究的目的，也就是吸引研究人员的原因，并不等工业

52、界喜欢应用研究的原因，属于偷换概念。6.单选题I _ the meeting yesterday, but some urgent matter prevented me from coming.问题1选项A.ought to attendB.was about to attendC.was to have attendedD.was to attend【答案】C【解析】考查谓语动词。A选项ought to attend“应该参加”；B选项was about to attend“即将参加，正打算参加”；C选项was to have attended“本来要参加（却结果没参加）”；D选项was

53、to attend“将要参加（表示预先安排好的计划或约定）”。句意：我本来打算昨天参加会议的，但有一件紧急的事阻止我前往。根据urgent matter prevented me from coming“紧急的事阻止我前往”可知，我原本想参加会议，C选项was to have attended“本来要参加（却结果没参加）”符合题意。因此C选项正确。7.单选题Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the a

54、uction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which

55、 he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning “u

56、nder the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qual

57、ities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christies and So

58、thebys in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to b

59、e sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneers services a

60、re paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling and he should be acquainted with r