生物流派理论

1、人格心理学第十五讲：生物流派的人格理论The Biological Approach to Personality1人格的生物遗传基础(Biological and Genetic Roots of Personality)Inhibited （10%）Uninhibited（25%）Kagan & Snidman， 1991抑制型儿童的特点： 自我控制的 温和有礼的 陌生焦虑的 “粘人”的 更有可能是“blue eyes”非抑制型儿童的特点： 自发的 主动的 精力充沛的 适应陌生环境迅速的 不太“粘人”的 出生四个月美国婴儿的气质差异2人格的生物遗传基础 (Biological and Ge

2、netic Roots of Personality)四个月时被鉴定为抑制型的婴儿，其中有40%在14个月和21个月时表现出较多的恐惧；但没有一个非抑制型的婴儿有同样的感受。（Kagan & Snidman， 1991）21个月时的抑制性得分与儿童4岁时的抑制性得分相关（Reznick et al., 1986）812岁儿童的抑制性与成年后（1822岁）的抑制性有中等程度的相关（r .57）(Gest, 1997)许多领导人、社会工作者和演义界人士都曾是抑制型儿童，但通过克服自己的羞怯而获得成功。3艾森克的人格理论（Eysenks Theory on Personality）不稳定（神经质）稳

3、定外向内向易动感情（moody)安静严肃急躁冲动积极被动自控冷静好交际活跃有领导力胆汁质多血质粘液质抑郁质Eysenk, 19684艾森克的人格理论稳定不稳定（神经质、情绪的稳定性）内向外向（皮层唤起水平的差异）精神质精神质得分高的人：自我中心的，攻击性的，缺乏人性的（impersonal），冷酷的，缺乏同情心的，冲动的，不考虑他人的，对他人的权利和幸福漠不关心的5大脑不对称性左前额叶激活水平 vs 右前额叶激活水平左半球活动：接近情绪源；右半球活动：远离情绪源抑郁的人大脑右半球活动水平高如果右利手的人思考时眼睛转向左边，右半球活动水平高（Davidson, 1991）6Jeffrey Gra

4、ys RSTReinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality 1.Flight-Fight-Freeze system (FFFS) which is characterised by: Sensitivity to aversive stimuli with associated defensive avoidance (fear) and escape(panic) 2. Behavioral approach system(BAS) characterised by: Sensitivity to appetitive stimuli Ass

5、ociated approach and anticipatory pleasure (hope) 3. Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)characterized by: Sensitivity to goal conflict (eg approach-avoidance Linked with rumination, anxiety) 7Jeffrey Grays RSTReinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality Behavioral activation system: The behaviora

6、l activation system represents more functional attempts to seek rewards, such as a predilection towards novel experiences, spontaneous behavior, and exciting activities. Similarly, this is related to extraversion and functional, but not rash, impulsivity. 8Jeffrey Grays RSTReinforcement Sensitivity

7、Theory of personality Behavioral inhibition system This system underpins responses to any form of conflict. That is, the system facilitates the detection and resolution of conflict. In particular, in response to conflict, ongoing behaviors, underpinned by the behavioral activation or fight-flight-fr

8、eezing systems, are inhibited. Instead, attention and effort is directed towards the source of this conflict. Behavior is vigilant, cautious, and careful-rather than impulsive. The behavioral inhibition system corresponds to anxiety-an emotion that is evoked by uncertainty and evaluation from other

9、individuals, representing the anticipation of potential disaster (see White & Depue, 1999, for a distinction between anxiety and fear). In contrast, the fight-flight-freezing systems correspond to fear, which represent concerns about specific aversive stimuli or events. (In the original model of RST

10、, avoidance was primarily underpinned by the behavioral inhibition system. In the revised version, avoidance is primarily mediated by the fight-flight-freezing system (Jackson, 2009). 9Jeffrey Grays RSTReinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality Fight-flight-freezing system The reinforcement sen

11、sitivity theory differentiates the stimuli that provoke flight, freezing, and fight. In particular, if the threat is somewhat distal or distant, flight or freezing is elicited. If the aversive stimulus is more proximal or immediate, fight is evoked. In this context, fight is a defensive response, wh

12、ich coincides with fear, rather than predatory aggression, which coincides with the pursuit of rewards and is thus mediated by the behavioral activation system. 10Jeffrey Grays RSTReinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extrav

13、ersion. Behavioral Research Therapy, 8, 249-266. Gray, J. A. (1981). A critique of Eysencks theory of personality. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), A model for personality (pp. 246-276). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Gray, J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety, an enquiry into the functions of the septohip

14、pocampal system. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gray, J. A. (1987). The psychology of fear and stress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gray, J. A. (1991). Neural systems, emotion, and personality. In J. Madden, IV (Ed.), Neurobiology of Learning, Emotion, and Affect (pp. 273-306). New York:

15、 Raven Press. Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 11气质的三维度（Buss & Plomin, 1984, 1986)情绪性（emotionality）活动性（activity）交际性（sociability）12气质与学校教育三类儿童Easy child: 主动，情绪积极，能很快适应新环境Difficult child: 回避，情绪消极，难以适应新环境Slow-to-warm-

16、up child: 行为抑制，适应较慢智力与气质无关（Keogh, 1986），但是学习成绩与气质有关气质影响课堂学习学生的气质引起教师的不同关照学生气质影响师生互动13进化人格心理学简介(An Introduction to the Evolutionary Personality Psychology)人为什么有攻击性？人为什么会焦虑？抑郁？愤怒？在陌生人面前，人为什么会感到紧张？人为什么有羞耻感？同情心？人为什么通常是自私的？人为什么有利他行为？为什么男性更喜欢较年轻、漂亮的女性；而女性更有可能选择社会经济地位和抱负水平较高的男性配偶？为什么男性更有可能在女性面前吹嘘自己，而女性更有可以

17、以改善外貌来增加自尊，吸引男性？14进化人格心理学简介(An Introduction to the Evolutionary Personality Psychology)为什么父母对孩子的奉献远超过孩子对父母的回报？为什么父母特别在意孩子的婚姻？为什么人们对自己的孩子比别的孩子好？为什么人们喜欢茴香、胡椒等香料？为什么人们喜欢风景如画的地方？为什么人们喜欢吃甜食？为什么男性似乎更追求成功？在社会地位方面更有野心？为什么女性在某些情况下也追求成功？也会有野心？为什么在婚姻关系中，男女经常处于战争状态？（the battle of sexes）为什么在青春期，亲子之间出现大量的冲突？15进化人

18、格心理学简介(An Introduction to the Evolutionary Personality Psychology)在进化人格心理学流派的学者看来，人格是人类有利于个体及群体的生存和繁衍的内在结构特征，这种内在结构特征在相当的程度上可以遗传。16Professional Key WordsEPQ Eysenk Personality QuestionnaireInhibited childrenUninhibited childrenTemperamentEvolutionary Personality Psychology进化人格心理学17课后复习题新生婴儿就有抑制、非抑制和中间型三种大致的不同类型，哪一种类型在成年后倾向于发展成外向的性格，哪一种倾向于发展成敏感的性格？外向性和情绪稳定性分别对应于BIS和BAS的哪一个？为什么？根据进化人格心理学的理论，人格是与人的生存适应性密切相关的，那么如何解释如下的现象：对陌生人的恐惧感成就动机父母对子女的付出远多于子女对父母的付出攻击性艾森克从外向性和情绪稳定性两个维度