英汉翻译基础(三)

1、Homework努力按照所学的标准英译汉。 cry up wine and sell vinegar put back the clockdrink like a fishShe couldnt have come at a better time. The picture flattered her. He is a walking skeleton.She held the little boy by the right hand. I have no opinion of that sort of man. He was taken up above the salt.You look

2、darker after the holiday. 英汉翻译技巧词的翻译句的翻译菜名翻译口水鸡回锅肉素鸭 红烧狮子头干锅鱼头麻婆豆腐蚂蚁上树夫妻肺片 slobbering chicken twice-cooked pork vegetarian duck red burned lion head fuck a fish head beancurd made by a pockmarked woman ants climbing tree lung pieces of a coupleContents1）词义的选择2）词类转换3）词的增补4）词的省略4）叠词翻译5）四字词翻译1）词义的选择以li

3、ke为例：The two buildings are very like. （形容词/alike）Dont treat me like a guest. （介词）Like enough, the ship will arrive in the port tomorrow. （副词/likely）Like knows like.（名词）I hope I can drive the tractor like you do.（连词）I dont like smoking.（动词）1）词义的选择 借助语境（本义与语境义contextual） 注意搭配（本义与搭配义collocational） 跳出字面

4、（本义与引申义extended）区分感情色彩（贬义与褒义affectional）本义与语境义: workHe is working a machine. He is working at English. The ship is working eastward. The gears work smoothly. My watch doesnt work. The screw worked loose. The yeast has begun to work. Electronic computers work quickly and accurate.他正在开机器。他正在学英语。船正向东行驶

5、。齿轮转动灵活。我的表不走了。螺丝松了。酵母已开始发酵。电子计算机计算得又快又准。E-C： RevisingThe Constitution outlines the structure of the national government and specifies its powers and activities.初译：宪法总括了国家政府的构成，并明确了其权力和活动。改译：宪法总括了国家政府结构的构成，并明确了其权力和职能。E-C： RevisingThe American people believe that the government should provide the fra

6、mework for law and order.初译：美国人民相信政府应当规定法律和秩序的框架。改译：美国人民认为，政府应当规定法律秩序的相关准则。本义与搭配义: brokena broken mana broken soldiera broken promisea broken spiritbroken moneybroken English一个绝望的人一个残废军人背弃的诺言消沉的意志零钱蹩脚的英语英汉语言中词的搭配不尽相同，若在翻译中遇到一个词同时有多个搭配项，要分别选用不同的表达来进行翻译。例如：They have the right to be secure in ones own

7、home against unreasonable searches and seizure of person or property.searches and seizure of person searches and seizure of property 译：搜查和逮捕人/财产？译：搜查和没收人/财产？翻译They have the right to be secure in ones own home against unreasonable searches and seizure of person or property.译：他们有在自己家里享有安全、人身不受无理搜查逮捕、财

8、产不受无理查处没收的权利。RevisingNone of the parties shall be entitled to make any press release or other public statement or disclosure concerning this agreement without the prior written consent of the other parties.初译：未经其他各方事先书面同意，任何一方均无权就有关本协议举行新闻发布会、公开声明或披露。改译：未经其他各方事先书面同意，任何一方均无权就有关本协议举行新闻发布会、发表公开声明或对外泄密。

9、PractiseFords basic wage of $5 a day caused not only a wage explosion in the city; it also caused a population explosion. 福特公司给工人每天5美元的基本工资，不仅导致了该城的工资猛涨，还引起了人口激增。本义与引申义：metonomyThere is also an allowance for funeral, for the State boasts that it looks after people “from cradle to grave”!有人过世会发丧葬费，这是

10、因为政府夸耀说，人们“从生到死”都能得到照顾。What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.幼时所学，终生难忘。PracticeLets give a big hand to Sally for singing so beautifully tonight.The United Stated began life as an independent country in 1776.Barcelona is king of Modernism architecture.PracticeLets give a big hand to S

11、ally for singing so beautifully tonight.让我们为赛莉今晚如此美妙的演唱热烈鼓掌。The United Stated began life as an independent country in 1776.1776年，美国正式成为一个独立的国家。Barcelona is king of Modernism architecture.巴塞罗纳在体现现代主义建筑风格上首屈一指。词的感情色彩怀孕：She is having a baby.She is expecting.She is in a family way.She is knitting little

12、 booties.She is in a delicate condition.She is in an interesting condition.贬义与褒义警察：policeman正式用语；cop 美国口语； bobby 英国口语； nab 美国俚语声誉：fame ：褒义reputation和repute：可用作褒义或贬义。renown 显赫的声誉，用作褒义。notoriety 一词则用作贬义，和fame 相对。PracticeScheme:The enemys scheme went bankrupt. 敌人的阴谋破产了。We have mapped out a scheme. 我们制订

13、了一项计划。Practiceaggressive:Aggressive nations threaten world peace.侵略成性的国家威胁到世界和平。A successful businessman has to be aggressive.一个成功的推销员必须要有闯劲。Practice听到你母亲去世的消息后我非常悲痛。I am deeply grieved to hear that your mother kicked up her heels .to expire 逝世to pass away 与世长辞to close (end) ones day 寿终to breathe on

14、es last 断气to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉to give up the ghost 见阎王to kick up ones heels 蹬腿2）词类转换目的：或为了顺应目的语的句法结构，或为了符合目的语中的表达习惯。汉语喜欢用动态（dynamic state）角度反映某些静态（static state）现实，而在英语中，则喜欢用静态角度反映某些动态现实。因而，在英汉两种语言对译中，就存在一个汉语动态句与英语静态句如何转换、使译文符合习惯的问题。英译汉：静到动An acquaintan

15、ce of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. 读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。(nv) You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying. (adjv) 你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。 That day he was up before sunrise. 那天他在日出以前就起来了。 (prepv)汉译英：动到静一切爱好和平的人们都要求禁止原子武器。 All peace loving people demand the prohibition

16、 of atomic weapons. (vn)我们怀疑这是否是真的。 We are doubtful whether it is true or not. (vadj)他支持这个建议，我反对。He is for the suggestion, but I am against it. (vprep)这电影正在上演吗？ Is the movie on? (vadv)Practice一个人如果依赖的是身外之物，是金钱，是权利、名誉之类的东西，那他就不会感到安全，永远也不会。只有做到自制，知足的人，才会真正感到安全。 No one who is dependent on anything outs

17、ide himself, upon money, power, fame or whatever, is or ever can be secure. Only he who possesses himself and is content with himself is actually secure. 3）词的增补或为了连接上下文保证语法连贯正确或为了在一定语境中避免意义含混或为了让读者了解某一特定表达的文化意义增词不增意语法增词1）英汉词类不对等量词The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。 A stream was winding it

18、s ways through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。冠词耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻子用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。 The ear is an organ which is used for hearingThe nose is used for smellingThe tongue is used for tasting介词咱们校门口见吧。 Lets meet at the school gate你是白天工作还是夜间工作? Do you work during day or at night?该地区已没什么城乡差别。 Ther

19、e is little difference between town and country in this region2）英汉形态不对等时态：I was his boss, but now he is mine. 我曾是他的上司；不过现在是他领导我。单复数：The mountains were covered with snow. 群山白雪皑皑。Flowers bloom in the fields. 朵朵鲜花开满原野。语气词：Is more growth really better? 经济发展得越快越好吗？Dont take it seriously. Its only a joke.

20、 不要认真嘛！这不过是开个玩笑而已。语境增词A professor of mine once said: 教过我的一位教授曾说过：The sports meet is scheduled for April 16. 运动会定于四月十六日举行。Im really busy this morning: 4 classes, a meeting, and an interview. 我今天上午的确很忙，要上四节课，开一个会，还要接受一个采访。 First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。文化增词The blond boy quickly crossed

21、himself. 那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑。, he soared into so pleasing a Cupid. 他扮成极讨人喜欢的插着双翅的爱神丘比特。 （狄更斯：艰难时世全增嘏译）三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind别班门弄斧。 Don try to show off your proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter4）词的省略目的：在翻译过程中，往往需要

22、减去原文某些词语，或为了符合目的语的语言规则和表达习惯，或为了简洁通顺。 减词必须保持所表达的含义和精神不变。Self-study: 词的省略（P.194）英汉译：代词省略He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。We eat to live, but not live to eat. 吃饭是为了活着，可活着不是为了吃饭。英译汉：冠词省略The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮慢慢从海上升起。Any substance is

23、 made up of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都 由原子组成。英译汉：介词省略Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不许吸烟。The difference between the two machines consists in power. 这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。英译汉：连词省略He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。If I had known it, I would not ha

24、ve joined in it. 早知如此，我就不参加了。英译汉：多余词省略His younger sister is an actress. 他妹妹是个（女）演员。 University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人，有工作经验的将优先录取。5）叠字翻译赏析：李清照的声声慢寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。 译文1：Ive a sense of something missing I must seek.Everything about me

25、 looks dismal and bleak.Nothing that gives me pleasure, I can find.徐忠杰 译文2：I look for what I miss，I know not what it is，I feel so sad，so drear，So lonely，without cheer许渊冲译文3：So dim，so dark，So dense，so dull，So damp，so dank，so dead! 汉译英：不可译？例：一片片茫茫的绿色草原，一簇簇色泽晦暗的牧豆树和仙人掌，一群群小巧的木屋，一丛丛轻枝嫩叶的树林一切都向东奔驰。Vast f

26、lats of green grass, dull-hued spaces of mesquite and cactus, little groups of frame houses, woods of light and tender trees, all were sweeping into the east.例：无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来 The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower; The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour.英译汉：多用叠字vivid栩栩如生

27、hesitate犹犹豫豫 careless马马虎虎 ragged破破烂烂 busy忙忙碌碌 in order整整齐齐in a hurry急急忙忙clear清清楚楚All of these suits of clothes are beautiful. 件件衣服都很漂亮。 We must work in a down-to-earth way in it. 我们应扎扎实实地把这个问题解决好。Its necessary to have a check-up. 这东西需要检查检查。A single spark can start. 星星之火可以燎原。Practice6) 四字译翻译汉语词汇的显著特征

28、是骈偶性:1. 双音节词：眼睛、头发、手指2. 单音节字加“子、儿”等组成双音节词：椅子、桌子、妻子、女儿3. 关联词：因为所以、虽然但是4. 四字结构，即成语和新组成的词语：叶公好龙、自得之趣、改革开放赏析Accident: car, caress, careless and carless. 飞来横祸：驾车上路、卿卿我我、马马乎乎、汽车没了。汉译英：译成对应习语孤注一掷 to put all ones eggs in one basket纸上谈兵armchair strategy白费唇舌to speak to the wind同行相嫉Two of a trade can never agr

29、ee.一文不名without a penny to ones namePractice他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨. He is determined to turn over a new leaf.你怎么能过河拆桥、忘恩负义呢？ How can you kick down the ladder?我没想到他对朋友的批评竟充耳不闻。 I didnt expect him to turn a deaf ear to the friend criticism.eloquent伶牙俐齿 rumours流言蜚语a lengthy speech长篇大论 great contribution丰功伟绩 miraculous cure灵丹妙药 prosperous繁荣昌盛 to give orders发号施令change mind回心转意 stand out from the rest出类拔萃 do anything