英语词汇学复习题

1、文档编码 : CI2N2H10B10Q9 HT1P7F1H6B8 ZO9Y3A4E6K2Key to chapter 1 1 .What is a word. 1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 2. In what way are words related to vocabulary. Vocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In

2、other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members. 3. Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples . Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound an

3、d meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树 in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/sh / 树 to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different language

4、s use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite , and write. 4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and form of english words There are generally four major causes of

5、 the differences between sound and form. There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme. The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. Influence of the work of scribes, who delibe

6、rately changed the spelling of words and borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling. 5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spelling Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others

7、because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are mo

8、re distinguishable to readers. 6. What are the characteristics of basic word stock Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakersdaily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polyse

9、my, productivity and collocability. 7. choose the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left A tart loose woman b. bloke fellow c.gat pistol d. swell great e. chicken coward F .blue fight g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl 8.

10、given the modern equivalents for the following archaic words haply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it seems to me eke= also bade= bid smooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the sea 9. Explain neologisms with examples Neologisms refer to

11、newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro欧元 , e-book电子书 , SARS非典 , netizen 网民 , are newly-coined words. Words like mouse鼠标 ,web网络 ,space shuttle航天飞机 etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings. 10. What is the fundamental difference between content and functional w

12、ords By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and

13、 changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words. 11. How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words . Native words form a small portion of the English vocabu

14、lary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.12. Categorize the following

15、 borrowed words into denizens , aliens translation loans and semantic loans Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle confrere chopsticks dream die pro patria black humour skirt parvenu long time no see wall Wunderkind typhoon husband Mikado Key to chapter 2 1. Why should students of en

16、glish lexicology study the In-European language family. The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language F

17、amily have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2.make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern language given below Indo-European Language

18、 Family Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italic Hellenic Germanic Lithuanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English Prussian Perian Scottish French Swedish Polish Irish Italian German Slavenian Portuguese Icelangic Russian Bulgarian Roumanian Danish Dutch 3. What are the fundamental differences between

19、the vocabularies of the 3 periods of development . Do you think we can divide the historical development in other ways . Defend your argument. The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. Old English has 1 a small vocabulary 50 00060 000, 2 a small number of borrowings from

20、Latin and Scandinavian only and 3 the words full of endings. Middle English has 1 a comparatively large vocabulary, 2 a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and 3 word endings leveled. Modern English has 1 a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, 2 tremendous borrowings and 3 words w

21、ith lost endings. Yes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is los

22、t. 4. what characteristics of english make the english language heterogeneous . it is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.

23、5. Account for the popularity of english in the present world from a linguistic perspective. The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major

24、languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use. 6 course human events necessary people dissolve political connected assume powers separate equal station nature entitle decent respect opinions requires

25、declare causes impel separation content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly From the words picked out, we can see that most of the functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary. 7. Give a brief account of the 4 p

26、hases of Latin borrowing with 2 or 3 examples for each period. Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: 1 Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,2Old English period, 3 middle English period and 4 Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so o

27、n; Words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church ; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such asfrustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status, nucleus, m

28、inimum. 8.tell the difference elements that make up the following hybrids. eventful Latin + English hydroplane Greek +Latin Falsehood Latin +English pacifist Latin +Greek Saxophone German +Greek heirloom French +English Joss house Portuguese +English television Greek + Latin 9.put the following Fren

29、ch loan word into 2 groups , one being early borrowings and the other late ones . amateur late finace late Empire late peace early Courage early garage late Judgement early chair early Chaise late grace early Servant early routine late Jealous early savate late Genre late gender early Debut late mor

30、ale late State early chez late Ballet late 10. Comment on Jespersens remark on Scandinavian element in english An englishman cannot thrive or be ill or die without Scandinavian words, they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare. Jespersen s comment reveals the importance of Sc

31、andinavian words in E nglish. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words. 11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitions allegro f. 轻快Alto i. 女低音Andante j 行板Crescendo b. 渐强Diminuendo g. 渐弱Forte e. 强Largo

32、d. 缓慢Piano h. 轻Pianoforte a. 轻转 慢Soprano c. 女高音12. Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which each has been borrowed cherub（Hebrew） chipmunkAmerican Indian ChocolateMexican coolieHindi Cotton Arabic jubilee Greek Lasso Spanish loot Hindi Sabbath Hebrew shampoo Hindi Sno

33、rkel German ttamale Mexican Tepee American tulip Turkish Voodoo African kibitz German Wok Chinese sauerbraten German 13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources . Choose a word to fill in each space . a. alligator b. Loco c. rodeo d. Bonanza e. igloo f. Blitzkrieg g. wigwam h. Canoe i. hur

34、ricane j. Boomerang k. poncho 14. Describe the characteristics of contemporary vocabulary the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: 1 the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; 2 it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; 3

35、 the words have lost their endings; 4 it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes and influence of other cultures and languages. 15. What are the major modes of vocabulary development in contemporary en

36、glish . the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary are creation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role. Key to chapter 3 1.write the

37、terms in the blanks according to the definitions a. morpheme b. allomorph c. bound morpheme d. free morpheme e. affix f. inflectional affix g. derivational affix h. root i. stem j. base 2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes,and inflectional and derivational morphemes .g

38、ive examples to illustrate their relationships Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as s-es, -ed, -ing and est to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words

39、 to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on. Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs, for example, but, the, do and Was; le

40、xical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes 3. Analyse the words in terms of root, stem ,base Individualistic individualist + ic stem , base stem, base individual + ist individu + al stem, base in + dividu root, stem, base undesirables un +desirable stem, base in a

41、tree diagram to show their logical relationships desir + able root, stem, base 4.Organize the following terms free morpheme =free root morpheme bound morpheme Bound root inflectional affix prefix affix derivational affix suffix Key to chapter 4 Enumerate the three important means of word formation a

42、nd explain their respective role in the expansion of English vocabulary. The three means of word formation areaffixation , which creates 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ; compounding ,which brings 28% to 30% of all the new words; and words. Affixation 1.What is affixation. What is its al

43、ternative name . conversion , which provides English with 26% of the new Affixation, also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems. Affixation Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words. 2.What is the difference b

44、etween prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base. 3.What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes. Generally speaking, prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify t

45、heir meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases. 4.What is the best way to classify prefixes . Why . The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general. 5. Form negatives with each of

46、 following words by using one of these prefixes dis,il.im , in,ir ,non, un, non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenient non-athletic 6. harden horrify modernize memorize f

47、alsify apologize deepen glorify sterilize lengthen intensify beautify fatten sympathize a. apologize b. beautify c. lengthening d. sympathized e. to fatten f. falsify/harden g. memorizing h. Sterilize 7. a. employee b. politician c. participant d. waitress e. conductor f. teacher g. pianist h. exami

48、nee/examiner 8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-world mono- = one: monorail, monoculture super- = over, above: superstructure, supernatural auto- = self: autobiography, automobile sub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar pre- = before: prehisto

49、rical, preelection ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmer Compounding 1. Why are the criteria by which to differentiate compounds from free phrases. What do you think of these criteria. The three criteria are1stress pattern , that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in

50、 a free phrase, e.g. - -compound, - -free phrase;2meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of the component parts, but the free phrase is, e.g. hot line compound: busy line, hot potatofree phrase: potato which is hot;3 grammatical unity , that is, th

51、e different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g. easy chaircompound: a special arm chair,easier chairfree phrase: a less easy chair.However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules. 2. h

52、eartbeat S + V brainwashing V + O movie-goer place + V.-er baking powder adv+n. far- reaching Adv+v.-ing dog-tired adv + adj lion-hearted adv + n.-ed love-sick adv + adj boyfriend S + complement peace-loving V +O snap decision V + O easy chair adj+ n on-coming adv+v tax-free adv +adj light-blue adj

53、+ adj goings-on V +adv Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as singleadj. singlev.）. 3. What are the usual methods to form compound words . Give examples. There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name v. from first name and honeymoon v

54、. from honeymoon are words created by means of conversion : words such as proofread v. from proofreading and chain-smoke v. from chain smoker are formed by means of backformation . 4.well-bred 有教养的 well-behaved 守法规的culture-bound 含文化的 homebound 回家的needle work 针织品 homework 家庭作业praiseworthy 值得夸奖的 respe

55、ctworthy 值得敬重的bar-woman 吧女 sportswoman 女运动员nationwide 全国的 college-wide 全校的clear-minded 头脑清晰的 strong-minded 意志坚强的military-style 军事风格的 newstyle 新款self-control 自制 self-respect 自尊budget-related 有预算的 politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof 防水 fire-proof 防火once-fashionable 曾经流行的 once-powerful 曾经强大的news-film 新闻

56、片 news-letter 时事通讯mock-attack 演习 mock-sadness 假哀痛sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇 father-in-law 岳父/ 公公home-baked 自家烤的 home-produced 自制的half-way 半途的 / 半路的 half-done 半生不熟的ever-lasting 永久的 ever-green 常青的age-conscious 年龄敏捷的 status-conscious 身份敏捷的campus-based 以校内为基地的 market-based 基于市场的Conversion 1.What is conversion.

57、 What do you think of the alternatives functional shift and zero-derivation. Conversion is the formation of new words by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion, i.e. change of the functions of words

58、.the term zero-derivation approaches conversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes, hence zero derivation. 2.In what way is conversion different from suffixation. Although both are called derivation ,suffixation is the derivation of ne

59、w words by adding suffixes to bases, such as simple adj.simplify（v. 3 what causes of words are most frequently converted . The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs. 4 in what way are verbs converted from nouns semantically related to original nouns and vice versa . Ve

60、rbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways. The new nouns converted from verbs refer to （1）state of mind or sensation, e.g .desirestate of desiring; 2 event or activity, e.g. swim the activity of swimming ;3 result of the action, e.g. buy the result of buy