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1、PassageSome researchers t sleep plays no he consolidation of declarative memory (i.e., involving factual information). These researchers t people with impairments in eye (REM) sleep continue to lead normal lives, and they t if sleep were l for memory, then individuals would have apparent memory defi

2、cits. Yet the same researchers t the capacities of these individuals have PassageSome researchers t sleep plays no he consolidation of declarative memory (i.e., involving factual information). These researchers t people with impairments in eye (REM) sleep continue to lead normal lives, and they t if

3、 sleep were l for memory, then individuals would have apparent memory deficits. Yet the same researchers t the capacities of these individuals have never been systematically examined, nor have they been the subject studiesoftasks onwhichperformance reportedly dependsonsleep. Evenifsuchstudies were d

4、one, they onlyclarifyourunderstandingoftheroleofREMsleep, not n Theseresearchers also t improvements ofmemory overnight can be explainedby the mere passagetime, n attributed to sleep. But recent studies of memory performance after sleep one t sleep stabilizes declarative memories from erference caus

5、ed by activity duringwakefulness make unsustainable.Certainly thereare memoryt occur across periods of wakefulness, some of which neither depend on nor are by sleep. But when s compared with wakefulness, and performance is better after sleep, then benefitofsleepformemorymustbeTheprimaryeofthepassage

6、ispresentthetsupportsaparticularclaimregardingREMsleepanddescribehowvariousfactorscontributetotheeffect ofsleeponargueagainstaitionregardingsleepssummarizethemostprevalenttheoryregardingsleepandmemory defendtheimportanceoftheconsolidationeclarativeAccordingtotheauthorofthepassage, whichofthefollowin

7、ggeneralizationsaboutmemory andsTherearesomememory-consolidationvenothingtodowiths more important to the consolidation of declarative n to the consolidation of types ofREMsmoreimportanttomemorynisnon-REMtpeoplerequirefortheTherearesignificantof heamountof sful Itistmemoryismorethoroughlyconsolidated

8、 duringnduringWhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesentence(“Certainly.Itprovidesthereasoningbehindaclaimabouttheroleofnmemory It explains whyaaboutsleepandmemoryisItdemonstrateswhywakefulnessiscentraltothesofdeclarativememoryItemphasizesthelimitedrolesleephe sofdeclarativememoryIttthecon

9、solidationofdeclarativememorydoesnotdependentirelyononeTheimportanceofthestudyhehighlightedsentencetrevealsthemechanismbywhichdeclarativememoryisstabilizedduringidentifiesaspecifictsleephememory-consolidationstsomekindsofmentalactivityerferewithmemorytsleeptsleepandwakefulnessarebothimportanttomemor

10、yexplainshowthepassageoftimecontributestomemoryPassageAccordingtotheconventionalview,serfdominnineteenth-centuryRussiainhibitedeconomicviewRussianpeasantsPassageAccordingtotheconventionalview,serfdominnineteenth-centuryRussiainhibitedeconomicviewRussianpeasantsusasserfs keptthempoorthroughburdensome

11、taxes incash,inlabor,andinthroughrestrictionsonmobility;andthroughvariousformsofcoercion.Melton,however,twasperfectlycompatiblewitheconomicgrowth,becausemanyRussianserfswereabletogetaround landlords rules and regulations. If serfs could pay for passports, they were usually granted permisleavethee.If

12、theycouldpaythefine,they couldestablishaseparatehousehold;andiftheyhad, theycouldhirelaborers tocultivatethecommunal lands,whiletheythemselvesradeworkedasmigrantlaborersinForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthefollowingyandselecttIt can be inferred from the t the “rules and regulations” ( lines af

13、fecting serfdom in responsibilityfortheworkneededrestrictionsonfreedomofplishcertaindefinedionsontheabilitytosetupanindependentPassageObjectively, of course, the various t sustain life on the planet proceed independently of agency, just as they operated before the hectic ascendancy of Homo sapiens.

14、But it is also PassageObjectively, of course, the various t sustain life on the planet proceed independently of agency, just as they operated before the hectic ascendancy of Homo sapiens. But it is also t it difficult to think of a single such s not, for better or worse, been substantially modified

15、human culture. Noris this simply the workof theindustrial centuries. s been happening since the days ancientMesopotamia. Itiscoevalwiththeoriginsofwriting,andhasoccurredthroughoutourlAnditisthis irreversiblymodifiedworld,fromthepolarcaps totheequatorial tisall thenature 1. Itcanbeinferredfromthetthe

16、authorwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingOvertime,theimpactofhumancultureonthenaturalworldhasbeenlargelyItisamistaketotthenaturalworldcontainsmanyareasofpristineTheonlysubstantialthumanagencyhashadonecosystemshavebeen2. Theauthormentions“ancientMesopotamia”primarilyinorderprovidesomegeographicalandhis

17、toricalcontextforanrclaim abouttheascendancyofsupport the t the impact of human culture on nature was roughly the he worldasinlateridentifyaplacewheretherelationshipncultureandnaturewasemphasizetheextenttowhichthemodificationofnaturebyhumancultureprecededthemakeaconnectionentheoriginsofwritingandoth

18、eraspectsofhumanculturalPassageWhenspeakingofRomareBearden, oneistemptedtosay, “Agreat ericanartist.”ThesubjectPassageWhenspeakingofRomareBearden, oneistemptedtosay, “Agreat ericanartist.”Thesubjectof Beardens collages is certainlyBlack. Portrayalsof the folk ofMecklenburg County, NorthCarolina, he

19、remembers from early childhood, of the jazz ns and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient kingdom of Benin, attest to this. In natural harmony with this choice of subject matter are the lsensibilities of

20、 the artist, who ive today with the Cinque anhattan, which he foundandwhichisdevotedtoshowingtheworkofminority24.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingare(A)workersinPittsburghssteelctedinBeardenscollages(B)scenesheancientkingdomof(C) eardenknewasa(D)traditionalionsoftheclassicalheroesofGreek(E)the

21、jazznsoftheHarlemBeardenusedto1. Last year, Mayor Stephens established a l law-enforcement task force with the avowed eradicating corruption in ernment. The mayors handpicked task force has now begun prosecuting dozen city ls. Since all of these ls were ed by Mayor Bixby, Mayor Stephens1. Last year,

22、 Mayor Stephens established a l law-enforcement task force with the avowed eradicating corruption in ernment. The mayors handpicked task force has now begun prosecuting dozen city ls. Since all of these ls were ed by Mayor Bixby, Mayor Stephens andlongtime political foe, it ist thosebeingprosecuted

23、haveed becauseof their Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakenstheeditorialsA. s of beganl corruption in ve decreased since orruption task B. Former mayor Bixby did not publicly e Mayor Stephensestablishment of orruption C. Almost all of the Mayorls who have served in ernment for any length of time ar

24、e ees D.All ofthemembersofwasorruptiontask forcehadotherjobsin ernmentbeforethetaskE.Duringthelastmayoraltherewaswidespreadcorruptioninn,thenMayorBixbyhotlydisputedthecurrentt2.TheGreat Sphinxis ahugeueins alionsbodymanshead. ThefaceofthelongbeenclaimedtotofpharaohKhafre, wholivedaround 2600B.C.,but

25、itcannot be:recently discovered on the lions legs can only have been caused by heavy rains, and the Sahara has heavyrainsinover10,000dWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheA. ThefaceoftheSphinx bears aresemblancetotheandafterthereign ofoncertainstylizeduesdatingfrombothB.Otherero sand al

26、oneC. t appearonthebodyoftheSphinx areofatcouldbecaused bywind nthe Sphinx, there are no surviving ve been claimed to portray the face helast10,000yearstheclimateofsbeensoteven t arenotheavyhaveextremelyE. The face of the Sphinx is small relative to the rest of the head, indicating recarved long aft

27、er the Sphinx was built.t the face may have 1. Springtowns fire department wants the town council to buy it another ladder truck. 1. Springtowns fire department wants the town council to buy it another ladder truck. These trucks are in fighting fires in high-rise buildings. The town council argues,

28、t Springtown has only high-risebuildings,anditalreadyownsenoughladdertruckstofightanyfiresthere.So,theysay,doesnotneedanotherladderThetowncouncilsargumenttSpringtowncannotaffordtobuyanotherladderSpringtownshigh-risebuildingsallmeetorexceedcurrentfiresafetystandards the number of high-rise buildings

29、in Springtown is likely to groweast one of Springtowns ladder trucks is not due to be permanently removed from itsibletofightcsfullyinhigh-risebuildingswithoutusingladder1. Recently an unusually high number of dolphins have been found dead of infectious diseases, and most thesehad abnormally highe c

30、oncentrationsof certain 1. Recently an unusually high number of dolphins have been found dead of infectious diseases, and most thesehad abnormally highe concentrationsof certain t, even inlow concentrations, to infection. The only source of these he dolphins environment is . Therefore, since dolphin

31、s rid their bodies of the compounds ly once ure ceases, mortalityrateshoulddeclinelyifsuchboatsareWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheA. The levels of the compounds typically used in boat pas today are lower manufactured a decade ago.n they were in boat B.Inhighconcentrations,thecompoundsar

32、etoxictomanytypesofmarineC.ThecompoundsbreakoafterafewmonthsofuretowaterorD. High e levels of the compounds have recently been found in some marine animals, but there is recordofany ofthoseanimalsdyinginunusuallylargenumbers E. The compounds do not leach out of the boat if the is d exactly in accord

33、ance with Twosuits ofbattle armor worn byKingHenry VIII were discovered, onefrom thebeginning of his in 1510 and the other from 1540. Although both suits of armor were made for Henry VIII, the 1540 suit armorwas 40poundsTwosuits ofbattle armor worn byKingHenry VIII were discovered, onefrom thebeginn

34、ing of his in 1510 and the other from 1540. Although both suits of armor were made for Henry VIII, the 1540 suit armorwas 40poundsnthe1510suitofWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,contributesLEASTtoanexplanationofthediscrepancydescribedHenry, althoughslim atthebeginningofhisreign,developedabulkyfigurebecause

35、ofmassiveweight DuringhisreignHenryincreasedhisarsenalofweaponsbecause, despitehispopularityin1510, bytheEnglishpopulaceingdisenchantedwithhisAlthoughthestyleofarmorwasplainand hebeginningofHenrysreign,hestartedtheofdecoratingarmorwithheavyandelaboratemetalbecauseofhis loveforHenry ascended the hile

36、 still an adolescent and grew three inches during five years Because of the improved design of battle weaponry during the 1530s, armor was given a designtthesharperandstrongerweaponscouldnotpierceI. From 1975 to 1985, the yearly level of henyls, or PCBs, to which the iseddecreasedII. From 1975 to 19

37、85, the incidence of disease caused by PCB ure doubled from previous levels, were already high: This was true even for the group of people whose ture was average for each Which of the following, if true, would best resolve the apparent contradiction n ement I ementIIThe diseases caused by PCBs are n

38、ot very severe. PCBsarenoteasilydestroyedbyenvironmentalfor.From1965to1975,theaveragelevel ofuretoPCBs alson1985andthepresent,theaveragelevelofuretoPCBsincreasedtopre-1975The time n the perio of ure to PCBs and the onset of diseases caused by such ure oftenn10论rograms are hat they are virtually the

39、only ve been protected by patent and by copyright. Patents protect the idea behind论rograms are hat they are virtually the only ve been protected by patent and by copyright. Patents protect the idea behind an innovation, whereas copyrights protect tidea.However, inordertowin rotection,theideamustbecl

40、earlydistinguishedits.WhichofthefollowingcanbeproperlyinferredfromtheementsTheideabehindsomerogramscanbedistinguishedfromthethowritesarogramistheinventoroftheideatMosttarecopyrightedaresoft areFewinventorsareownersofbothpatentsandApatentforarogramisnomoredifficulttohana1. Columnist: Until very recen

41、tly, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block s stomach were vailable only prescription written by a doctor. In an advertisement for Presorbin, its t Presorbin is superior on the t doctors have 1. Columnist: Until very recently, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block s stom

42、ach were vailable only prescription written by a doctor. In an advertisement for Presorbin, its t Presorbin is superior on the t doctors have written 200 million prescriptions Presorbin, as compared to 100million for Veltrex. It can be t the number of prescriptions written never a worthwhile criteri

43、on for comparing the merits of medicines, t the advertisements is absurd is quite y revealed by yearsbeforeVeltrext Presorbin was available as a prescription hecolumnistsargument,thetwohighlightedportionsplaywhichofthefollowingaboutonesecondsis a t the columnists argument seeks to clarify; the secon

44、d es ion t of an identifiesthe es the maines the t the columnists argument is directed against; ofthecolumnistsof the columnists argument; the second sesa against an objection.t columnistdrawsintD. The secondsE. secondidentifiesana es the mainis a esthemptionmadeinan t thecolum stsargumentisdirected

45、against;ofthecolumnistss been offered as evidence to support a of the columnists argumentt the columnist es; PassageExtraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeen characterized asrevolutionary,heface whatisestablishedand producing notwhatisutwhat eaccepted.tothisformulation,highlycreative activitytranscendsth

46、elimitsofan existingformandestablishesnew principle limitsismisleading when itisd tothe arts, even though itmay bevalidfor the.n highly creativeart and highlycreativescience arise in partfrom a difference their goals.PassageExtraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeen characterized asrevolutionary,heface wh

47、atisestablishedand producing notwhatisutwhat eaccepted.tothisformulation,highlycreative activitytranscendsthelimitsofan existingformandestablishesnew principle limitsismisleading when itisd tothe arts, even though itmay bevalidfor the.n highly creativeart and highlycreativescience arise in partfrom

48、a difference their goals.Forthe , a new theoryisthe goal and end resultof thecreative act.sciencenew ermsofwhich diversephenomenacan be relatedto orecoherent ways.Such phenomenaasa brilliantdiamond oranesting bird relegatedtotheroleofdata,serving asthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.The goalh

49、ighlycreativeartis verydifferent:thephenomenon esthe direct pro uctoftheact. ShakespearesHamlet isractaboutthebehavior ofindecisive or theusesing Guernica primarilyapropositional ement about er;nor isPicassosSpanishCivilWar or theevilsscism.Whathighlycreativeartisticactivityis not attranscendsestabl

50、ishedlimits, butratheranaestheticparticular.particularsproducedbythehighlycreative artistextendor exploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsanexisting form,Thisis notto ntta highlycreative artist sometimesestablishesa new principle hehistory of an artistic field;the er Monteverdi, whocreatedmusicofhighesta

51、estheticvalue, comestomind. Moregenerally, however, whetherornot aestablishesa new he historyofmusichasearingonitsaestheticworth. they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the FlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance, butfewlistenersormusicologi

52、stswouldincludethese among thegreatworksofmusic. Onthe other hand, Mozarts TheMarriage ofirelyamong the ofmusic even though itsmodest innovationsareconfined extendingexistingmeans. sbeen said oft he toppledtherulesand freed fromthestiflingconfinesofconvention. Butaclosestudyofhisitionstoverturnednof

53、undamental rules. Rather,hewasparablestrategistwhoexploited the rules,forms,and t heinheritedfrom ch asHaydn Mozart,HandelandBachinstrikinglyoriginal21. Theauthorconsidersanewbe tcoherentlyrelatesdiversephenomena tooneanotherbasisfor reaffirmingawell-establishedscientificbyproduct ofanaesthetic (C)t

54、ool used bya scientist todiscover asynthesisunderlying agreat workofresultofhighlycreativescientificTheauthortBeethovensmusicwasstrikingly originalbecause(A)strove tooutdo hissorsing er toexploit(B)fundamentallychangedthemusicalformsofhisinventivesorsbyadoptingasynthesisunderlying agreat workofresul

55、tofhighlycreativescientificTheauthortBeethovensmusicwasstrikingly originalbecause(A)strove tooutdo hissorsing er toexploit(B)fundamentallychangedthemusicalformsofhisinventivesorsbyadoptinga(C)embellishederwovethemelodiesofseveralofthegreaterswho(D)manipulatedtheestablished conventionsofmusicalitioni

56、nahighly(E) attemptedtocreatetheofhavingtranscended themusicalformsofThepassagetthe operasoftheFlorentineCamerata unjustifiablyignoredbynotgenerallyconsideredtobeofhighaestheticvalu eventhoughtheyareimportantin the history of musicamongthoseworksinwhichpopularhistoricalthemeswereportrayedinamusical

57、(D)oftenycitedaslesofmusicalworksinwhichanewprincipleanization(E) minorexceptionstothewell-establishedttheaestheticworth ofition determinesits hehistory ofThesinformationfor answering allofthefollowingquestions(A)Hasunusual creativeactivity been characterized as(B)DidBeethovenwork withinamusical t a

58、lso includedHandel and (C)IsMozartsTheMarriageofFigaroanleofacreativettranscended(D)WhobesidesMonteverdiwrotettheauthorwouldconsidertoembodyprinciples anizationand tobe ofhighaesthetic (E)Doesanyonet thegoalofextraordinarycreativeheartsdifferst ofextraordinary creativehe?Theauthorregards thedeep str

59、ong tallhighlycreativeartisticactivitytranscendslimitsmarked moderate sharpTheauthortaninnovativescientificcontributionist(A)iscited with high hepublications ofother isacceptedymarked moderate sharpTheauthortaninnovativescientificcontributionist(A)iscited with high hepublications ofother isacceptedy

60、bythe scientificdoesnot relegate particulars totheroleofpresentsthediscovery ofanewscientifica newvalidWhichofthefollowingementswouldmostlogicallyconcluded thelastp ragraphof(A) UnlikeBeethoven,however,eventhegreatestofmoderndidnottranscendexistingmusicalers,suchas(B) In similarfashion,existingmusic