新编语言学教程教案课件

1、 By Ke Xianbing 2006年8月20日Lecture I: Introduction to LinguisticsLecture I: Introduction to LiTeaching Syllabus for General Linguistics:Section 1: Introduction: linguistics, language and major concepts in linguisticsSection2: The sounds of language Phonetics: the study of Speech sounds Phonology: the

2、 study of sound systems and patternsSection3: Morphology: the study of word structureSection4: Syntax: the analysis of sentence structureSection5: Semantics: the analysis of abstract meaningSection 6: Pragmatics: the analysis of specific meaning in general contextTeaching Syllabus for General Teachi

3、ng syllabus for Applied Linguistics: Section 7: Discourse Analysis (the analysis of the information structure in general contest)Section 8: Socio-linguistics (Language and society)Section9: Psycho-linguistics (Language and mind )Section 10: Cognitive Linguistics (Language and thought)Section 11: Lan

4、guage Acquisition (First and second language acquisition)Section 12: Applied Linguistics(Foreign language teaching and learning) Teaching syllabus for Applied1.1 Linguistics: 1.1.1 Definition of Linguistics: What is it?Discussion: Linguistics is “ rich mens game”? It is the game of everybody: We use

5、 language every day. We live in a world of words. Nobody can live in a world of silence. Hardly any moment passes without someone talking, writing, or reading. Language is most essential to mankind.However , linguistics is not very familiar to many people 1.1 Linguistics: 1.1.1 Defin1.1.1 Definition

6、 of Linguistics: What is it?Linguistics : the scientific or systematic study of language.The subject matter of linguistics is all natural languages, living or dead.Linguistics , a pilot science, tries to answer the basic questions:What is language? And How does language work? 1.1.1 Definition of Lin

7、guisti1.1.1 Definition of Linguistics: What is it?Linguistics studies the origin, growth, organization, nature and development of language and discovers the general rules and principles governing language.It employs scientific methods to observe, record and analyze all the phenomena related to langu

8、age.It tries to explain how language has become what it is and why it works the way it does.Linguistics has two main purposes. 1.1.1 Definition of Linguisti1.1.2 Linguistics vs. traditional grammarDiscussion: Linguistics is a new name for traditional grammar?Traditional grammar is usually based on e

9、arlier grammar of Latin or Greek and applied to some other languages, often inappropriately.Traditional grammar emphasizes correctness, linguistic purism, literary excellence, the use of Latin models and the priority of the written language. But Linguistics differs traditional grammar at least in th

10、ree ways.1.1.2 Linguistics vs. traditio1.1.3 Use of studying linguisticsLanguage is an interesting subject to study on its own right , for the simple reason that every body uses it every day.“We know very little about something we are so familiar with.”A lot of questions will arouse our interest in

11、language such as For a student of language: interest and importance.For a teacher of foreign languages: beneficial;For a researcher: displaying his abilities in three aspects.1.1.3 Use of studying linguist1.1.4 Scope of LinguisticsMicrolinguistics: phoneticsphonology morphologysyntax semantics pragm

12、atics;Macrolinguistics: sociolinguistics psycholinguisticsneurolinguistics cognitive linguistics stylistics discourse analysis computational linguistics applied linguistics1.1.4 Scope of LinguisticsMicr Linguistics may be defined as the systematic( or scientific) study of language.Linguistics tries

13、to answer the basic questions “What is language?” and “How does language work?” It probes into various aspects of these problems, such as “ What do all languages have in common?”, “What range of variation is found among languages?”, “Why do language change?”, “To what extent are social class differe

14、nces reflected in language?”, “How does a child learn to speak?” and so on . Linguistics may be defined A person who studies linguistics is usually referred to as a linguist. He does not need to be able to speak a large number of languages, though he must have a wide experience of different types of

15、 languages. He is usually a skilled, objective observer, who takes great interest in analysing and attempting to explain various linguistic phenomena. His task is basically to study and understand the general principles upon which all languages are built. A person who studies linguDescriptions of th

16、e scope of linguistics General linguistics covers a wide range of topics and its boundaries are difficult to define. A diagram in the shape of a wheel gives a rough impression of the range covered .Phonetics phonologymorphologysyntaxsemanticspragmaticssociolinguisticspsycholinguisticsCultural-lingui

17、sticsApplied linguisticsDescriptions of the scope of lThe scope of linguisticsIn the centre is phonetics, the study of human speech sounds. It is surrounded by phonology( sound patterning), then phonology is surrounded by morphology and syntax. Morphology here refers to the form of words and syntax

18、deals with their arrangements. It is these two branches that form the part of language which links together the sound pattern and the meaning. Semantics (meaning) is placed outside syntax, and next to the various disciplines which link linguistics with the external world.The scope of linguisticsIn t

19、heThe scope of linguistics Around the central core consisting of phonetics,phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics are the various branches of linguistics which are being rapidly developed at the present time: psycholinguistics (the relationship between language and psychology), sociolinguistics

20、 (the relationship between language and society), applied linguistics, etc. The scope of linguistics Ar1.4.1 Phonetics(语音学 ) Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received. the sounds of speech, the descripti

21、on and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. 语音学研究言语语音,包括言语的产生.也是研究言语语音实际上是如何发出,传播和接收的.它研究言语语音,言语语音的描写和分类,词和相关的言语等.1.4.1 Phonetics(语音学 ) Pho1.4.1 Phonetics(语音学 ) Phonetics has three branches- articulatory phonetics(发音语音学), acoustic phonetics(声学语音学), and auditory phonetics

22、(听觉语音学). Articulatory phonetics studies the human speech organs, and the way in which the speech sounds are produced. 发音语音学是语音学的一个分支,从发音的角度来研究语音学,主要研究语音是如何由人的发音器官以什么方式怎样发出的.1.4.1 Phonetics(语音学 ) Phonet1.4.1 Phonetics(语音学 ) Acoustic phonetics deals with the physical properties of the speech sounds; i

23、t studies the sound waves through the use of machines.声学语音学是从声音本身的角度来研究语音学,研究从说话人传到听话人那里的言语声音的物理特征,主要依靠仪器对音波作出定量和定性分析.声学语音学从音高(pitch),音强(intensity)音长(duration)和音色(timber)四个方面来对言语声学作出分析. 1.4.1 Phonetics(语音学 ) Acous1.4.1 Phonetics(语音学 ) Auditory phonetics is the study of the perception(感知能力)of sounds

24、by the human ear.听觉语音学是从听者感受的角度来研究通过耳,听觉神经和大脑传递的对言语声音的知觉反应.1.4.1 Phonetics(语音学 ) Audito1.4.2 Phonology(音系学) Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure. A pho

25、neme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.音系学是研究分配语音结构,分配规则,以及语音序列与音节形状.音系学通过将音素视作起点来处理语言的语音系统.音素是标明意义差异的最小语音单位. 1.4.2 Phonology(音系学) Phonol1.4.2 Phonology(音系学) Both phonetics and phonology are connected with the same aspect of language- the speech sounds.

26、 But they approach the subject from two different points of view. Phonetics provides the means for describing speech sounds; phonology studies the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.1.4.2 Phonology(音系学) Both p1.4.2 Phonology(音系学) Phonetics is the study of speech

27、 sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.语音学是研究人类声音所能创造的言语语音,而音系学却是研究组成语言与意义的语音集合.前者着重于无序,而后者则着重于有序. 1.4.2 Phonology(音系学) Phone1.4.

28、3 Morphology (形态学,词法学) Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning- morphemes and word-formation processes. Some words are formed b

29、y combining a number of distinct units of meaning. The most basic element of meaning is called morpheme(词素).1.4.3 Morphology (形态学,词法学) 1.4.3 Morphology (形态学,词法学) The following list shows that in English a single word may consist of one or more morphemes. one morpheme rely two morphemes rely+able thr

30、ee morphemes rely+able+ity four morphemes un+rely+able+ity1.4.3 Morphology (形态学,词法学) T1.4.3 Morphology (形态学,词法学) In fact every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes. The above examples tell us while some morphemes like girl and rely can constitute words by themselves, others li

31、ke-ish and able are never words but always part of words. Thus un- is like -dis (dislike, disarm) and occurs only before other morphemes. Such morphemes are called prefixes. Other morphemes occur only as suffixes, i.e., only after other morphemes. Examples of such morphemes are or (actor), -er (read

32、er), and ful (careful), to mention a few.1.4.3 Morphology (形态学,词法学) In1.4.4 Syntax(句法学) Syntax is the study of how sentences are structured or in other words, it tried to state what words can be combined with others to form sentences and in what order. 句法是关于正确英语句子形成与理解的规则.句子的形式或结构是受句法规则支配的.这些规则详细解释词

33、序,句子结构,以及词,词类与其它句子成分之间的关系.1.4.4 Syntax(句法学) Syntax is1.4.5 Semantics(语义学) In linguistics, semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it. 语义学验应意义在

34、语言中是如何编码的.它不仅是关注词义,涉及诸如词汇项的词义,而且还涉及词汇层上下的语言层面,如词素和句子的意义.1.4.5 Semantics(语义学) In li1.4.6 Pragmatics (语用学) Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. Pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured.语用学是研究语境中的意义.它处理特定情境中的特殊话语,特别涉及

35、的是语言运用的诸多社会语境可能影响意义解释的不同途径.1.4.6 Pragmatics (语用学) Pr1.4.6 Pragmatics (语用学) 换言之,语用学涉及的是语言用于交际的方式,而非构建的方式. 语用学将言语运用主要看作受各种社会规约限定的社会行为.有如下主要概念, 所指,言外之意,效果和合作原则. 以会话为例,语言主要主要是通过言语模式进行传播,所以语用规则支配了一系列的会话交际,诸如序列构造,错误修补,话语保持与话语结束,语题的建立与保持等.1.4.6 Pragmatics (语用学) 换言 The list of linguistics above should have

36、shown at least one thing: linguistics is not only something about grammar . It is certainly true that grammar is an important part of linguistics, but linguistics deals with many other things , too. Since linguistics has a very wide scope which overlaps with many other subjects and fields, it is bec

37、oming more and more interdisciplinary. The list of linguistics ab1.2 What is language?What do we mean by the word language? A. English is not my native language. B. I was hurt by his language. C. Many people think that black people speak bad language. D. He is using language of diplomacy. E. 心灵美,语言美

38、,行为美,环境美。 F. Professor Li studies language. G. I like Shakespeares language. H. Language is the crust of mind. I. You should use formal language in your report. J. Chinese is quite different from European languages.1.2 What is language?What do w1.2What is language?The reasonable categorization might

39、 be: A. English is not my native language.B.I was hurt by his language.C. Many people think that black people speak bad language.D. He is using language of diplomacy.E. 心灵美,语言美,行为美,环境美。F. Professor Li studies language.G.I like Shakespeares language.H. Language is the crust of mind.I. You should use

40、forma language in your report.J. Chinese is quite different from European languages.1.2What is language?The reason 1.2 What is language?Language is a set of rules.Language is a tool for human communication.Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and des

41、ires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.Language is a system of symbols designed for the purpose of human communication.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.2 What is language?LanThe characteristics of languageLanguage as system The key word in the de

42、finition is system. Language is systematic. Otherwise we would not be able to learn or use it consistently. Each language system contains two subsystems: a system of sound and a system of meaning. Language as arbitrary There is no natural relationship between the sound and what it means in a certain

43、 language. we cannot predicate exactly what specific features we will find in a particular language if we are not familiar with it. 3. Language as vocal By vocal we mean that the primary medium of all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing system might be. The characteristics

44、 of languagThe characteristics of language4. Language as symbol Language is just symbol for the thing it refers. Language is a symbolic system. 5. Language as human Language is human-specific, it is very different from animal communication systems. No system of animal communication makes use of the

45、design features of human language 6. Language as communication Language is used for communication. It allows people to say things to each other and express their communicative needs. The characteristics of languagThe Elements of LanguageThe Elements of LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal

46、 symbols used for human communication. Explanation for the words : Arbitrary: Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (bi in Chinese for instance) s

47、peaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language.Language is a system of arbitrExplanation for the words : symbolic and vocalThis also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. This is why some people say “A rose by any other name w

48、ould smell as sweet”. We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems.Explanation for the words : s1.2 Design features 1.2.1 Arbitrariness （任意性） As mentioned earlier ,by “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there

49、 is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. There is no reason why we should use the sounds /dog/ to denote the animal “dog”, or /pig/ to refer to the animal ”pig”.由索绪尔最早论及任意性的这种特征被广泛接受的意义是指语言符号形式与其意义之间不存在着任何自然关系。比如：我们无法解释为什么book（书）被称为/buk/, pen（笔）被称为/pen/.1.2 Design features Exemplificat

50、ion:The Tragedy Of Romeo And Juliet Juliet: Wherefore art thou ROMEO?Deny thy father and refuse thy name!This but thy name that is my enemy. Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. Whats in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. So ROMEO would, were he not ROMEO c

51、alld, Retain that dear perfection which he owes. Without that title. ROMEO, doff thy name, And for that name, which is no part of thee, Take all myself. (Montague-Romeo, Capulet- Juliet)Romeo: I take thee at thy word. Call me but love, and Ill be new baptizd, Henceforth I never will be Romeo.Monolog

52、ue by JulietExemplification:The Tragedy OExemplification:The Tragedy Of Romeo And JulietJuliet:哦！Romeo,你在哪里？否认你的父亲，放弃你的姓氏，记住你的姓氏是我的仇敌，你若不姓Montague,你依然还是你，Montague是什么？不是手，不是脚，不是臂，不是脸，也不是身体其他的任何部位。哦！换一个姓吧！姓算什么！我们所谓的玫瑰换个名字还是一样的芳香！哦！Romeo,放弃你的姓氏吧！那姓氏不是你的一部分，为了弥补你的损失，去把我整个拿去吧！Romeo:我就照你的话去做，只要你把我称作你的爱人！我

53、就会取个新的名字，以后我再不是Romeo. Exemplification:The Tragedy O However, language is not entirely arbitrary, there are cases where there are seems to be some association between sounds and meaning. There are certain words in every language which imitate natural sounds, suchas bang, crash, and roar in English, d

54、ingdang(叮当），kacha （喀嚓），putong（扑通）in Chinese. They are called onomatopoeic words. They only make up a small percentage of the vocabulary in a language. However, language is not Questions for discussion 1.What does “language” mean?2.Would you say that language is arbitrary?3.What would language be lik

55、e if it was not arbitrary?Questions for discussion 1.Wh1.2.2 Duality （二重性） Language is a system. This system has two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of mea

56、ning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.1.2.2 Duality （二重性） Langua1.2.2 Duality （二重性） The nature of this relationship constitutes a most interesting problem. For instance, we make dictionaries of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that langua

57、ge. For the number of words is relatively finite, but the number of sentences is absolutely infinite.1.2.2 Duality （二重性） The natu二重性：大致说来，口语成分是那些本身并不传达意义的语音。语音的唯一功能是相互合并，组成有意义的单位，是与主要单位（词）相对而言的。这是因为次要单位没有意义，而主要单位却有清楚、可识别的意义。 很多动物以某种特殊的呼叫来进行交际，呼叫具有相对应的意义。换言之，主要单位是有意义的，却不能进一步地细分为成分。所以，我们说动物交际系统不具备人类语言

58、的结构特征二重属性。因此，动物语言的交际能力受到了极大的限制。二重性：大致说来，口语成分是那些本身并不传达意义的语音。语音1.2.3Productivity（创造性） Language is productive in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never before been sent and understand novel message. 1.2.3Product

59、ivity（创造性） Langua1.2.3Productivity（创造性） 语言要比交通指示灯复杂得多，原因之一就是我们能用它来创造新意义。有许多的例子能用来表明词有许多新的用法，可意指许多新事物，而且也能及时被过去从未碰到过该词的人所理解。 例如：你好酷！（cool) 这事情办得爽！阳光男孩田亮！他这人特抠门！贝克汗姆帅呆了！1.2.3Productivity（创造性） 语言要比交1.2.3Productivity（创造性） 从另一个意义上讲，语言是具有创造力的。语言具有创造出无穷无尽句子的潜在可能性。例如：我们可以写出一个诸如下面的无穷尽的句子： He bought a book wh

60、ich was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who1.2.3Productivity（创造性） 从另一个1.2.4 Displacement(移位) Language can be used to refer to things which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future or in far away places. 移位指人类语言能使其使用者用符号对物