Maxwell超级电容课件

1、特卡特培训By:麦克斯维尔技术 - 圣地亚哥特卡特培训By:About Maxwell电容器制造始于1965maxwell生产设施：欧美及亚洲麦克斯维尔是创新、高能效储存及能源输送解决方案的领先开发者及生产者认证:ISO 9001:2000ISO/TS 16949ISO 9002About Maxwell电容器制造始于1965认证:ISOTable of Content什么时候我可以用超级电容?什么事超级电容?超级电容市场超级电容应用规范你的系统Sizing your SystemSizing Examples超级电容系统设计指引摘要Table of Content什么时候我可以用超级电容?什

2、么时候我可以用超级电容?需要高度可靠后备电力的应用。1-60秒短时桥接电力，用于转换到第二个电源或顺序关闭很好地补偿瞬时严重电压凹陷的优质电力针对大瞬时高峰或电能浪涌的电力缓冲器什么时候我可以用超级电容?需要高度可靠后备电力的应用。电力 vs 能量电力和能源有什么不同?电力 vs 能量电力和能源有什么不同?应用模型应用模型Peak Power Shaving超级电容提供尖峰电力 .可获得电力需要的电力超级电容尖峰电力削减尖峰电力Peak Power Shaving超级电容提供尖峰电力 .Back-Up Power Support超级电容提供尖峰电力.还有后备电力.需要的电力可获得的电力超级电容

3、后备电力后备电力Back-Up Power Support超级电容提供尖峰电什么是超级电容?什么是超级电容?超级电容的性能特性超级电容的表现在传统电容器和电化学单元之间.快充快放能力高可逆过程, 10万个周期能力比单元低仅有单元能力的10% 能量比电解电容更高出色的低温表现超级电容的性能特性超级电容的表现在传统电容器和电化学单元之间什么是超级电容?C = er A/dd最小化A最大化E = 1/2 CV2电解质金属箔电解质ECDL分离器 超级电容是: 100年的老技术, 因现代材料而加强 基于电解质的极化、高表面积电极及极小的充电点和分离 也就是电化学双层电容电极 电解质ECDL分离器什么是超

4、级电容?C = er A/d电解质金属箔电解质ECD技术比较技术比较技术比较 (page 2)0,010,1110100100010100100010000动力或电力密度/W/kg能量密度/Wh/kg双层电容器10h1h0,1h36sec3,6sec0,36sec36msec铅酸单元 Ni/CdLi-单元Al-ElcoU/C燃料单元技术比较 (page 2)0,010,11101001000超级电容 vs 单元技术超级电容 vs 单元技术超级电容市场超级电容市场超级电容市场超级电容全球市场消费品数码相机PDA玩具记忆备份应急电源UPS风力发电工业固定式燃料单元自动化/机器人运输电动巴士/卡车发

5、动机启动轻量电动车当地电力铁路超级电容市场超级电容全球市场消费品数码相机PDA玩具记忆备份已有产品 Available Products含水电解质: ESMA, Elit, Evan, Skeleton Technologies and Tavrima优势:高电解导电率不需紧密密封以隔离 低环境影响弱势:低分解电压 (1.23V)窄的工作区间(水的冰点)有机电解质: Maxwell Technologies, Panasonic, EPCOS, Ness Capacitors, ASAHI GLASS优势:高分解电压宽的工作电压弱势:低电解导电率需要紧密密封，隔离湿气已有产品 Availabl

6、e Products含水电解质: 超级电容应用超级电容应用应用汽车 14/42 V系统 HEV 电力子系统牵引Traction 回复制动 电压稳定 柴油机启动工业 电力质量 Pitch systems Actuators消费电子 AMR PDAs 数码相机 对讲机 扫描器 玩具小单元大单元应用汽车牵引Traction工业消费电子小单元大单元电力机车包制动能源收集柴油机启动今日市场风电厂风浆系统突发电力Burst power小单元应用Digital cameras, AMR, Actuators, Memory boards牵引工业消费者 电力机车包制动能源收集今日市场风电厂风浆系统突发电力Bu

7、Maxwell超级电容课件储能系统: 基站或在车上时间 t11号车刹车 储能系统储存刹车能量时间 t22号车加速 储能系统放出能量SITRAS SES - 解决方案优势: 通过减少一次能源消耗降低成本应用: 交替送出储存的刹车能量，用于车辆再加速解决方案: 可以提供基站式或车上储存系统储能系统: 时间 t1时间 t2SITRAS SES - SITRAS SES - 益处SITRAS SES - 益处庞巴迪运输系统的MITRAC MITRAC energy saver庞巴迪运输系统的MITRAC MITRAC energy s柴油发动机的启动 by Stadler柴油引擎车辆用的超级电容模块

8、电压平衡的结实构造 容易放大以适应额外的启动电力 容易与现有机壳集成 容易使用，免维护柴油发动机的启动 by Stadler柴油引擎车辆用的超级电风力发电机变桨系统现代风力涡轮机 由三叶可变速 涡轮构成 独立的机电 推动装置 控制和调节 旋翼桨叶最新技术 uses the wind not only to produce wind energy but also for its own safety 风力发电机变桨系统现代风力涡轮机变桨系统储能装置每个变桨系统配有一个超级电容紧急供电装置超级电容因如下原因代表着一个理想的应急供能系统：提高了安全水平高可靠性效率可扩展性75 V, 81 F 超级

9、电容模块4 模块串联驱动300 V 3-5 MW风电场的变桨距系统 开关盒包含2600F的超级电容变桨系统储能装置75 V, 81 F 超级电容模块开关盒能量单元驱动的叉车装有能量单元的叉车单元系统级超级电容模块BOOSTCAP module:48 BCAP0010112 V, 55 F40 kW 尖峰电力能量单元驱动的叉车BOOSTCAP module:超级电容在汽车上的应用 Distributed energy modules are located at the actuator level in the vehicle control hierarchy in close proxim

10、ity to the actuator power driver (should be within 18”).超级电容在汽车上的应用 Distributed energy带超级电容的能量单元超级电容已被接受为燃料单元普通储能方式之一每一个 全球主要车厂都在测试燃料单元 作为传动动力系统的替代方案之一。所有值得关注的 燃料单元公司正在用或在试验采用超级电容作为系统的集成部分.多家 主要汽车厂声明了将带超级电容的燃料单元作为他们的基本系统架构。本田和现代已经公开，其它和我们合作的还没有。“利用超级电容使我们获得了能效优势，油门响应and throttle responsiveness over

11、competitors that are pursuing the hybrid batteryfuel cell model”本田汽车公司带超级电容的能量单元超级电容已被接受为燃料单元普通储能方式之Sizing Your SystemSizing Your System数据表数据表数据表数据表如何检测超级电容检测超级电容你需要:双向电源 (supply/load) OR separate power supply and programmable load (constant current capable) voltage vs. time measurement and recordin

12、g device (digital scope or other data acquisition) 电容和电阻Capacitance and Resistance:电容Capacitance = (Id * td)/(Vw - Vf) = (Id * td)/VdESR = (Vf - Vmin)/Id Vw = initial working voltage Vmin = minimum voltage under loadId = discharge current Vf = voltage 5 seconds after removal of load.td = time to dis

13、charge from initial voltage to minimum voltage如何检测超级电容检测超级电容你需要:基本公式电容的定义:C = Q/V (1)Charge = current * time: Q = I*t C = I*t/V (1a) Solving for voltage:V = I*t/C (2)动态电压:dV/dt = I/C (3)储存能源E = C*V2 (4)At initial voltage Vo,Eo = C*Vo2At final voltage Vf,Ef = C*Vf2Delivered energy = Eo Ef E = C*(Vo2

14、Vf2) (5)基本公式电容的定义:C = Q/V (1)Charge电压 & 电流 vs. 时间C = 15 farad; Resr = 100 milliohmVo = 48V; I = 30A-5-4-3-2-10123456789101112131415Time (sec)20253035404550Voltage (V)05101520253035404550Current (A)- Resr+C-iVoltageCurrentVoVminVfV = Q/CdVesr = I*ResrdV/dt = I/C ; dV = I*dt/CdVtotal = I*dt/C + I*Resr

15、E = C*(Vo2 Vf2)电压 & 电流 vs. 时间C = 15 farad; Re基本模型Series/Parallel configurationsChanges capacitor size; profiles are the same串联配置Series configurationsCapacitance decreases, Series Resistance increasesCs=Ccell/(#of cells in series)Rs=Rcell*(# of cells in series)平行配置Parallel configurationsCapacitance i

16、ncreases, Series Resistance decreasesCP=Ccell*(# of cells in parallel)RP=Rcell/(# cells in parallel)受控电流Use output current profile to determine dV/dtdV = I * (dt/C + ESR)受控电力Several ways to look at this:Pterm = I*Vcap I2*ESR (solve quadratic for I)I = Vcap - sqrt(Vcap2-4*ESR*Pterm)/(2*ESR)Solve for

17、dV/dt as in current-controlledJ=W*s=1/2CV2 Solve for C.基本模型Series/Parallel configurat带单个储能装置的应用Applications in which little total energy is required (i.e. memory backup)Possibly used with other energy sourcesShort duration, high power (i.e. pulse transmit)Long duration, low power (i.e UPS backup)Opp

18、ortunities for high charge rates (i.e toys)带单个储能装置的应用Applications in whic带两个储能装置的应用Power vs. Energy design tradewhen using two components单原件与双原件的比对Engines/Fuel cells/Batteries/Solar Arrays are energy rich/power poor (or poor response)Size these components for enough energy, system may be limited in

19、powerSize these components for power, system may have surplus of energyUltracapacitors are power rich/energy poorSize an ultracapacitor for enough energy, system may have a surplus of powerSize an ultracapacitor for power, system may be limited in energy双元件Two componentsA primary source for energy;

20、Ultracapacitor for powerRequires appropriate definition of peak power vs. continuous power带两个储能装置的应用Power vs. Energy des超级电容的老化Unlike batteries, Ultracapacitors do not have a hard end of life criteria.Ultracapacitors degradation is apparent by a gradual loss of capacitance and a gradual increase in

21、resistance.End of life is when the capacitance and resistance is out of the application range and will differ depending on the application.Therefore life prediction is easily done.超级电容的老化Unlike batteries, Ultra电容和 ESR vs 频率电容和 ESR vs 频率C and ESR Temperature DependencyC and ESR Temperature DependenBC

22、AP 自放电BCAP 自放电BCAP 循环能力BCAP 循环能力BCAP Cycling500000 cycles between 1.8 and 2.7 V, 100 AESR (1 Hz) increase 140 % (0.49 to 0.79 mOhm Capacitance decrease 38 % (2760 to 1780 F), 30% compared to rated capacitanceBCAP Cycling500000 cycles betBCAP 直流寿命 DC LifeCapacitance and ESR variation at U, T = 40 CBC

23、AP 直流寿命 DC LifeCapacitance BCAP DC Life Capacitance and ESR variation at U, T = 65 CBCAP DC Life Capacitance and E选型举例选型举例 Example sizing1) 定义系统需要15 W delivered for 10 seconds10V max; 5V min2) 确定总能量需求: J=WS=10W*10sec=150Ja) Determine Capacitance based on:J=1/2CV2b) Substitute the energy from above:1

24、50J=1/2C(Vmax2-Vmin2)c) Solve for C:C=300/(102-52)=4F3) 加20-40% 安全余量以覆盖I2R 损失Csystem = 4.8F4) 计算串联组中需要多少个单元 (因为最高单元电压 = 2.5V)10V/2.5V = 串联组中需要4个单元5) Calculate cell-level capacitanceC = Csys * # of series cells = 4.8F* 4 = 19.2F per 2.5V “cell”6) 计算并联单元的数量 (我们将假定一个10F单元)# in parallel = 19.2/10F = 2 x

25、 10F cells in parallel Example sizing1) 定义系统需要产品策略产品策略可提供的产品组合Enhance application cost effectiveness by filling the product portfolio ladder - Initial focus: MC Series3000 F2600F2000 F1500 F1200 F650 F电力梯级3000 F2600F2000 F1500 F1200 F650 F能源梯级11个新的超级电容单元可提供的产品组合Enhance application coMC系列用新产品组合 能源Ene

26、rgy电力Power29个新产品MC系列用新产品组合 能源Energy电力Power29个新设计一个超级电容系统的指引设计一个超级电容系统的指引超级电容单元的平衡为什么要有单元平衡?Achieve cell to cell voltage balanceAccounts for variations in capacitance and leakage current, initial charge and voltage dependent on capacitance, sustained voltage dependent on leakage currentReduces voltag

27、e stress on an individual cellIncrease overall reliability of the individual cells超级电容单元的平衡为什么要有单元平衡?超级电容单元的平衡如何进行单元平衡?Resistor method, resistor placed in parallel, resistor value calculated at 10 x leakage current for slow balance, 100 x for faster balance, good for low cycle when efficiency or sta

28、nd by loss not an issueSurface Mount Resistor for low duty cycle application超级电容单元的平衡如何进行单元平衡?Surface Moun超级电容单元的平衡Active method, use semiconductors to limit or balance voltage between cells, best for high duty cycle or when efficiency and stand by loss from leakage current are important, highest ce

29、ll reliability option Active cell to cell balance circuit超级电容单元的平衡Active method, use se单元平衡Low capacitance,high leakage cellNote high and low points;low capacitance cell1.5 hours of Vehicle cycling ( 200A) 低成本 Scalable balance current 10mA, 300mA circuits 很低的quiescent current (20A) No on/off require

30、d 模块化安装 N cells requires N-1 circuits 电压独立2600F cells; 4 in Series300mA balancer for 50 & 60mm cells10mA balancer for 5F & 10F cells单元平衡Low capacitance,high leak单元平衡Three cells with one cell balancing resistor removed:单元平衡Three cells with one cell 超级电容的并组为什么要并组?Ensure proper mechanical stressEnsure

31、robust low resistance interconnectEnsure proper electrical isolationEnsure proper thermal considerationsEnsure agency complianceIncrease overall cell reliabilityReduce or eliminate maintenance requirements超级电容的并组为什么要并组?电容单元的并组如何并组单元?Care should be taken for the electrical interconnect, a few key gui

32、delines to follow:Do not over torque. Over torque at the terminals may cause internal failure of contact points. For example, the Maxwell BCAP specification is 100 in.-lbsUse similar conductor metal interconnect bus bars to eliminate galvanic corrosion.Good surface to surface contact will reduce int

33、er-cell resistance, reducing voltage drop and temperature stress电容单元的并组如何并组单元?How to Package Cells?Cell to cell spacing should take into consideration two key points and can be accomplished by the design of the interconnect or the cell balancer:Depending on the cell some part of the outer case may be electrically the same as one of the terminals, ensure electrical isolation and watch for