综采工作面的安全性分析-毕业论文外文翻译

1、外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Safety Analysis on Fully Mechanized Mining FaceLiyun WU Yuzhong YANGSchoolofEnergyScience&Engineering,HenanPolytechnicUniversity,Jiaozuo,454003,Henan,ChinaAbstract：The safety of fully mechanized mining face was analyzed with man-machine-environment system engineering theory and methodo

2、logyThe causes and countermeasures of human errors are put forwardThe relationshipbetween casualty accident and workers stuff and fatigueis Casualtyanalyzed accident is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using ETA and FTA methods Grey correlative analysis and fuzzy cluster analysis are used t

3、o analyze environment factorsFinally,the safety of fully mechanized mining face in Xinzhuang coal mine is evaluated with grey entropy synthetic evaluation modelThe problems existing in fully mechanized mining face are pointed outKeywords： safety analysis; man-machine-environment system engineering;

4、fully mechanized mining face1 IntroductionMan-Machine-Environment System Engineering is a new and developing comprehensive frontier science which came into being at the beginning of 1980sIt analyzes and researches man,machine,environment of the system,which are the three main factors in the system,a

5、nd their relationship between them so that the whole system is in the condition of safety and high efficiency in the light of systemFully mechanized mining has been the mainstream technology in coal mining for the sake of its safety and high efficiency with the advancement of science and technology

6、At the same time,it is also the approach for coal mines to enhance its output and economic benefitHowever,the underground working face accidents happen frequently1,which has heavily affected and restricted the safety and the production of coal mines As a result,it is significant to deeply research a

7、nd analyze the safety of man-machine-environment system in fully mechanization mining face2 Analysis of human factorMan is the main body, the key to create wealth and to attain the aim inthe man-machine-environment system On the other hand,man is also themain factor to induce accidents The combinati

8、on of man s unsafe behaviorand unsafe machinery that is usually formed by man induces accident tohappen21Causes of human errors and control of them211causes of human errorsThe author considers that a human error means the man didn t finish thprescriptive function or didn t finish the prescriptive fu

9、nction in time underthe prescriptive conditionsAs a result,man,machine or environment of thesystem suffers loss to some extentThe followingcauses inducing humanerrors areanalyzed throughinvestigatingsomecoal mines (1)Safetyawareness is so dim that workers usually act against rules(2)Character ofwork

10、ers is giddy-brained (3)Physiological factor Some weaknesses ofhuman inphysiology arethe root ofhuman errors (4)Mentalobstacle(5)Stuff of workers is low (6)FatigueUnusual state and other special conditions (7)Defects of machine (8)Environmental factors212Control of human errorsOn the basis of analyz

11、ing and grasping the causes of human errors,we can take some countermeasures to decrease human errorsFirstly,the safety management system,which takes man as the center,should be establishedSecondly,on the basis of management system, it is important to make man safety These countermeasures mainly inc

12、lude safety law education, safety knowledge education,safety skill education,safety idea education,typical accident education, biorhythm and safety measures Thirdly,all works should be standard Fourthly,working environment should be improved greatlyFifthly,it is important to design good interface fo

13、r decreasing human errorsSixthly,safety culture should bespark plugged in enterprises22 Analysis of human fuzzy reliabilityAccording to the theory of Hinesburg and Maslow,the hierarchy figureof human fuzzy reliability is established as Figure1Fuzzy reliabilityPhysiology needSafety needSociality need

14、RespectSelf-fulfillmentneedneedwelfareSalaryWorkingPolicySense ofSense ofPromotionconditionmanagementsuccessobiligationFig 1 the hierarchy figure of human fuzzy reliabilityAccording to the theory of analytic hierarchy process2,we can calculate weight Wi of every index And then we invite some experts

15、 to evaluate the real value Di of every index,thus we can calculate fuzzy reliability of some one or some colony with the following formula 7Wi Di (1)i 1The authors calculate the fuzzy reliability of workers in fully mechanized mining face of Xinzhuang coal mineFirst classify all the 146 workers to

16、5 groups according to their ageSecondly,calculate the fuzzyreliability of every group The results are：0988,0994,0993,0995 and 099Finally,calculate the fuzzy reliability of the whole group The result is0 9924Mental factors,physiological factors and environmental factors are considered in the model of

17、 fuzzy reliabilityThis makes some progress in the aspect of human reliability There are some defects in this model yet23Relationship between accidents and human factors231Relationship between mining accident and stuff ofworkersThe relationship between mining face death accidents and flesh wound acci

18、dents from 1999 to 2004 taking place in Xinzhuang mine and workers age,length of service,cultural degreare explored with the method of figure analysisTaking the death accident as an example,Figure 2 to Figure 4 shows that death accidents in mining face decrease with the rise of agethe increase of le

19、ngth of service,the upgrade of cultural degree from the general tendencyFig 2 Age distribution of death tollFig 3 Length of service distribution of death tollFig 4 Culture degree distribution of death toll232Relationship between mining accidents and fatigueFatigue will make people s feelingineryengw

20、eakened, it will also makepeople hearings and visual acuity declining, reaction time to complexstimulationis larger than usual, accuracy is lower than usual Thereforefatigue is very harmful to mining safetyThecausesof miningworkers fatiguemainlyfocusonthefollowing (1)Working timeis longand restingti

21、meisinsufficient (2)Influence of environment factors such as illumination,yawpand task space etc(3)High task intensity(4)Unskilled workers(5)Tedioustask(6)Some mental causesOn the basis of grasping the causes of underground workers fatigue,wcan takesomemeasurestoprevent orrelievefatigue Ingeneral,co

22、untermeasuresare mainly as following (1)Innovate working schedule to arrange working time and resting time rationally (2)Pick out adaptable persons (3) Improve working environment(4)Eliminate mine workers mental fatigue (5) Enhance the level of mechanization andautomation3 Analysis of machine factor

23、sMachine is an important factor in Man-machine-environment system The effect of machine is more and more important with the advancement of mechanization At the same time,accidents induced by machinery are more than ever31Event tree analysisEvent tree analysis is an important method for system safety

24、 analysis3It can ascertain different states of system and their probability of occurrenceThe event tree chart for normal production in fully mechanized mining face is constructedAt the same time,system states and their probability of occurrence are calculated On the basis of qualitative analysis and

25、 quantitative analysis for this event tree, the corresponding countermeasures to decrease system failures are put forward32Fault tree analysisFaulttreeanalysisisanimportantmethodforsystem safetyanalysis4 Its content mainly includes solving the minimum cut set,the minimum track set,probability of occ

26、urrence of top event Structural significance, probability significance and critical significance of fault treeFault tree chart of scraper conveyor in fully mechanized mining face is established and the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of the fault tree are carried outAccording to analy

27、zing results,some countermeasures to prevent accident from happening are put forward4 Analysis of environment factorsIn man-machine-environment system,environment is a fundamental factor influencing system safety It is the soil where unsafe behavior of workers and unsafe state of machinery are produ

28、ced41Grey correlative analysis between, mining accidentsand environmental-factorsOn the basis of analyzing qualitatively the influence of main environment factors to coal mining safety,the relationship between mining accidents and environment factors such as temperature,humidity,illumination, yawp a

29、nd gas is analyzed with the method of grey correlative analysis5First, make the original data standardized Secondly,calculate the correlative coefficient Finally,work out grey correlative degree The calculation result indicates that grey correlative degree between mining accidents and gas is the lar

30、gest Therefore,gas is preponderant factorinfluencing mining accidents in Xinzhuang coal mine4 2 Fuzzyclusteringanalysis ofmininglacesenvironmentClustering analysis is a method to classify objects according to some conditions or attributes of the objects It is widely used in production and daily life

31、 Environmental factors in mining faces are complex and uncertainSo how to classify is fuzzyFirst, make the original data standardized Secondly,establish fuzzy relationshipFinally,classify objects with the method of fuzzy clustering analysis6All the mining faces in Xinzhuang coal mine are classified

32、with this methodThe result indicates that the environment of fully mechanized mining face is the bestThe result also tells us how to improve the coal mining environment and where is the emphasis to strengthen management This helps to decrease environmental influence to mining accidents and to improv

33、e mining safety4 3 Countermeasures toimproveundergroundenvironmentAfter analyzing qualitatively and quantitatively the influence of underground environmental factors to mining accidents, we can distinguish the primary from the secondary We can take some measures such as strengthening ventilation,ins

34、talling air conditioner,eliminating noisy devices etc to improve underground environment so as to improve mining safety and ensure workers safety and sustained efficient production5 Grey entropy , synthetic evaluation on safety ofmining faces51Grey entropySuppose a finite discrete sequenceX=xi| i=1,

35、2, ,n,greyentropyof sequence X is defined bynH(X)-xi ln xi (2)i1If xi=0,let xi ln xi=052Balanced degreeGrey entropy is the measure to balance degree of elements in discrete sequence X in terms of grey entropy increase theorem7The greater grey entropy isthe more balanced the discrete sequenceisFor a

36、discrete sequence with n elements the maximum entropy is a constant ln n which is only relevant with the number,of elements in sequence when all elements are equalThus,balanced degree of sequence can be defined byB=H(X)/Hm (3)Where Hm is the maximum grey entropy53Grey correlative degreeGrey correlat

37、ive degree is the measure to adjacent degree between the reference sequence and relative sequenceIt can be calculated by correlative coefficients8 The correlative coefficient can be calculated by the followingequationmin min v k - v kimax max v k - vkiL（ik）ikikiiv k - v kmax max v k - v k(4)ikWhere

38、is distinguished coefficient, it is in the range from 0 to 1 Usually it is 0 5Grey correlative degree can be expressed asroi1nnL（i k）(5)k 1Where roiis grey correlative degree between the reference sequence and thei threlative sequence5 4 Modelofmulti-levelgreyentropy syntheticevaluationIf the evalua

39、tion indices lie in different levelsWe should apply the model of multi-level grey entropy synthetic evaluation Multi-level evaluation model is similar to single level evaluation model The second-order evaluation results from the first-order evaluation matrix The evaluation result matrix can be obtai

40、ned by weight vector and the evaluation matrix in view of the significance difference of indices in the first level It can be expressed byW=A W2 (6)where W2is the balanced adjacent degree matrix55Synthetic evaluation on mining faces in Xinzhuangcoal mineTable 1 shows evaluation indices and original

41、data of mining faces in Xinzhuang coal mineAt first,the second-order synthetic evaluations are carried out respectivelyThe process of evaluation is omittedThe evaluation results are shown in Table 2Table 1 Original data of mining facesmanmachineenvironmentEvaluation indexe1e2Average age/a26.529.3Len

42、gth of service/a6.75.9Average length of education/a9.38.8Average professional trainingTime/d112115Perfect rate/%97.998.1Rate for maintenance/%2.02.3Failure rate/%8.19.4Temperature/27.626.2Humidity /%9295Yawp/dB(A)9095Illumination/Ix10283Gas/%0.50.3Table 2 the second-order evaluation resultsEvaluatio

43、nBalanced adjacent degreeindexe1e2Man0.580.53Machine0.290.28Environment0.550.64The second-order evaluation results form the first-order evaluation matrix The weights of first-level indices call be calculated by AHP According to Eq.9,the synthetic evaluation results can be expressed as following 0.58

44、0.53WA W 2(0.65 0.15 0.2) 0.290.28(7)0.550.64According to evaluation rules,el is better than e2 We can draw some useful conclusions from the evaluation on mining faces During the second-order evaluation,we can find out some problems existing in man、 machine and environment of mining faces6 Conclusio

45、nThe article analyzes deeply man、 machine and environment of fully mechanized mining face systemSome useful conclusions are drawn outThe existing problems are pointed outThe corresponding countermeasures are put forward These conclusions have been applied in Xinzhuang coal mine Furthermore,safety of

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51、文翻译：综采工作面的安全性分析吴丽云杨宇中河南理工大学能源科学与工程学院，焦作，454003，河南，中国摘要：综采工作面的安全性分析采用了人 - 机 - 环境系统工程的理论和方法。提出了人为错误的原因和对策。 对伤亡事故和工人素质与疲劳之间的关系进行了分析。 伤亡事故的定性和定量分析使用了预计到达时间和自由贸易区的方法。 灰色关联分析和模糊聚类分析用于分析环境因素。最后，辛庄煤矿综采工作面的安全评价采用灰熵综合评价模型。指出了综采工作面存在的问题。关键词：安全性分析，人-机 -环境系统工程，综采工作面绪论人 - 机 - 环境系统工程是在 20 世纪 80 年代初出现的一个新的发展全面的前沿科学

52、。它分析和研究系统中的人，机，环境，这是系统的三个主要因素，它们之间的关系是整个系统在系统的安全性和高效率的前提条件。综采一直是煤炭开采中的主流技术， 主要是因为它的安全性和高效率的科技进步。同时，它也是煤矿提高其产量和经济效益的方法。 然而，井下工作面事故却频繁发生 1 ，这已严重影响和制约了煤矿的安全和生产。结论是，重要的是要深入研究和分析完全机械化的综采工作面的人 -机 -环境系统的安全。人为因素的分析人是主体，在人 -机 -环境系统中是创造财富和达到目的的关键。另一方面，人也是诱发事故的主要因素。人的不安全行为和机械的不安全状态的组合，通常是由人导致事故发生。2.1人为错误的原因和控制

53、人为错误的原因笔者认为，一个人的错误意味着人没有完成指令性功能， 或者没有在规定的时间和条件下完成指令性功能。 结果使人，机器或系统环境在一定程度上蒙受损失。 接下来通过调查一些煤矿对诱导人为错误发生的原因进行了分析。（ 1）安全意识过于淡薄， 工人通常违反规则行事。（2）工人的性格轻率。（ 3）生理因素，人类在生理上的一些弱点是人为错误的根源。（ 4）心理障碍。（ 5）工人素质较低。（6）疲劳，不寻常的状态和其他特殊情况。（7）机器的缺陷。（8）环境因素。人为错误的控制在对人为错误原因分析和把握的基础上，我们可以采取一些措施，以减少人为错误。第一，应建立以人为中心的安全管理制度。其次，在于管

54、理制度的基础上， 它对人的安全是非常重要的。这些对策主要包括安全法制教育，安全知识教育，安全技能教育，安全思想教育，典型事故教育，生物节律和安全措施。 第三，所有的工作都应该标准化。 第四，应大大改善工作环境。第五，重要的是设计良好的界面， 减少人为错误。第六，安全文化应该是企业所倡导的。2.2人的模糊可靠性分析根据 Hinesburg 和 Maslow 的理论，建立人的模糊可靠性的层次结构图如图 1。模糊可靠性生理需要安全需要社交需要尊重需要自我实现需要福利薪水工作环境管理策略成功感义务感升迁图 1 人类模糊可靠性的层次结构图根据层次分析法 2 的理论，我们可以计算衡量Wi 各项指标。然后我

55、们邀请一些专家来评估实际值Di 各项指标，因此，我们可以用下列公式计算某一个或某些群体的模糊可靠性。7Wi Di（1）i 1作者充分计算了辛庄煤矿综采工作面上工人的模糊可靠性。首先，根据年龄把所有的146 名工人分成 5 组。然后，计算各组的模糊可靠性。结果是： 0988，0994，0993，0995 和 099。最后，计算整个集团的模糊可靠性。结果是09924。模糊可靠性模型被认为是心理因素，生理因素和环境因素。 这使得人在可靠性方面取得了一些进展。在这个模型中也存在一些缺陷。2.3事故和人为因素之间的关系煤矿事故与工人素质之间的关系从 1999 年至 2004年在辛庄煤矿的采煤工作面死亡事

56、故和轻伤事故之间的关系可以用关于工人年龄， 工龄，文化程度的图表分析方法中探索。以死亡事故为例，图 2 到图 4 显示，随着年龄的增加采煤工作面的死亡事故减少。随着工龄的增加，总的趋势是文化程度提高。图 2 死亡人数的年龄分布图 3 死亡人数的工龄分布图 4 死亡人数的文化程度分布煤矿事故和疲劳之间的关系疲劳会使人的感觉机能减弱，它还会使人的听力和视力下降，复杂的刺激的反应时间是比平时大的，精度是比平时低的。因此， 疲劳对于煤矿安全生产是十分有害的。采矿工人疲劳的原因主要集中在以下几个方面。 （ 1）工作时间很长，休息时间不够。（ 2）照明，噪声和任务空间等环境因素的影响。 （ 3）高工作强度

57、。（ 4）非技术工人。（ 5）单调乏味的任务。（6）一些心理原因。在找出煤矿工作者疲劳原因的基础上， 我们可以采取一些措施， 以防止或缓解疲劳。在一般情况下，对策主要有以下几点。 （1）创新工作时间表，合理安排工作时间和休息时间。（2）挑选出适应性强的人。（3）改善工作环境。（ 4）消除煤矿工人的精神疲劳。（ 5）提高机械化和自动化水平。机器因素分析机器是人 -机 -环境系统中的一个重要因素。 机器的影响在机械化中的地位越来越重要。与此同时，机械所引起的事故也比以往更多。3.1事故树分析事件树分析是系统安全性分析的一种重要分析方法3 。它可以判断系统的不同区域以及其发生事故的概率。综采工作面的

58、正常生产中的事件树图已经被构建。同时，系统状态和其发生事故的概率也能被计算出。在对事件树进行定性分析和定量分析的基础上，提出减少系统故障的相应对策。3.2故障树分析故障树分析是进行系统安全性分析的一种重要方法4 。其内容主要包括解决最小割集，最小的轨道集，顶事件发生的概率。结构的意义，概率的意义和故障树的关键意义。建立了综采工作面刮板输送机故障树图并进行了故障树的定性分析和定量分析。根据分析结果，提出了一些防止事故发生的对策。环境因素分析在人 -机 -环境系统中，环境是影响系统安全的一个基本因素。是工人的不安全行为和机械的不安全状态产生的土壤。4.1煤矿事故和环境因素之间的灰色关联分析在定性分

59、析了主要环境因素的影响，如温度，湿度，光照，噪声和气体和煤矿安全之间的关系的基础上进行了煤矿事故和环境因素之间的灰色关联分析法 5 。首先，原始数据的标准化。其次，计算相关系数。最后，制定出灰色关联度。计算结果表明， 煤矿事故和天然气之间的灰色关联度是最大的。因此，天然气是辛庄煤矿矿难的主要因素。4.2采矿鞋带环境的模糊聚类分析聚类分析是根据一些条件或对象的属性进行分类的方法。它被广泛应用于生产和生活。回采工作面的环境因素是复杂和不确定的。因此，如何分类是模糊的。首先，原始数据的标准化。其次，建立模糊关系。最后，用模糊聚类分析的方法进行对象分类6 。所有开采在莘庄煤矿采煤工作面都使用这种方法。结果表明，综采工作面的环境是最好的。结果还告诉我们如