常用词汇、词组辨

1、常用词汇、词组辨析 形近词、近义词1abroad, aboard, boardabroad 意为“在国外” 。I have decided to study abroad next year. aboard的意思是“登（机），上（车船等）”，与动词go搭配表示“登机”等。It is time to go aboard. 现在该登机了。Board常用来表示“登机，上船”，是动词。We are asked to board half an hour before departure time. 2access, assessAccess n. 接近，进入 (to)The people living

2、 in these apartments have free access to the swimming pool. 住在这些公寓里的人可以免费进入游泳池。Assess 评估（财产，价值）I assessed how much it would cost to build a new apartment. 我评估了一下建一套新的公寓要多少钱。3accident, event, incident 三个词都可以表示“事件”。Accident多指造成损失的意外事故，如车祸等。固定短语by accident（=by chance）意为“偶然” 。Incident意为“事件”，一般指比较次要的事件，但

3、也可以指在政治上会引起国际争端的事件、事变，作为形容词时，其相应的短语be incident to意为“易发生.的”。Event指较重大的事件或历史事件，复数形式意为“时局，时事”。例如：4accident, event, incidentThe July 7th Incident of 1937 1937年七七事变A disease incident to children 儿童易发病He met with an accident during this journey.他在这次旅途中出事了。An important event 大事5acquire, require, inquireAcq

4、uire的意思是“通过自己的努力获得，习得”。 She has acquired a new set of interests. Require的意思是“要求”The rules require us all to be present. Inquire的意思是“调查、询问、打听”Why dont you inquire by telephone.6accuse, charge两个动词都有“控诉，指控”之意，但他们后面所搭配的介词不同。Accuse指“控，控诉”，与介词of连用。The police accused him of theft.警察指控他犯有盗窃罪。Charge 可以指因为小错而

5、受到的责备，也指因为违法而受到控告，与介词“with”连用。The police charged him with murder.警察指控他犯了谋杀罪。7adapt, adoptAdapt的意思是“改编，改做用；适应”。I suggest that he should adapt himself to new conditions. 。This play has been skillfully adapted from the original novel.这部戏是根据原小说巧妙地改编过来。Adopt 是“收养；采纳，采用”之意。Her mother had adopted a disappr

6、oving attitude. They have decided to adopt me as their own daughter.8affect, influence,effectAffect作影响可分为三种情况：直接的、有形的力量作用于某种事物或事件并使之发生变化。例：They try to affect the size of crop by using fertilizer.他们施肥料使庄稼长大。用于表示对事物产生不好的影响。Expose to intense light affects ones eyes adversely.暴露在强光下会损害眼睛。9affect指对另外一个人感

7、情上的影响，感染，感动Music affects some people very strongly.音乐对一些人有强烈的感染力。He was much affected at the sad sight.他深为这一悲伤的情景所感动。10influenceInfluence通常指“不易察觉到的、潜移默化的影响”，往往是间接的，通过说服或以实际行动树立榜样而对他人产生影响。He was influenced by a middle school teacher to take up the study of medicine.他受到一位中学教师的影响而学了医。11effect 产生，引起，用作名

8、词时表示效果、效应。如：The war effected changes all over the world.Once out of the earths gravity， the astronaut is _by the problem of weightlessness. A） affected B） effected C） inclined D） related 12alive, live, living, livelyAlive adj. 活着的，有活力的，常作表语。作定语时必须后置。After the road accident, he was barely alive.交通事故后

9、，他奄奄一息。All man alive所有活着的人Live活的，有活力的，现场直播的。We watched the live broadcast of the opera on TV.我们通过电视看了这部歌剧的实况。13living, livelyLiving活着的，作定语可前可后，可修饰人也可修饰物。Who is the worlds greatest living artist? 谁是现在还在世的最伟大的艺术家。Living room起居室Lively活泼的，栩栩如生的。She is a lively young girl, always laughing and doing thing

10、s.她是个活泼可爱的小姑娘，总是欢声笑语忙个不停。14assemble, resembleassemble意为“集中，集合，装配”。People began to assemble on the platform.人们开始向月台聚集。In that factory they can assemble a car in less than 15 minutes.Resemble的意思是“相像”。Smith resembles his father very much in all his ways.史密斯各方面都像他的父亲。15assure, ensure, insure, reassureAs

11、sure和ensure都有 “保证，确保”之意。Assure指十分肯定地向某人保证某事一定要发生，使其放心，因此后面往往跟人做宾语。I assure you of the reliability of the information.我可以向你保证这消息是可靠的。Ensure强调能保证某种行为或某事件的结果一定发生。Ensure that it is written into your contract.16assure, ensure, insure, reassureInsure特指“保险，替.做保险”。Is your house insured against fire? 你的房子做了防

12、火保险了吗？Reassure意为“使人放心，使人安心，再向.保证”。The woman was worried about the dangers of taking aspirins, but her doctor reassured her.这名妇女担心服用阿司匹林会带来危险，但她的医生让她放心。17average, common, general, universal, usualAverage普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准。通常用在有数字出现的情况下，表示“平均的”。The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes

13、.一般水平的跑步者15分钟内跑两英里。Common常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为“平凡的”，强调事物的共同性。另外，他还有“公共的，共同的”之意。Car accidents are a common occurrence.18generalGeneral普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。In general, the economy is doing well now.总的来说，现在的经济形势还不错。19universal, usualUniversal普遍的，比general语气更强，有“全然没有例外”的意思。Povert

14、y is a universal problem all over the world.贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。Usual通常的，惯常的，强调“习惯性的，符合规章制度的”，是个一般用语。Ill meet you at the usual time.20award, rewardAward指正式地或官方地颁发，授予，给予。也可以指法庭裁决给予。后面可以跟双宾语。The school principal awarded a prize in history to the best student.学校校长将历史奖授予最出色的学生。21Reward酬劳，奖赏，回报，通常指因做了某一件事或提供了

15、某种服务儿应得到报酬或酬谢，其后一般以人或人的行为做宾语。后跟with用来说明以何物作为报酬。I will reward $50 to the person who returns my lost dog.我将出50美元，酬谢帮我找回丢失的狗的人。22awake, wake, waken, awaken这四个词中最常用的是wake，尤其在口语中。Awake和awaken多用于引申词义，awake常用作不及物动词，awaken/waken多用于做及物动词。Wake为动词，意思是“醒来”。My brother wakes at seven each morning.我弟弟每天早上7点钟醒来。23A

16、waken是动词，意为“叫醒”，多用于引申意义“觉醒，引起”。This at once awakened suspicion.这马上引起了大家的怀疑。Awake意为“醒来，叫醒”，作形容词是意为“醒着，觉醒”。When he awoke Joseph was beside him.当他醒来时，约瑟夫就在他身边。The national spirit awoke.民族精神觉醒了。24Waken意为“醒来，叫醒”。She gently wakened the sleeping child.她轻轻地叫醒熟睡的孩子 25barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely四个单词意义相近，

17、都表示否定概念，但也有一些差别。Rarely意为“难得，不常”（not often）Rarely have I seen him smile.我难得见他一笑。Hardly往往强调能力上有困难，意为“简直不，很难”。He can hardly jump over the fence.他很难跳过那道篱笆 26Scarcely往往强调不足，常同enough, sufficient, any等表示程度的词连用，意为“不太，几乎，简直没有”。He has scarcely any money left.他几乎一文不剩了。Barely和scarcely意思相近，意为“几乎，勉强，仅能做到”。但如果后面跟有

18、ever, any, at all等词，只能用scarcely，不能用barely。27campaign, championCampaign意为“（竞选）运动，战役”。The Germans were defeated in campaign in North Africa.德国人在北非战役中打了败仗。The Party suggested a renewed campaign to raise production and practise economy. 该党建议发起新的一轮运动来提高生产，发展经济。Champion意为“冠军”。The champion issued a challen

19、ge to all other boxers to fight him.拳击冠军向所有其他拳击手发出挑战。28considerable, considerateConsiderable相当大的，相当多的；值得考虑的。That family owns a considerable amount of land.那个家族拥有大量的土地。Considerate考虑周到的，体贴的，后面常跟of结构。He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.他总是很体谅别人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。29conserve, preserve

20、, reserve这是一组形近易混词，且都有“保存”的意思。Conserve保存，保藏，保护，强调节约。In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at night.冬天，为节约能源有些人在夜里把暖气调小。30conserve, preserve, reservepreserve保护；维持；保养；防止（食物）腐败，强调使不受破坏。The government preserve the rights of the individual person.政府保护每个人的权利不受侵犯。Reserve保留，储备，强调为某一特殊目的；

21、订（座位）,预定We are reserving these seats for my parents.31crash, crush, smashCrash意为“车辆、飞机等的碰撞”。The airplane crashed into a house.那架飞机撞到了一所民宅上。Crush意为“轧碎，碾碎”。One of his legs was crushed in an accident.他的一条腿在车祸中轧断了。Smash意为“打碎，摔碎”。I dropped the plate and it smashed.我失手将盘子掉在地上摔碎了。32deduce, induce, reduce D

22、educe v. 推断，推理，演绎My friend becomes quiet when his girlfriend is angry with him; today he is quiet and so I deduce she is angry.我的朋友在他女朋友生他的气的时候就会变得很沉默，他今天很沉默所以我推断她生气了。33induce, reduceInduce v. 引诱，劝；引起，导致。We couldnt induce the old lady to travel by air.我们无法劝说那位老太太坐飞机去。Reduce v. 减轻，减少；降低。He reduce his

23、 weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising more.他通过节食和运动，体重减轻了20磅。34efficient, effective形容词efficient与effective都表示“有效的”。Efficient指“有效率的、高效率的、有能力的”，常指人；而effective表示“有效的、效率好的、得力的”，常指政策、措施等。A very efficient production manager一位非常得力的生产经理Effective teaching效果好的教学35electric, electricalElectric与elect

24、rical均作形容词，但前者用来指“用电来驱动的、由电产生的”, 后者为“与电有关的”。另外，electric还可以表示“令人震惊的”。例如：An electric torch手电筒 electric fan 电风扇An electrical engineer电机工程师36eligible, illegibleEligible享有权力的，具备资格的。He graduated from high school with good grades, so he is eligible to enroll in the state college.他以优异的成绩从中学毕业，所以他有资格就读于州立大学i

25、llegible很难看懂的，难以辨认的。The writing is illegible; I cannot read what it says.字迹不清楚，我看不清楚上面写的是什么。37emotional, emotiveEmotional与emotive并不同义，却常被混淆。Emotional表示“充满感情的、易动感情的”，主语多为人；emotive表示“使人激动地、令人感动的”，主语多为物。例如：An emotional person 易动感情的人An emotive speech令人感动的演讲38glance, glare, glimpse, peer, Glance（很快、随便地）一

26、瞥，看一眼。He glanced over the letter he had just received.他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一下。Glare 怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；炫目地照射。The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.那男人粗暴地冲她大吼大叫，她也怒目而视。39Peer指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指在不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看

27、人的习惯。Glimpse: to see someone or something for a moment without getting a complete view of them40glimpseIf you glimpse (or more commonly catch /get a glimpse of )someone or something, you see them by chance, for a very short time.I cant describe him well, I only caught a glimpse of him as drove off.我

28、只是在他开车离开时碰巧看到他一眼。41genius, gift , talent 三个词都可表示“天才，才能”，其中genius语气最强，指天生的高度智慧和创造才能，也指有天赋的人。Gift是普通用语，着重指天赋的才能，但不一定有创造力。Talent语气较轻，着重指做某种工作的特殊才能。42extend, expand, stretch, spread, scatterExtend意为“延伸，扩展，伸出”She extended both hands towards her mother. 她向母亲伸出双臂。The road extends for miles.这条路绵延数英里。Expand意

29、为“张开，展开，膨胀”。Metal expands by heating. 43Stretch指把某物变长，通常不是加长，而是用拉伸的方法使之变长。He tried to stretch the banner between two poles.他努力把旗在两杆之间拉直。Spread指使某物摊开、展开或消息等向四面八方传播开。Spread ones fingers张开手指，spread the news 传播消息44Scatter指把种子、垃圾、或者其他碎物撒开。The farmer scattered the corn in the yard for the hens.45Suspect d

30、oubtSuspect : believe to be true or probable, believe to be guiltyI suspect that the rain is going to spoil our picnic.The police suspected him of stealing the money.46Doubt: consider unlikely, feel uncertain or undecided about She said she would help me with my work, but I doubt whether she was in

31、earnest.It is raining so hard, I doubt that John will come.47imaginative, imaginable, imaginary三者都是形容词。imaginative表示“富有想象力的，爱想象的”。Imaginable意为“可以想象得到的”，常与形容词最高级或all, every, only等连用，可放在被修饰名词的后面。Imaginary意为“想象的，虚构的，假想的”48An imaginative artist富有想象力的艺术家The only solution imaginable唯一想的出来的办法An imaginary e

32、nemy假想敌49hospitality, hostilityHospitality热情招待，殷勤好客。We enjoyed the hospitality of friends at their country home.朋友们在乡下的居所热情地招待了我们，使我们过得很愉快。Hostility来自于形容词hostile（不友善的，敌对的），意为“敌意，对抗”。You can feel the hostility coming from that man.你可以感觉到那个人的敌意。50ignore, neglectIgnore意为“漠视，不理睬”。Anna ignored her friend

33、s confusion.安娜不理睬她朋友迷惑不解的样子。The boy was so rude that we decided to ignore him.那个男孩太粗鲁，我们决定不去理他。51Neglect忽视，遗漏，Youre neglecting your work.你工作太不上心了。52imply, suggest, inferImply指暗含某种意思而不明言的“暗示”。Silence sometimes implies consent. 沉默有时暗指同意。Suggest指用间接地、旁敲侧击的办法表达出自己的看法。His erect and careless attitude sugg

34、ested assurance and power.他直截了当和粗心的态度使人想到确信和力量53Infer表示推断，指由证据或根据得出结论或由特定情况推测。I infer from your letter that you have not made up your mind yet.我从你的信中推想，你还没有下决心。54industrial, industriousIndustrial意为“工业的，工业发达的，供工业的”；industrious意为“勤劳的，勤奋的”，固定短语be industrious in “勤于做.”。 例如：An industrial worker 产业工人；Indu

35、strial Revolution 产业革命The Chinese people are industrious and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。55insensible, insensitiveInsensible意为“失去知觉的、昏迷的，一无所知的（作表语）”，还可指“（变化）极其细微的、极其缓慢的”；insensitive意为“感觉迟钝的，不灵敏的，不敏感的”，常用于固定短语be insensitive to“对.不敏感，对感觉迟钝。例如：56Fall insensible 昏过去 insensible motion 极缓慢的运动Be insensible of ones d

36、anger 不知道自己所面临的危险Be insensitive to the public opinion 对舆论反应不灵敏He was knocked insensible by a sudden blow.他遭人猛然一击而不省人事。57migrant, emigrant, immigrant这三个词与移居者有关，由于前缀不同，含义不同。Migrant移民，immigrant移入者，即入境移民。Emigrant的前缀e-是ex（=out）的变体，该词意为“移出者”，即出境移民，指自本国移居他国者。 58extensive, expansive ,expensive intensiveexte

37、nsive 广博的，广泛的。如：He is a scholar with an extensive knowledge of his subject.expansive 可扩大的，可扩展的。如：These are expansive ensive 强烈的，精深的，密集的。如：They made an intensive study of the subject.59expensive 费用大的，昂贵的。如：The car is too expensive to buy.It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to h

38、ave good manners and_knowledge. A） extensive B） expansive C） intensive D） expensive60Arise, rise ,arouse, raisearise 产生，出现。如：Before they went out， a mist arose.rise 上升。如：The sun rises in the east.raise 举起，升起，提出。如：A sunken ship was raised to the surface of the sea.arouse 唤醒，引起，激起。如：His behavior arous

39、ed suspicion.61（注：四个词中，arise与rise为不及物动词）A completely new situation will_ when the examination system comes into existence. A） arise B） rise C） raise D） arouse62Emergency, urgencyemergency 紧急情况，不测事件。如：How will the disabled escape in an emergency？urgency 紧迫性，紧要程度，催逼。如：There is no urgency about this ma

40、tter.A fire engine must have priority as it usually has to deal with some kind of_ . A） precaution B） crisis C） emergency D） urgency63fee , fare fee （职业性的咨询或服务所收）费用，报名费，会费。如：doctors fees/a membership feefare （车、船等）费用，购票所需费用。如：Train fares are going up again.Urban crowdedness would be greatly relieved

41、 if only the_ charged on public transport were more reasonable. A） fees B） fares C） payments D） costs64Symbol, sign , signal, symptom symbol 符号，象征。如：Red is a symbol of danger.sign 记号，告示，迹象。如：There are signs of sorrow on her face.signal 信号，讯号。如：The ship is sending out signals for help.65symptom 症状，表征。如：A persistent cough may be a symptom of pneumonia.Many people like white color as it is a_ of purity. A） symbol B