汽车离合器外文文献翻译

1、附 录The Spin Tester for the Automobile Clutch Test with High Speed Photography SystemAbstract:The development of a new type spin tester for the automobile clutch test is introduced.A vertical flexible shaft system with rubber damper is applied to the tester.The crushing test of the clutch assembly ca

2、n be done frequently on the spin tester,and the high speed photography system adopting ordinary camera can record the crushing wink.The crushing test of a clutch on this tester is also introduced.and the weak link of the clutch assembly can be found from the photograph of crushing wink. Key words:sp

3、in testerautomobile clutchhigh speed photographyClutch by gland assembly and platen assembly which, in their rotation strength is the key parts of the quality evaluation car is an important index, rules and regulations should be acceleration in their state of the rotating speed is higher than speedi

4、ng strength test to determine the safety and reliability of the clutch disc. For example, santana clutch disc assembly and driven plate total chengdu in ordinary temperature requirements in a = rad/s2 acceleration of 50 acc to 12 000 r/min, and platen assembly also requires in high temperature (250

5、) at a = rad/s2 acceleration of 50 acc to 10 000 r/min without fracture. These tests require in the specialized testing machine. At present, the domestic is no clutch assembly strength test on the special equipment. This paper introduces the author developed a vertical multi-function of clutch rotat

6、ing strength tester (see chart 1). It has a strong drive ability (1), can generate enough acceleration, the maximum weight 50 kg, with the highest speed 18 000 r/min, maximum acceleration 20 rad PI/s2 the clutch assembly strength test; (2) the strong vibration absorber system, to absorb the clutch a

7、ssembly high speed rotating vibration energy; (3) the reliable and steady automation control system and absolute safety of lead brick protection recessed; (4) to observe the clutch assembly rotation experiment process and the rupture instantaneous state surveillance and high-speed photography system

8、. To all sorts of clutch assembly, the machine can strength test, especially for high speed can be frequently do destructive testing, use convenient, safe and reliable.Figure 1 clutch rotating strength tester photos1.The main structure characteristics1.1 With rubber damping bearing on the flexible s

9、haft typeThis kind of test enginery due to frequent, high-speed destructive testing, the host axis should be able to complete the clutch assembly rose quickly to the whole process of destruction, so we used on the vertical with rubber damper flexible shaft of 1, the structure see FIG. 2). Due to the

10、 vertical axis, one soft critical speed is low, order only 1800 to 2000 r/min or so, make whole high-speed area are on supercritical of smooth state. At the same time in soft shaft with a middle with O type of rubber ring damping bearing shaft system, when the critical speed or because the clutch as

11、sembly brought serious imbalance fierce, the vibration damping bearing can absorb vibration energy, attenuation shaft vibration 2, ensure the clutch assembly continue to rise until the complete destruction, ensure speed high-speed damage test. This structure is simple, easy to adjust, damping range.

12、 In order to prevent the clutch assembly damage time, great instantaneous vibration energy cause shaft and the lower the destruction of the transmission system, in the gentle shaft with a limit bearing, head to prevent soft shaft bending big and the bottom of the drive shaft damage components. Soft

13、axis adopt plug-in installation, when the clutch assembly, the most serious destruction is replaced the soft shaft, head bent to the whole machine didnt have any effect, operation loading and unloading is very convenient, and ensure the tester can frequently in the clutch assembly destructive test.

14、The vertical axis, facilitate on the cover from the Windows of the testing process and observe specimens of installation and removal.Figure 2 rubber damper with flexible shaft1.2 The clutch assembly damage moments of high-speed photography systemThe clutch assembly by many parts assembly and become,

15、 the parts quality is directly related to the quality of the assembly. If can through the high-speed strength test find assembly parts the weak links, had better be to be in test chamber to take the parts assembly by deformation and destruction and yield spread to the whole process of, that will be

16、very significant. Although currently not at a close range in advance, do not know when the clutch assembly of the damage happened produced high speed the whole process of destruction, but they can take to destroy the moment alone photos. Foreign is widely accepted in the specimen outside trigger coi

17、l rotor set, as the rotor fly crack, debris flying out of line, met trigger trigger circuit triggered by high speed camera shutter open, took a damage the image of the rotor moment. Obviously this design requirements must have taken the camera very high speed. For example the clutch assembly destruc

18、tion speed than 10 000 r/min, the linear velocity in the 200 m/s above, if want to take clear debris flying out of the instantaneous movement condition when, captured fragments of the distance from the 2 mm moving images. So, the camera at least should have t = 2 mm / (200 m/s) = 1 x 10-5 s shooting

19、 speed, for ordinary camera it is clearly the deficits. In order to solve this problem, we developed a common cameras with the high-speed photography in the technology, with the clutch high-speed strength test machine, took the clutch assembly destruction of photographs. The moment The high-speed ph

20、otography work principle of the system is shown in figure 3. The specific practices for ordinary camera, will cover the Windows in testing machine in the darkness of the test chamber outside, open shutter, in advance for shooting state. At the same time, add the rear cover outside the window between

21、 the two steel ball must high pressure of the capacitor voltage. When the clutch assembly, high speed rotating parts fly crack damage, cut off the assembly line, the periphery of the trigger that set up light source line work trigger pin, triggering a trigger pulse, so that the air between two steel

22、 ball, a steel ball capacitor in ionization produced strong, between discharge pulse light source, then the camera narrow photographic plate, get the clutch assembly destruction of photographs. The moment The technology of the method is simple, save expensive high-speed cameras, the shooting accurac

23、y is high.Figure 3 high-speed photography system work principle diagram2.Experimental studyWe in the testing machine to clutch cover plate assembly and made a large destructive testing. Now to the santana gland assembly damage test as an example. First, take the santana clutch cover assembly state o

24、f rest; Then, the gland assembly, and to destroy the damage process using high-speed photography system to shoot, have the following results:(1) santana clutch cover assembly in speed for 11 560 r/min, gland spring of fly out, cut off the trigger coil, took a high-speed photography photos (see chart

25、 4), photos are the right off about 20 position on a spring of the flying out of the shadows. After parking the tray found not damage, but find spring of crack, the obvious skeleton spring of centrifugal force along the role in the first bending fly out broken. (2) this gland assembly continue to ri

26、se in speed for speed test, 14 010 r/min happened when the tray destruction, like on high-speed photography photos (see chart 5). Photos of the moment by damage, the whole clutch cover visible assembly gland produces serious warping deformation, radial on turn over the close (see photo) and cut off

27、the trigger coil. As gland warping, clutch the tray imbalances fly crack damage. But did not see the gland cast iron rings (cover parts cant photographed) fly out of the shadow of the fracture. (3) from gland assembly destroyed the crack of photos skeleton (see figure 6) can see, gland serious warpi

28、ng deformation in spring of installation, the gaps, but pulled gland and without breaking into several pieces, although gland lower part of the cast iron ring has fractured into seven pieces, but found no gland inside surface, cast iron rings pieces the trace of the impact. The result shows the sant

29、ana car clutch cover the failure process of the instantaneous assembly for local parts, (spring of) fly out-gland serious warping deformation, in local weak section and pulled in the bottom of the gland cast iron rings and the whole gland assembly fracture failure. This tester has been put into use

30、of factory three years, because the function is all ready, performance stability, price cheap, and solve the clutch a lot of detection, the development, and the research question, is expected to replace the imported, application.Figure 4 gland assembly spring of fly out of the moment photosFigure 5

31、gland assembly moments of photos. DamageFigure 6 gland assembly after damage remains of the photoReference1 WuDaWen. O type rubber ring experimental study of the dynamic characteristics of the masters degree thesis: Masters degree thesis. Hangzhou, zhejiang university, 19982 QianLiXin. Ultra-high sp

32、eed rotor test development speeding some issues of the study: Ph.D. Thesis. Hangzhou, zhejiang university, 1998带高速摄影系统的汽车离合器旋转破坏强度试验机摘要：提供了一种带高速摄影系统的汽车离合器旋转破坏强度试验机，该机可以频繁地做离合器总成的破坏性试验，并可拍摄到离合器总成破坏瞬间的独幅照片，以利找出总成零件的薄弱环节。关键词：旋转破坏性试验试验机汽车离合器高速摄影汽车离合器由压盖总成和从动盘总成组成，它们的旋转强度是评价汽车关键零件质量的重要指标，规范规定它们都应在加速度状态下进

33、行高于工作转速的超速强度试验，以确定离合器盘的安全性和可靠性。例如，桑塔纳轿车的离合器压盘总成与从动盘总成都要求在常温下以a=50 rad/s2的加速度升速至12 000 r/min,而从动盘总成还要求在高温(250)下以a=50 rad/s2的加速度升速至10 000 r/min而不发生破裂。这些试验都要求在专门的试验机上进行。目前，国内尚缺少进行汽车离合器总成强度试验的专用设备。本文介绍笔者研制的一种立式多功能的汽车离合器旋转强度试验机(见图1)。它具有较强的驱动能力，可产生足够大的加速度，进行最大重量50 kg、最高转速18 000 r/min、最大加速度20 rad/s2的离合器总成强

34、度试验；强大的减振系统，以吸收离合器总成高速旋转时的振动能量；可靠而平稳的自控系统和绝对安全的铅砖防护腔体；可供观察离合器总成旋转试验过程和破裂瞬时状态的监视与高速摄影系统。对各种汽车离合器总成，该机可进行高速强度试验，尤其可频繁地做破坏性试验，使用方便、安全可靠。图1汽车离合器旋转强度试验机照片1.主要结构特色1.1 带橡胶阻尼支承的上托式柔性轴系这类试验机由于要频繁地进行高速破坏性试验，主机轴系应能顺利完成离合器总成升速至破坏的全过程，因此我们采用立式上托的带橡胶阻尼器的柔性轴系1，其结构见图2。由于采用立式柔轴，其一阶临界转速很低，只有18002000 r/min左右，使整个高速区域均处

35、在超临界的平稳状态。同时在柔轴中间设有一个用“O”型橡胶圈组成的阻尼支承，当轴系通过临界转速或者由于离合器总成发生严重失衡带来激烈振动时，该阻尼支承能吸收振动能量，衰减轴系振动2，确保离合器总成继续升速直至破坏，保证完成高速破坏试验。此结构简单、容易调整、减振范围大。为了防止离合器总成破坏时刻，巨大的瞬时振动能量造成下部轴系和传动系统的破坏，在柔轴头部设有一限位支座，防止柔轴弯曲变形过大而破坏轴系下部的传动部件。柔轴采用插入式安装，当离合器总成破坏严重时，最多是更换头部弯曲的柔轴，对整个机器没有任何影响，操作装卸十分方便，从而保证了该试验机可以频繁地进行离合器总成的破坏性试验。采用立式上托轴系

36、，便于从顶盖视窗观察试验过程以及试件的安装与拆卸。图2带橡胶阻尼器的柔性轴系1.2离合器总成破坏瞬间的高速摄影系统离合器总成由许多零件组装而成，各零件质量的好坏直接关系到总成的质量。若能通过高速强度试验找出总成零件的薄弱环节，最好是在试验腔内拍摄到总成各零件由变形屈服散架破坏的全过程，那将是十分有意义的。虽然目前无法在近距离内，在事先不知道离合器总成何时发生破坏的情况下拍摄高速破坏的全过程，然而却可以拍摄到破坏瞬间的独幅照片。国外普遍采用的是在试件转子外设置触发线圈，当转子飞裂时，碎片飞出碰到触发线，由触发电路触发高速照相机打开快门，拍下转子破坏瞬间的形象。显然这种设计要求照相机必须有很高的拍

37、摄速度。例如离合器总成的破坏转速多大于10 000 r/min，其线速度在200 m/s以上，若要拍摄清楚碎片飞出时的瞬时运动状况，捕捉到碎片移动2 mm距离的图像。那么，照相机起码应具有t=2 mm/(200m/s)=110-5 s的拍摄速度，对于普通照相机这显然是望尘莫及的。为了解决这个难题，我们开发了一种用普通照相机拍摄的高速摄影技术，用在汽车离合器 高速强度试验机上，拍到了离合器总成破坏瞬间的独幅照片。此高速摄影系统的工作原理见图3。具体做法为，将普通照相机置于试验机顶盖视窗外，在黑暗的试验腔外，预先打开快门，处于待拍摄状态。同时，加足顶盖侧视窗外反光镜两钢球间的高压电容器的电压。当离

38、合器总成高速旋转，零件飞裂破坏时，切断总成外围设置的触发线，使光源触发线路工作，触发针发出触发脉冲，使两钢球间的空气电离，引发电容器在钢球间放电，产生强的窄脉冲光源，于是照相机底片感光，获得离合器总成破坏瞬间的独幅照片。此技术方法简便，省去昂贵的高速照相机，拍摄精度也高。图3高速摄影系统工作原理图2.试验研究我们在此试验机上对离合器盖及盘总成作了大量破坏性试验。今以桑塔纳轿车压盖总成的破坏试验为例说明。首先，拍下桑塔纳轿车离合器压盖总成静止时的状态；然后，对压盖总成进行破坏，并对破坏过程用高速摄影系统进行拍摄，获得以下结果：(1)桑塔纳离合器压盖总成在转速为11 560 r/min时，压盖弹簧

39、片飞出，切断触发线圈，拍下高速摄影照片(见图4)，照片正右偏上约20位置有一弹簧片飞出的阴影。停车后发现整盘尚未破坏，但找到弹簧片裂骸，明显可见弹簧片在离心力作用下沿根部先弯断飞出。(2)以此压盖总成继续升速试验，在转速为14 010 r/min时发生整盘破坏，拍得高速摄影照片(见图5)。由破坏瞬间的照片可见，整个离合器压盖总成的压盖发生严重翘曲，径向变形上翻拉平(见照片上部)并切断触发线圈。随着压盖翘曲后，离合器整盘失衡飞裂破坏。但未看出压盖下部铸铁圆环(遮住部位无法拍摄到)断裂飞出的影子。(3)从压盖总成破坏后的裂骸照片(见图6)可看出，压盖严重翘曲变形，在安装弹簧片的缺口处拉断，但压盖并

40、没有破断成几块，虽然压盖下部的铸铁圆环已断裂成7块，但没有发现压盖内侧面上有铸铁圆环碎块撞击的痕迹。由上结果可见桑塔纳轿车离合器压盖总成瞬时的破坏过程为，局部零件(弹簧片)飞出压盖严重翘曲变形，在局部薄弱截面处拉断压盖下部的铸铁圆环断裂整个压盖总成破坏。本试验机已投入工厂使用达3年之久，由于功能齐全、性能稳定、价格低廉，且解决了汽车离合器大量的检测、开发与研究问题，有望替代进口，推广应用。图4压盖总成弹簧片飞出瞬间的照片图5压盖总成破坏瞬间的照片图6压盖总成破坏后残骸的照片参考文献1 吴大文.“O”型橡胶圈动态特性的实验研究：硕士学位论文.杭州：浙江大学，19982 钱立新.超高速转子超速试验

41、台研制中若干问题的研究：博士学位论文.杭州：浙江大学，1998附录资料：不需要的可以自行删除火电厂工艺流程火力发电厂。以煤、石油或天然气作为燃料的发电厂统称为火电厂1、火电厂的分类（1）按燃料分类：燃煤发电厂，即以煤作为燃料的发电厂；邹县、石横青岛等电厂燃油发电厂，即以石油（实际是提取汽油、煤油、柴油后的渣油）为燃料的发电厂；辛电电厂燃气发电厂，即以天然气、煤气等可燃气体为燃料的发电厂；余热发电厂，即用工业企业的各种余热进行发电的发电厂。此外还有利用垃圾及工业废料作燃料的发电厂。（2）按原动机分类：凝汽式汽轮机发电厂、燃汽轮机发电厂、内燃机发电厂和蒸汽-燃汽轮机发电厂等。（3）按供出能源分类：

42、凝汽式发电厂，即只向外供应电能的电厂；热电厂，即同时向外供应电能和热能的电厂。（ 4）按发电厂总装机容量的多少分类：容量发电厂，其装机总容量在100MW以下的发电厂；中容量发电厂，其装机总容量在100250MW范围内的发电厂；大中容量发电厂，其装机总容量在250600MW范围内的发电厂；大容量发电厂，其装机总容量在6001000MW范围内的发电厂；特大容量发电厂，其装机容量在1000MW及以上的发电厂。（5）按蒸汽压力和温度分类：中低压发电厂，其蒸汽压力在3.92MPa（40kgfcm2）、温度为450的发电厂，单机功率小于25MW；地方热电厂。高压发电厂，其蒸汽压力一般为9.9MPa（101

43、kgfcm2）、温度为540的发电厂，单机功率小于100MW；超高压发电厂，其蒸汽压力一般为13.83MPa（141kgfcm2）、温度为540540的发电厂，单机功率小于200MW；亚临界压力发电厂，其蒸汽压力一般为16.77MPa（171 kgfcm2）、温度为540540的发电厂，单机功率为30OMW直至1O00MW不等；超临界压力发电厂，其蒸汽压力大于22.llMPa（225.6kgfcm2）、温度为550550的发电厂，机组功率为600MW及以上，德国的施瓦茨电厂;超超临界压力发电厂, 其蒸汽压力不低于31 MPa、温度为593.水的临界压力：22.12兆帕；临界温度：374.15（

44、6）按供电范围分类：区域性发电厂，在电网内运行，承担一定区域性供电的大中型发电厂；孤立发电厂，是不并入电网内，单独运行的发电厂；自备发电厂，由大型企业自己建造，主要供本单位用电的发电厂（一般也与电网相连）。2、火力发电厂工艺流程。燃煤，用输煤皮带从煤场运至煤斗中。大型 HYPERLINK /view/145622.htm t _blank 火电厂为提高燃煤效率都是燃烧煤粉。因此，煤斗中的原煤要先送至磨煤机内磨成煤粉。磨碎的煤粉由热空气携带经排粉风机送入锅炉的炉膛内燃烧。煤粉燃烧后形成的热烟气沿锅炉的水平烟道和尾部烟道流动，放出热量，最后进入除尘器，将燃烧后的煤灰分离出来。洁净的烟气在引风机的作

45、用下通过烟囱排入大气。助燃用的空气由送风机送入装设在尾部烟道上的空气预热器内，利用热烟气加热空气。这样，一方面使进入锅炉的空气温度提高，易于煤粉的着火和燃烧外，另一方面也可以降低排烟温度，提高热能的利用率。从空气预热器排出的热空气分为两股：一股去磨煤机干燥和输送煤粉，另一股直接送入炉膛助燃。燃煤燃尽的灰渣落入炉膛下面的渣斗内，与从除尘器分离出的细灰一起用水冲至灰浆泵房内，再由灰浆泵送至灰场。火力发电厂在除氧器水箱内的水经过给水泵升压后通过高压加热器送入省煤器。在省煤器内，水受到热烟气的加热，然后进入锅炉顶部的汽包内。在锅炉炉膛四周密布着水管，称为水冷壁。水冷壁水管的上下两端均通过联箱与汽包连通

46、，汽包内的水经由水冷壁不断循环，吸收着煤受燃烧过程中放出的热量。部分水在冷壁中被加热沸腾后汽化成水蒸汽，这些饱和蒸汽由汽包上部流出进入过热器中。饱和蒸汽在过热器中继续吸热，成为过热蒸汽。过热蒸汽有很高的压力和温度，因此有很大的热势能。具有热势能的过热蒸汽经管道引入 HYPERLINK /view/33757.htm t _blank 汽轮机后，便将热势能转变成动能。高速流动的蒸汽推动 HYPERLINK /view/3824255.htm t _blank 汽轮机转子转动，形成机械能。汽轮机的转子与 HYPERLINK /view/54769.htm t _blank 发电机的转子通过连轴器联在一起。当汽轮机转子转动时便带动 HYPERLINK /view/3824654.htm t _blank 发电机转子转动。在发电机转子的另一端带着一台小直