2022年交通工程专业英语翻译

1、Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earths historyTransports early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materialsBut with the formation of tribes，then peoples，an

2、d finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for

3、the best places to settleAs tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defenseWhen the first nations

4、came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。运送署初期功能是满足基本需要搬运粮食供应和建材等领域。但随着部落，然后人民，和最后国家形成，运送的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需的个人、 宗族、 家庭和动物保护她们免遭，和逃避危险自然灾害和部落的侵略行为，并在寻找最佳的地方定居。部落群体形成和逐渐确立其地理特性，运送日益需要开放地区的发展，以提供对天然资源，增进族裔间的贸易，并调动本土防卫的访问。当第一次的联合国应运

5、而生时，运送发挥了重要的作用，建立民族气节After basic societal needs had generally been attended to，local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic，cultural，and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regionsAgain，transport provided the mobility required

6、 for such intertribal, international，and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and tradeDuring all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting

7、such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changesSuch changes were induced by several factors and circumstancesIn fact，todays transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and prefe

8、rences基本社会需求大体上已照顾到后，本地社区也许会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联系通过与其她民族和地区经济、 文化和科技发展共同。再次，运送提供所需的这种部落之间、 国际和洲际最后的文化交流和贸易的流动。在所有有组织的人类社会，今天代表国际人们庭，交通工具的移动人员和货品，物理过程，从而增进这种发展，通过向此逐渐发展的过程中不断发生了技术和组织的变化。这种变化是几种因素及环境所致。事实上，今天的多种形式和组织安排运送仍高度受回应社会需求和偏好的变化。Clearly，the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport wa

9、s efficiencyFor centuries，and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics，society required reliable，fast，and low cost transportThe search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrainedThere were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was espec

10、ially pronounced，and quick solutions were required for national self-defense. During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory. Subsequently refined and develo

11、ped, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.显然符合运送的首要准则是效率。几百年来，特别是在本地经济的起飞阶段期间，社会需要迅速、 可靠、 和低成本的运送。寻找合适的技术是相对无约束。倍时，在人类历史上尤为突出的可靠、 迅速的运送需求，并迅速解决方案所需的国家自卫。在这样的地方和国际冲突的时期人类智慧制定新运送技术往往证明的生存空间，有时胜利的决定性因素

12、。随后改善和发展，这种新技术使可以更好地满足日益增长的交通需求，从而提高经济进步和人类福祉。The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport. This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles. Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the rail

13、ways, and then the automobile. Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives. As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the ai

14、rcraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.需要更好的战略机动致努力提高海洋和陆地运送。这导致更大、 更快的船舶和更可靠和结实的陆地车辆。最后，自航引入，蒸汽机船、 铁路和汽车的例子。在运送领域研发终于成为组织的承诺与特定的目的。作为随后浓度的人才及专业知识的成果，更多先进的传播技术如飞机和，近来，火箭推动发展。The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today s transport systems, which

15、 include air, surface, and water transport. Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts. Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, th

16、e various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.今天的体现是逐渐演化的日益复杂的交通工具 s 运送系统，其中涉及空中、 地面、 和海上运送。而是有限的应用程序如管道、 电缆和带的交通工具的发展导致特殊行业的需要。目前社会的需要和喜好，以及成本效益的经济上的规定，在既有的多种运送模式普遍达到而是特定的功能。Although transports potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved

17、continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price. A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation. As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user. This caused equity problem

18、s because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare. Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized that the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their national economies.虽然

19、运送的潜力以满足有效众多社会流动性需要不断改善，很明显这种有效性了它的价格。运送技术的某些暗示能耗高，所需大量资金投入生产和经营。因此，几种交通工具变得昂贵给顾客。这导致了股权问题，由于业务费用所需的费用不是承当得起的所有人口群体，从而限制了她们的流动性和福利。许多国家的政府补贴交通工具，选择了，但不久意识到，所涉预算问题常常在自己国家的经济导致严重扭曲。Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries

20、 and the need to cope with rising volumes of commodity flows and person travel. In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels. These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.逐渐引起多种交通

21、工具的污染成了另一种严重的问题，作为世界交通在大多数国家和应付日益增长的商品流动和人旅行的需要。过高的人口和产业的浓度在世界某些地区，这种对环境的不利影响已达到高水平。这种损害的这些影响还很充足探讨。Finally, problems caused by dwindling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have increasingly impeded transport services and operations. Most existing transport modes are critically dependen

22、t on petroleum derivatives for proper functioning. With unabated growth of demand for transport and a progressively limited supply of energy, the costs of providing transport have increased steadily. In particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply has caused serious i

23、nflationary problems to arise in many countries. Especially hard hit are countries with a partial or total dependence on an external petroleum supply, which have experienced growing deficits in their current accounts.最后，特别是石油、 世界能源资源日益减少，所引起的问题越来越多地阻碍了交通服务和操作。大多数既有交通工具都依赖石油衍生品的正常运作。对交通的需求有增无减，逐渐有限的能

24、源供应提供运送的费用稳步增长。特别是石油需求和石油供应的非均衡性，引起严重的通胀问题在许多国家中浮现。打击特别是部分或所有依赖外部的石油供应，经历了它们的常常账户赤字不断增长的国家。The transport sector s increasing inability to satisfy demand efficiently and equitably is a problem with which all nations have to cope in trying to advance economic and social progress. Energy-supply constra

25、ints, high capital and operating costs, often with excessive foreign-exchange components, and the seriousness of transport-related environmental pollution account in large part for this problem. But transport is and will continue to be an essential requirement for world development and human welfare

26、. There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs wil1 be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum. Obviously, the development of tran

27、sport demand will have to be controlled.运送部门 s 越来越无法满足需求，有效和公平地是，所有国家都必须应付在试图推动经济发展和社会进步的一种问题。能源供应约束、 较高的资本和经营成本，往往与过度外汇组件和运送有关环境污染帐户在很大限度上对这一问题的严重性。但运送是并将继续是世界的发展和人类福利的基本规定。有无别的选择，但寻找替代目前的运送系统，或修改有关模式的技术和业务特点，使能源消耗及成本失败会减少和环境的影响可以保持在最低限度。很明显，发展的运送需求将不得不加以控制。Notesl. As tribal groups formed and gradu

28、ally established their geographical identity, transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense随着种族部落的形成和地理界线的逐渐拟定，开发新区域、开采新资源、发展社区间的贸易以及捍卫领地，这些都日益需要交通的发展。2. Again，transport p

29、rovided the mobility required for such intertribal，internationaland finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade并且交通提供了诸如部落间、国际间乃至于洲际间便利的贸易和文化交流。3During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport a

30、s physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changes在向有组织的人类社会的演变过程中，这种组织在今天是通过由各国构成的国际化人们庭体现出来的，交通作为人与货品移动的物理过程，电增进了这种发展，不断地经历着技术与组织方面的变化。4There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transp

31、ort systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs will be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum没有别的措施，只有寻找新的交通替代手段或变化有关模式的技术与运营特点，才可以减少能源消耗和造价，对环境的影响也可以保持到最低限度。Unit 3 Transport TelematicsText Introduction

32、 Transport telematics，also known as intelligent transport systems (ITS)，are concerned with the application of electronic information and control to improve transportSome new systems have already been implemented and the pace of implementation can be expected to quickenWith a crystal ball，we can fore

33、see how a typical journey to work may look in 10 years time运送信息通讯，也称为智能交通系统 （ITS），波及电子信息与控制应用提高运送。某些新的制度已经实行和执行的步伐将会加快。有一种水晶球，我们可以预见典型之旅工作在 10 年时间里也许看起来。You feel pleased with yourself that you have preceded your in-car navigation system with the coordinates of your final destination，and soon you are

34、 obtaining instructions on your best route with information updated from the local travel control center离开家里，渊前通过互联网检查您的旅游安排。一般您选择乘搭公共交通工具，您可以拟定影响服务的任何中断和旅行的时间。这一次您选择乘搭车，由于你必须任命 1ater 在一天中在这些旧式商业公园是无法访问的公共交通工具之一。没有发生事件记录在你正常工作，因此您不想使用您的计算机路由型号为您选择最佳路线的路线上。As you near your place of work，you are aware

35、 of roadside messages informing you of the next park and ride serviceYou choose to ignore these as you will need to make a quick getaway for your appointmentYou then check that your travel card is clearly displayed inside the car；you dont want to be fined for not having a positive credit for the cit

36、ys road pricing and parking service! The same card gives you clearance to your parking space；you activate your parking vision and co1lision control just to be sure of not scratching the MDs car next to you一旦你的车，你头，高速公路和选择巡航控制、 车道支持和碰撞避免系统，使您可以专注于您最喜欢的电台服务。忽然间，这是给你一件事你的路线上的信息的电台交通消息通道服务被中断。你不是惊讶的时候，在

37、下一种路口，路边的可变信息标志 (VM) 确认这 ； 高速公路消息真的可信目前Using transport elematics All these information and control services, and many more besides, are discussed in the UK Government s consultation document. One way of categorising these services is into the following application areas:所有这些信息和控制服务和之外，更多的讨论，英国政府 s 征

38、询文献。Categorising 这些服务的一种措施是到下面的应用领域：traffic management and control tolling and road pricingroad safety and law enforcementpublic transport travel information and ticketingdriver information and guidancefreight and fleet managementvehicle safety system integrationAll these applications are being deve

39、loped with assistance from research and pilot implementation programmes in Europe, USA and Japan.Traffic management and control Any traffic management and control system needs information on traffic flows, speeds, queues, incidents accidents, vehicle breakdowns, obstructions air quality and vehicle

40、types, lengths and weights. This information will be collected using infrared, radio, loop, radar, and microwave or vision detectors. In addition, public and private organizations will provide information on planned events roadworks, leisure events, exhibitions. The use to which this information is

41、put depends on the objectives set for management and control. Network management objectives set for urban areas include:influencing traveller behaviour, in particular modal choice, route choice and the time at which journeys are made.reducing the impact of traffic on air quality.improving priority f

42、or buses and LRT viding better and safer facilities for pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users.restraining traffic in sensitive areas.managing demand and congestion more efficiently.The software systems used will include control applications such as SCOOT, SCATS, SPOT and

43、MOTION. These are responsive systems, which control a network of traffic signals to meet these objectives. Automatic vehicle location and identification will provide information for giving priority or allowing access to certain vehicles only.Interurban network management systems will have similar ob

44、jectives but will make greater use of access control by ramp metering and other means, and of speed control and high-occupancy vehicle lane management. Regional traffic control centers will advise motorist of incidents and alternative routes by VMS and by RDS-TMC, a signal FM radio service broadcast

45、ing localized traffic messages and advice to drivers. Tolling and road pricing Interurban motorway tolling and urban road pricing provide another approach to meeting network management objectives while obtaining additional revenue that can be invested in transport. Singapores electronic zone pricing

46、, the TOLLSTAR electronic toll collection and ADEPT automatic debiting smart cards are examples of such applications.These systems rely on microwave or radio communication to an in-vehicle transponder in a smart card with detection of vehicle licence plates using image processing for enforcement pur

47、poses.Public transport travel information and ticketing Travel information is needed by passengers at home or office and also during their journey. London Transports ROUTES computer-based service offers routing, timetable and fares information on all public transport services in London through publi

48、c inquiry terminals.Real-time travel information is provided in London by the COUNTDOWN system which is being expanded to cover 4000 bus stops. A similar system called STOPWATCH is available in Southampton as part of the ROMANSE project and is based on Peeks Bus Tracker system which can detect buses

49、 using either radio beacons or GPS (Global Positioning System) which uses satellites to identify locations.ROMANSE also includes TRIP lanner interactive enquiry terminals with touch screens providing travel information.Problems with tickets for through journeys can be a deterrent for travelers choos

50、ing public transport. Smartcard stored-value tickets can provide a single ticket for car parking and all legs of a journey served by different operators.Driver information and guidance Driver information systems include the RDS-TMC radio data system-traffic message channel, initially trialled betwee

51、n London and Paris in the PLEIADES project and elsewhere in Europe in similar EC-funded projects. There is also the Traffic master service which uses infrared monitors to identify congestion and an in-car visual map-based screen to inform drivers of congestion.Driver guidance systems aim to take thi

52、s a step further by informing drivers of their route and giving guidance on navigation. Communication between the control center and the vehicle can be by roadside beacon or by digital cellular radio network based on GSM(global system of mobile communications) as in SOCRATES. Commercial products inc

53、lude Daimler Benzs copilot dynamic route guidance system trialled in Berlin and Stuttgart and Philips Car Systems CARIN. Similar products, such as the VICS advanced mobile information service, are commonly available in Japan.Notes1Transport telematics，also known as intelligent transport systems (ITS

54、)，are concerned with the application of electronic information and control to improve transport 交通运送远程信息解决系统，一般也被称为智能交通系统 (ITS系统)，是运用电子信息和控制技术来改善交通的系统。2On this occasion，you choose to travel by car as you have an appointment later in the day at one of those old-fashioned business parks that are inacc

55、essible by public transport 在这种状况下，当你在这天稍后有一种约会，而约会的地点是在公交车所不能达到的一种旧式商业停车场，那么你就可以选择乘坐小汽车前去。3Any traffic management and control system needs information on traffic flows，speeds，queues，incidents(accidents，vehicle breakdowns，obstructions)air quality and vehicle types，lengths and weights任何一种交通管理和控制系统都需要

56、如下信息：交通流、车速、排队、交通事件(事故、车损、障碍物)、空气质量以及车辆的类型、长度与重量。 4Interurban network management systems will have similar objectives but will make greater use of access control by ramp metering and other means，and of speed control and high-occupancy vehicle lane management都市间的网络管理系统将会有相似的目的，但是在通过匝道车流调节和其她某些措施来进行人口

57、控制与速度控制以及高占有率车道管理方面也会起到很大作用。5These systems rely on microwave or radio communication to an in-vehicle transponder in a smart card with detection of vehicle license plates using image processing for enforcement purposes 为实行管理的目的，这些系统依托微波或无线技术与设在一张小卡片上的车载发射机应答器实现通信联系，这张卡片采用图像解决技术来探测车辆的驾驶执照。Unit 4 Publi

58、c Transport PriorityText Design objectives Public transport priority has to be seen in the context of an overall urban transport strategy with objectives which include not only improved bus or tram operation and restraint of car-borne commuting but also an enhanced environment for residents, workers

59、 and visitors. Measures proposed must serve all these objectives and yet also be demonstrably cost-effective and enforceable.Typical design objectives for public transport priority measures include:to improve the conditions and reliability of bus operations through the introduction of appropriate bu

60、s priority measures.to alter the traffic balance in favor of buses at those locations where this can be properly justified.to improve conditions for bus passengers at stops and interchanges.to improve road safety generally and, in particular, for pedestrians, cyclists and people with disabilities.to