发展经济学第4章

1、第4章 人力资本与经济发展Human capitalHuman capital refers to the productive capacities of human beings as income producing agents in the economy.Capital is a stock which has value as a source of current and future flows of output and income. Human capital is the stock of skills and productive knowledge embodie

2、d in people. The yield or return on human capital investments lies in enhancing a persons skills and earning power, and in increasing the efficiency of economic decision making both within and without the market economy. Sherwin Rosen The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Human capital economic g

3、rowthTHEODORE W. SCHULTZ Human capital：BackgroundHuman capital： research topicsSchooling experience and earnings; basic theory; ability biasSignaling; returns to schooling econometricsReturns to experience and on-the-job training Education production: school inputs, school quality, student and teach

4、er incentivesHuman capital policy; higher educationEvaluation of government training programsExternalities and peer effects（同群效应）The Central Roles of Education and HealthHealth and education are important objectives of developmentRecall Sens capabilities to function approach, and the core values of

5、economic developmentRecall the roles of health and education along with income in the HDIHealth and education are also important components of growth and developmentEducation: absorb modern technologyHealth: prerequisite for increase in productivityEducation and Health as Joint Investments for Devel

6、opmentGreater health capital may improve the returns to investments in educationGreater education capital may improve the returns to investments in health健康和教育的相互促进Improving Health and Education: Why Increasing Incomes Is Not SufficientIncreases in income often do not lead to substantial increases i

7、n investment in childrens education and healthBetter educated mothers tend to have healthier childrenSignificant market failures in education and health require policy actionInvesting in Health and Education: The Human Capital ApproachInitial investments in health or education lead to a stream of hi

8、gher future incomeThe present discounted value of this stream of future income is compared to the costs of the investmentPrivate returns to education are high, and may be higher than social returns Age-earnings Profiles by Level of EducationFinancial Trade-Offs in the Decision to Continue in SchoolR

9、ates of Return to Investment in Education by Level of Education, Country, Type, and RegionThe Gender Gap: Women and EducationYoung females receive less education than young males in nearly every LDCClosing the educational gender gap is important, because：The rate of return on womens education is hig

10、her than that of men in developing countriesIt increases productivity and lowers fertilityEducated mothers have a multiplier impact on many generationsIt can break the vicious cycle of poverty （贫困的恶性循环）and inadequate schooling for womenTrends in gender parity in enrollment and literacy rates, 1990 a

11、nd 2005Male and Female Education Rates, 2004The Gender Gap: Women and EducationConsequences of gender bias in health and educationEconomic incentives and their cultural setting“Missing Women” mystery in AsiaIncrease in family income does not always lead to better health and educationEducational Syst

12、ems and DevelopmentThe Political Economy of educational supply and demand: the relationship between employment opportunities and educational demandsSocial versus private benefits and costsPrivate versus Social Benefits and Costs of Education: An IllustrationEducational Systems and DevelopmentDistrib

13、ution of educationLorenz curves for the distribution of educationEducation Inequality and PovertyLorenz Curves for Education in India and South Korea, 1990Gini Coefficients for Education in 85 Countries, 1990Health Systems and DevelopmentMeasurement and distributionLife Expectancy in Various World R

14、egionsUnder-5 Mortality Rates in Various World RegionsProportion of Children under 5 Who Are Underweight, 1990 and 2005Proportion of Under-Five Children Who Are Underweight, by Household Wealth, around 2008Deaths of Children under Age 5Childrens Likelihood to Die in Selected CountriesHealth Systems

15、and DevelopmentDisease burdenHIV/AIDSMalaria (疟疾)Parasitic Worms（寄生虫） and Other “Neglected Tropical Diseases”Regional HIV and AIDS Statistics, 2006The Major Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ranked by Prevalence蛔虫病、鞭虫病、十二指肠虫、血吸虫、丝虫病、沙眼、盘尾丝虫病、利什曼病(尤指黑热病)、 麻疯病、麦地那龙线虫、锥虫病、Health Systems and DevelopmentHealth and ProductivityIs there a connection?Health Systems PolicyGreat variability in the performance of health systems at each income levelAdult Stature by Birth CohortWages, Education,