非限定性定语从句和反义问句 完整版课件PPT

1、牛津版高一Module 1Unit 3Grammar and usageNon-restrictive attributive clauses非限制性定语从句Finish the attributive clauses below:1. Thelesson_ we studied yesterdaywashardtounderstand. 2.Youcantakeanybook_ interests youbest.thatwhich / that Practice3.Peopleliketoliveinaplace_ theres fresh air and little noise.4.T

2、hegirl_ you saw at the meeting isawell-known swimmer.5.Heistheveryworker_ picture we sawinthenewspaperyesterday.6.Hewasveryhappyontheday_ he enteredtheuniversity.wherewhom / thatwhoseon whichwhen / 7.Ineverreallyunderstandthereason _hemadesuchaserious mistake.8.Dontreadsuchbooks_youcannot understand

3、.9.Isthatthestudent_ youlent your dictionary?towhomwhyas10.Isthisthenewnovel_you havetalkedsomuch?11.Thelittlehero,_hasgivenhislife for his country, willalways liveinthe heart of thepeople.whowhich / thatWhats the difference between No. 10 and No. 11? No. No. 10 is a restrictive clause while No. 11

4、with a comma is a non-restrictive clause.Question:1.定语从句(attributive clauses)通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词有: which(指物), that(既可指人又可指物), who(指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语), whom (指人，在定语从句中作宾语),whose(指人或物，作定语)等。关系副词有: when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因)等。Explanation2. 定语从句分为限制性定语从句(restrictive )和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive)两种。限制性定

5、语从句紧跟先行词,与先行词之间一般不加逗号；非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号分开。Try to find the attributive clauses in the Reading section on 43 and tell their functions.restrictive attributive clauses:1. They contain a harmful chemical that caused my liver to fail.Practice2. We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look, should we?3. This

6、 is really a touching storya stranger who donated part of his liver to a girl he doesnt even know!1. My mother, whom you met last year, keeps telling me not to take them because they are dangerous.2. Im taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less, which are quite popular among young women here.non-rest

7、rictive attributive clauses:3. Then the doctor found someone in your country, whose name is Li Dong, was an exact match for me. 4. Its the same in Chinamany people, some of whom are not overweight at all, are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills, which are often dangerous.Differences bet

8、ween the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.DiscussionLook at the following examples and tell the differences between the sentences.1. His father, who works in Beijing, came back yesterday.2. Shanghai, which is in East China, is developing rapidly.Example 1Conclusion 1当先行词是地名、人名、世界上

9、独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。1. I have a sister who / that works in a hospital. 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2. I have a sister, who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。Example 2不只一位姐姐只有一位姐姐3. The magazines here which / that have nice pictures in them were written by him. 里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4. The magazines here, whi

10、ch have nice pictures in them, were written by him. 所有的杂志都是他写的, 里面都有漂亮的图画。杂志有两类杂志只有一类Conclusion 21. 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的部分,如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明确。 2. 非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充或说明,去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。This is the house (which/ that )we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。2. The house, which we bought last month, is very

11、nice. 这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。Example 3限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句3. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没领会我的意思, 这使我心烦。非限制性定语从句Conclusion 31. 限制性定语从句可以由关系代词,关系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时可以省略。2. 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导且关系代词不可以省略。1. The famous basketball star, _ comes from America, will

12、visit our school soon.2. In those days, she used to go to Mr black,with _ she had a wonderful time.3. I bought a car yesterday, _ cost me a lot.whichwhomwho Practice4. Xian, _I visited last year, is a nice old city.5. He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy.6. The school, _ I once stu

13、died, was built thirty years ago.whichwherewhen7. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.8. _ we all know, he is good at English.Aswhich非限制性定语从句考点归纳：as 和which引导非限制性定语从句, 代替整个主句。1. As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history. 众所周知，中国是一个历史悠久的国家。Example:2. She is

14、a teacher, as is clear from her manner. 她是个教师, 这一点从她的举止可以清楚地看出。3. He missed the show, which was really a great pity. 他错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。4. He invited me to dinner, which made me very happy. 他请我吃饭，这使我很高兴。Conclusion1. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时, as和which可代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从

15、句中都可以作主语和宾语。2. as和which引导非限制性定语从句的不 同之处在于：(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。另外,as引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思。 PracticeAlice received an invitation from her boss, _ came as a surprise.2. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was

16、more than we could expect. 3. _ is expected, the England team won the football match.Aswhichwhich4. It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.5. _ we can see, the smoke came from the little dustbin.whichAsII. all / some/ of + whom / which引导非限制性定语从句Example:He has told us many st

17、ories, all of which are about the famous Long Match.2. The students of Class 1, some of whom came from Japan, went camping yesterday.Conclusion 在非限制性定语从句中,一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如 all/ some/ one/ both/ neither/ none/ any/ either/ any 等可与 of 构成介词词组修饰限制先行词,此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语,关系代词不可用that。如先行词指人则用whom，如先行词指物则

18、用which引导从句。1. Many students in this school, some of which are not overweight, are going on diets.2. There are 54 students in my class and ten of whom come from US.whomCorrection:them3. Half a million pairs of shoes are produced by the workers here every year, 80% of whom are sold abroad. 4. I have m

19、any friends in this town, some of which are businessman. 5. I am doing different types of exercises, all of them are quite helpful to my health.whichwhich 或 all 前加andwhomHelen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him. A. who B. that C. what D. wh

20、ich2. The English play, _ my students acted at the New Years party ,was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which3. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that4. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no lo

21、nger what it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. A. when B. which C. what D. that5. The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _is often the case in other countries. A. it B. that C. as D .so6. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _was ve

22、ry reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose7. Mr. Smith will move into his new house next Sunday, _ it will be completely finished. A. by the time B. on that time C. on which D. by which time8. Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _ leading actor is world-famo

23、us? A .its B .its C. whose D. which9. Is there a department store around _ I can get a birthday present for my daughter? Yes, just across the street. A. here B which C. where D. it10. Jiuzhaigou Valley is a most famous place of interest,_ I will never forget in my life. A. it B. that C. one D. what1

24、. This is one of the most interesting films _ shown last week. This is the very one of the most interesting films _ shown last week. A. which was B. that was C. which were D. that wereBDComparison2. He has two sons, _ are college students. He has two sons, and _ are college students. A. both of whic

25、h B. both of whomC. both of them D. both of itCB 3. He still lives in the room _ window faces to the east. He still lives in the room, the window _ faces to the east. He still lives in the room _ is in the north of the city. He still lives in the room _ there is a beautiful table. A. which B. whose

26、C. where D. of whichCADB4. _ we all know, China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known that China is rich in natural resources. _ is well-known, China is rich in natural resources. A. Which B. As C. It D. ThatBCB5. Is this museum _ he visited last month? The teacher tells us that _ cleans the

27、 blackboard is to be praised. A. that B. the one C. which D. the one whoBDHomework 1. Go over the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.2. Finish the exercises of Part A and B on p48-49 in your textbook.3. Finish Part C1 on P96 in your workbook.Question tagsDo you often say “I love you

28、” to your parents? How do you say that?Sometimes you may ask them:You love me, dont you?1. What are question tags?Question tags are short questions that come at the end of statements. Discussion2. Look at the following examples and tell in what different situations the question tags are used. Exampl

29、e 1: Its a lovely day, isnt it?Situation 1: to start a conversationExample 2: Neither of you has heard the news, have you? Situation 2: to request information in a more polite way.Example 3: Pass the knife on the table to me, will you? Situation 3: to soften an order or a request for someone to do s

30、omething.Situation 4:1. to ask for agreement, using a falling tone. (The speaker is sure about what is said.)2. to ask for confirmation, using a rising tone. (The speaker is not sure about what is said.)Example 4:1. Youre a high school student, arent you? 2. Youre a high school student, arent you?Tr

31、y to find the question tags in the Reading section on 43 and tell the situations and tones.Practice:1. Looking good is important to women, isnt it?I was lucky, wasnt I?We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look, should we?ExamplesAll the question tags above are used to ask for agreement by the writer

32、 and they should be read in a falling tone.Conclusion:DiscussionPair work 1. What are the two kinds of question tags? Positive question tags and negative question tags.2. How are question tags formed? Usually a negative question tag is used at the end of a positive statement; a positive question tag

33、 is used at the end of a negative statement.Formation of question tags:Neither of you will have coffee, will you?No one has found my CD, have they?Nobody understood his speech, did they?His sister seldom argues with people, does she?Example 1When the main clause uses negative words like neither, non

34、e, nobody, nothing, few, little, never, hardly or seldom, it is followed by a positive question tag.Conclusion 1e.g. There are a group of little children in the museum, _ ?arent thereWhat does the word “little” mean here? “Small or young” rather than “almost no”.AttentionQuestionIm late, arent I?Pet

35、er often helps the old man, doesnt he?Everyone has advised you not to go on a diet, havent they?We use a personal pronoun like I, we, you, he, she, it or they in a question tag.Example 2Conclusion 2Example 3Conclusion 3You like traveling, dont you?You cant speak Italian, can you?There is something w

36、rong, isnt there?We use an auxiliary verb, model verb or be in a question tag.Example 4Conclusion 4Post a letter for me, will you?Lets have a break, shall we?Let us go home now, will you?After an imperative clause, we use will you. After Lets, we use shall we.Example 5I think everyone will be intere

37、sted in these books, wont they?I guess they havent heard about the plan, have they?I dont suppose Tom went back home yesterday, did he?Conclusion 5When the main clause of the sentence begins with I think / suppose / guess / believe / imagine and is followed by an object clause introduced by that, th

38、e question tags are formed according to the object clause.1. I told him that you had finished the work, _?2. You think he comes from Japan, _?3. He doesnt guess you are right, _?4. We dont imagine that he has lied to us, _?do wedoes hedont youdidnt IPracticeExample 6Conclusion 6Hes a very good teach

39、er, isnt he?Youd watch the football match rather than go to the party, wouldnt you?Remember s= is or has, and d=had or wouldExample 7 1. I must hand in my exercise book now, mustnt I (neednt I)? 2.You mustnt take the magazine out of the reading-room, mustnt you?Conclusion 7 1.当陈述部分带有情态动词must时，反义疑问部分

40、要根据must的意思不同而有所变化。如果must表示“必须”或“有必要”时，反义疑问部分用mustnt或neednt.2.如果mustnt表示“禁止”时，疑问部分一般用must.Example 8He must be your English teacher, isnt he?The professor must be working in the laboratory, isnt he?Chinese must have the largest number of speaker , doesnt it?You must have been there before, havent you?

41、He must have read the book yesterday, didnt he?Conclusion8 若must表示“想必”，“一定”等推测意义时，疑问部分不用must,而要根据must 之后的动词结构及含义使用相应的动词形式。 Example 9Nothing could prevent him from going there,could it?Conclusion9 当陈述部分的主语为nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时，反义疑问部分的主语用it.Example10 Somebody took my umbrella away yesterd

42、ay,didnt they/he?conclusion10 如果陈述部分的主语为noboby,someboby,none,someone,no one,anyone等不定代词时，反义疑问部分的主语用they/he.Example11 Neither of them knew his address, did they?Example12 Im late, arent I?Example 13 What a fine day today, isnt it?Example14 I wish to use your computer, may I?Example15Youd better stay

43、healthy, hadnt you? Youd like to go to the party, wouldnt you?Example16What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?To master a foreign language isnt easy, is it?Conclusion16Example17He dislikes chicken, doesnt he?Conclusion17 如果陈述部分含有un-,in-,im-,ir-,dis-,等否定前缀构成的派生词时，该陈述部分仍作肯定处理，疑问部分用否定形式

44、。Tips about using question tags:Take note of:the kind of verb (auxiliary / modal verb / other verbs ) the tense of the verb / verb agreementAnswers to question tags.What a cool boy, isnt he?Yes,he is. 陈述句和简略问句的情态动词或助动词一般要保持一致，但也有特殊情况： used to have have to ought to must (必须) must（必要） must have done(对

45、过去某一时间的事情的推测) usednt/didnthavent/dontdontoughtnt needntmustntdidntmust have done(对发生在过去但对现在造成影响的动作进行推测) must not(表示禁止) musthaventmayPractice time1. Why does she always ask you for help? There is no one else she can turn to,_? A. is there B. is it C. can she D. does she2. There was a loud scream from

46、 the backstage immediately after the concert ended, _? A. wasnt there B. was there C. didnt it D. did itPractice3. There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, _? A. didnt they B. dont they C. mustnt they D. havent they4. Bills aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette a

47、dvertising on TV is illegal, _? A. isnt it B. is it C. isnt he D. is he . 完成下列反义疑问句。 1. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, _? 2. I dont suppose that he will come in time, _? 3. They must have gone there two days ago,_? 4. Wed better ask the teacher for advice, _?wont therewill hed

48、idnt theyhadnt we5. He has never been to America,_?6. They could hardly believe his words,_?7. She used to like fish,_?8.You have nothing else to say,_?9. There was no water in the glass,_?10. Everyone likes to live a happy life, _?11. Have a cup of coffee,_?12. Lets go out,_?has hecould theyusednt

49、she/ didnt shehave youwas theredoesnt he/dont theywill youshall we13. You have to go to see a doctor,_?14. He must be a worker,_?15. Nothing could make him change his mind, _?16. Neither of them knew the way,_? 17. Im late, _?18. What a good book,_?19. What they need is more pratice,_?20. To learn E

50、nglish well isnt easy,_?21. She dislikes maths,_?dont youisnt hecould itdid theyarent Iisnt itisnt itis itdoesnt sheThose who have developed hobbies never need to worry about how to kill time,_? A. do they B. need they C. havent they D. dont they2. When youve finished with that book, dont forget to

51、put it back on the shelf,_? A. do you B. dont you C.will you D. wont youAC3. We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us enter,_? A. do you B.can we C. will you D. shall we4. Sarah had her washing repaired the day before yesterday,_she? A. had B. did C. hadnt D. didntCD5. His wife had the fron

52、t door painted green yesterday, _she? A. did B. had C. didnt D. hadnt6.There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended,_? A. wasnt there B.was there C. didnt it D. did it CA7. Bills aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illeagal,_? A. isnt it

53、 B. is it C. isnt he D. is he8. He never said that he was good at mathematics ,_? A. was he B. wasnt he C. did he D. didnt heAC9. I dont suppose anyone will volunteer,_? A. do I B.dont I C. will they D. wont they10. If you want helpmoney or anything, let me know,_you? A. dont B. will C. shall D. doC

54、B11. You had one of your teeth pulled out yesterday,_? A. had you B. isnt you C. doesnt you D. didnt you12. If I knew the answer, I wouldnt be asking,_? A. didnt I B. did I C. would I D. wouldnt IDCLanguage points1. considerNow he is considering taking some pills,which he thinks will make him become

55、 stronger. ( Page 49, line 7 )释义： a. think about 考虑, 思考 b. be of the opinion, regard as 认为,以为c. take into account 顾虑, 体谅 consider (doing ) sthconsider sb as / to beconsider it +adj./ n + for sb. to doconsider的常见用法consider sb that clause / wh-clause我们已经考虑了今天下午去科技馆。 We have _ _this afternoon.2. 我认为你不该

56、为之受责备。 I consider _ _. considered going to the science museum that you are not to blame for it完成下列句子的英文翻译：3. 他们认为你很热心。 They consider _ _.4. 我们认为这件事不重要。 We consider _ _. this matter (as) unimportant you to be warm-hearted5. 这个科学家被认为发明了一种新型电话。 This scientist_ _.6. 我们认为他这样做是自私的。 We consider _. is consi

57、dered to have invented a new type of telephone it selfish for him to do soaffecteffecteffortofferresult, impressionhold out, put forwardtrying hardhave an influence on2. affect / effect / effort / offer1. All the people there were _ to tears.2. Kate was much _ by the sad news.3. The book had a great

58、 _on his future.affectedaffectedeffectaffect / effect / effort / offerPractice4. He used to _ me black bread for lunch.5. Jim will make more _ to learn English well.offerefforts3. recognize / realize释义：know, identify again; 认识,认出 be willing to accept . as in the past; 承认,认可 be prepared to admit;自认,知道 acknowledge; 公认,赏识常见用法: recognize sb/ sth. recognizeas