四级英语讲座9：强调、省略、特殊句式

1、四级英语语法讲座强调结构I. 知识点及考点分析四级考试中的强调结构通常考的是句型it be + 被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语）+ that。1.一般说来，被强调部分指人时用who，whom，指物时用that（但that亦可指人）。但在考试中只能用that。强调句中的it和先行词it 的区别2. 强调句中的it和先行词it 的区别：可用恢复原句来判别，即是把It is (was) that取消，剩下的仍能组成一个完整的句子，就是强调句型，否则就不是。 -It is there that accidents often happen. It is thatThere accidents often

2、 happen. 这个强调句强调的是地点状语there -It is clear that not all boys like football. 去掉It is that Clear not all boys like football.强调句中的it和先行词it 的区别剩下的句子不完整，因此不是强调句，而是由作先行词it引导的一个主语从句-John wore his best suit to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚穿者他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会我们即可用强调结构来强调句中的主语、宾语和状语： It was John who (that) wore his be

3、st suit to the dance last night. 是约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会的。（强调主语） It was his best suit (that) John wore to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚是穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会 的。（强调宾语） It was last night (that)John wore his best suit to the dance.(强调状语last night) 约翰是昨晚穿着他最好的衣参加晚会的。 It was to the dance that John wore his best suit

4、 last night(to the dance)约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服是去参加舞会的 （强调状语to the dance） 3. notuntil句型的强调句It is (was) not until +被强调部分+that+其它成分 -He didnt go to bed until (till) ten oclock. It was not until ten Oclock that he went to bed.（强调句） -Regular radio broadcasts didnt begin till (until)1920. It was not until 1920 t

5、hat regular radio broadcasts began.（强调句） 本句型只用until，不用till，但如果不是强调句型，till, untill可通用 本句型也可用倒装句表示 -Li ming didnt watch TV till (until) he finished his homework. Not until hefinished his home work did Li ming watch TV.=Only when he finished his ho0mework did Li Ming watch TV. 强调结构 Whatis /was结构这种结构比较简

6、练用于强调主语和宾语：-I like travelling. Travelling is what I like. -My back hurts. What hurts is my back.- I want this hat. This hat is what I want. What I want is this hat.-You need a good rest. A good rest is what you need. What you need is a good rest.四级真题强调结构1_ that the trade between the two countries re

7、ached its highest point. (89/1/42)A) During the 1960s B) It was in the 1960s C) That it was in the 1960s D) It was the 1960sB) 题意：“就再20世纪60年代，两国之间的贸易达到了最高点”。 解析：It was in the 1960s能与之构成完整的强调句型，用以强调事情发生的时间in the 1960s。2. _she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist. (90/1/48)A) That was fr

8、om Stephen B) It was Stephen whom C) It was from Stephen that D) It was Stephen thatC) 题意：“她是从斯蒂芬那儿第一次听说被称为专家的那个人”。解析：本句是用It was that 这种强调句型强调句中做状语的短语from Stephen。 3. _ she realized it was too late to go home.(00/1/61)A) It was not until dark that B) Hardly did it grow dark thatC) No sooner it grew

9、dark than D) Scarcely had it grown dark than4. It wasnt such a good dinner _ she had promised us. (90/1/43)A) that B) which C) as D) what C) 注意本题不是强调句型，而是it作为普通代词。本题的实际考点是as。 A四级英语语法讲座省 略省略省略有多种手法，在四级常见的是 从句中主语和谓语的部分省略（特别是动词be的省略）省略可使句子简洁避免重复，被机械删去的赘述部分可以填回原处。 Look out for cars when（you are） crossin

10、g the street.过街时注意车辆。 When (it is) compared, the power station will have nine 72000 kw. Generators. 建成之后这个发电站将有九台七万二千千瓦的发电机。 While (he is) there he joined in voluntary labor on a project. 他在那里时参加了一项工程的义务劳动。 Remain one of the common people while (you are) serving as officials. 既当官，又当老百姓。 If ( it is)

11、not well managed, irrigation can be harmful. 如果管理不当灌溉还可能有害 Though (they are) reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity. 虽然他们人数减少了，战斗力却加强了 With our tactics, no enemy, however (he is ) powerful, can cope with us. 以我们的战术，不管多强大的敌人都对付不了我们。 She hurriedly left the room as though (he is) angry. 她

12、急匆匆地走出房去，好象很生气的样子。 She worked extremely hard though (she is) still rather poor in health. 尽管身体还很不好，他仍极其努力地工作。省略 She told the children not to talk while ( they are)eating.她让孩子们吃饭时别说话。 She advised me not to say anything until (I am asked) asked. 她劝我别说什么，除非有人要我说。 If (it is) necessary Ill have the lette

13、r duplicated. 如有必要，我请人把信复写一下Filling the blanks with articles where( it is) necessary.在空格中必要的地方填入冠词If (it is) possible, I should like to have two copies of it.可能的话我希望有两本。As ( it is) scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy. 他们按原定计划于一月二十日在中国大使馆见了面。They will try to put the plan into pra

14、ctice as quickly as (it is) possible。 他们将尽快把这计划付诸实施。 省略四级英语语法讲座特殊句式特殊句式特殊句式往往含有特殊的含义，它们既是词汇语法中的考查点，也是阅读理解、完型填空和翻译试题中的考查点、难点。本节对四级试题中常出现的固定句式进行归纳并详细讲解它们的用法。 1.rather than 而不是；与其不如rather than连词，用以连接同类词语，以表示“(是) 而不是”，“与其不如”，着重客观上的差别。请看下列全真题例句：Thats why teachers often encourage the early use of dictiona

15、ries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability. (91/06 -Passage 1) 题意：这就是为什么教师常常鼓励学生尽早使用辞典并把注意力放在写作内容上而不是写作技巧上。We were struck by the extent to which teachers decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the students. (96/06-35) 题意：教师们的决定为学校利益服务而不是为学生利益服务的程度让我们吃惊

16、。rather thanNuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _ harm them. (93/06 53)A) more than B) other than C) rather than D) better thanC 四个选项意思分别为 A) more than超出，多于；B) other than不同于；除了；C) rather than而不是； D) better than优于，空格前说：“核科学的发展应有利于人民”，空格后说：“危害人民”。空格处应是表示“而不是”的词语意思才完整。英语中表达“而不是”可以

17、用rather than， 所以选项C是答案。这里的rather than是一个连接词。题意：核科学的发展应有益于人民，而不是危害人民。 例句1 He is a writer rather than a teacher . 他不是老师而是作家。（他是作家而不是老师。）2 He lay rather than sat in his chair. 与其说他是坐在椅子里，不如说是躺在椅子里。3The freckles over her nose were an added attraction rather than otherwise.她鼻子上的雀斑不但无损容貌，反而使她更加娇媚动人。（注意要点：

18、rather than后为否定的成分，即“不是”。）ratherthan “宁可而不”,“宁愿”，表示主观上的抉择。例如:I would rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than share a room with someone else. 55)I would rather read than watch television. 我宁愿看书也不愿看电视。(97.01-42) We would rather die than surrender. 我们宁死不降rather thanRather than cause tro

19、uble, he left. 他宁可走开而不愿惹麻烦。rather than 用于“prefer + 不定式”后面时，应接一个不带to的不定式，即动词原型。He prefers to work rather than remain idle. 他宁愿工作也不愿闲散。Sydney would prefer to live in a small village rather than live in a big city. Sydney愿意住在小村庄里而不愿住在大城市里。 Rather than John do it, I would prefer to do the job myself. 与其

20、让约翰干这件事，我宁肯自己动手。rather than2. more A than B 与其说是B, 倒不如说是A 例句The children are more frightened than hurt. 这孩子与其说是受伤，倒不如说是受到惊吓。He seemed old to me , more like a grandfather than a father . 我总感到他长相老, 更像祖父而不是父亲。（注意要点：more 后的成分为“是”的东西，than 的意思像当于“not ”。）3. more than1) 超出，超过的It is not unusual for workers i

21、n that region _. (95/01/55)A) to be paid more than a month late. B) to be paid later than more a month C) to pay later than a month more. D) to pay late more than a month答案A） 题意：这一地区工人的工资经常被拖欠达一个月以上。I like watching TV _ the cinema. (91.06/50)A) more than to go B) than going C) more than going D) rat

22、her than to go 答案C） 题意：与看电影相比，我更喜欢看电视。The little man was _ one meter fifty high. (97/01/36)almost more than B) hardly more than C) nearly more thanD) as much as答案B） 题意：这个矮个子身高不到一米五。Fifty years ago, wealth people liked hunting wild animals for fun _ sightseeing. (01/06/47)than to go B) rather than to

23、 go C) more than goingD) other than going答案C） 题意：五十年前，有钱人狩猎多为娱乐而非游历观光。 例句The story is really more than I could believe. 这故事我实在不能相信。3. more than1) 超出，超过的more than 2)（口语）十分，非常，极其句型：more than happy / glad / willing etc. to do sth 非常愿意做某事例1 They were more than willing to help. 他们非常愿意帮忙。例2 I am more than

24、 pleased . 我是十二分高兴4.do more than +不带to的不定式In the course of day students do far more than just _ classes.A) attend B) attended C) to attend D) attending 答案A） 题意：在这一天里，学生所做的远不止只是听课。解析：than引出的是比较状与从句，从句的结构应与前面的主句相符，所以A是答案。选D项attending是由于对比较句的结构不熟悉， 误以为than后面 要用动名词。 than可引出比较从句，从句中也可以有所省略。选C to attend与前

25、面对应不上。选项B attended是过去时，意思更对不上。5. none other thannone other than 不是别的，正是, 原来是例1 Its none other than the manager himself. 正是经理本人。例2 Its none other than Jones. 不是别人，正是琼斯。6. no other than1) 同none other than，但更强调物。 例1. Its no other than this. (不是其他)正是这个。例2. Its no other than my best friend Smith. 正是我的好朋友

26、史密斯。2)（加强语气用）只有；除外没有例1. I have no other friends than you . 除了你我没有其他朋友。例2. The beaten enemy had no other choice than to surrender. 被打败的敌人只得投降。7 .other things being equal 如果其它条件情形都一样_, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

27、 (97/06/56) 答案A） 解析：结合选项来看，空格中应是一个表示条件的状语或是状语从句，表达“在其他条件相同的情况下”这一意思。选项A other things being equal是一个分词独立主格结构，可起条件状语的作用， 因此是本题答案。B项were other things equal (如果其他条件相等) 是一个虚拟语气条件句， 相当于if other things being equal, 但空格后面的句子用的是陈述语气，而不是虚拟语气。 所以选项B不是答案。C项To be equal to other things是动词不定式短语，可以做目的状语，但不能做条件状语。D项

28、的结构是不存在的。8. nothing more than (=only)8. nothing more than (=only) 不强于，与一模一样Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. （93/06-L2, P2）不断变化的时装无异于蓄意制造浪费。9. none but (= only) 只有When he arrived, he found _ the aged and the sick at home. (97/06/46) A) none but B) none other

29、than C) nothing but D) no other than答案A）题意：他到家时，发现家里只有老人和病人。They choose none but the best. 他们选人为贤。None but fools have ever believed it. 除非傻瓜才会相信它。 （注意要点：none but 和nothing but都表示除之外、没有，或只有的意思，none but通常后接人，而nothing but 后接物。）10. other than1）除了There is nobody here other than you.2) 不同于与不同；非 The truth i

30、s quite other than what you think. 事实真相和你想的完全不一样。例1 She performed other than perfectly. 她的表演远非尽善尽美。例2 do not wish him other than he is. 我不希望他与现在不同（改变现状）。（注意要点：other than第二个意思相当于 different from。四级考试中经常出现的意思是第一个“除了”。）11. 祈使句and陈述句= if , then Five minutes earlier, _ we could have caught the last train.

31、 （93/06/42） A) and B) but C) or D) so 答案A）题意：如果早五分钟，我们可以赶上最后一班火车。 解析：连词and前面部分表示一种条件，相当于if从句的功能，and后面的部分是结果。这种结构的前面部分一般用祈使句，有时也可能是一个省略句，如本题。could have done sth表示“本可以做到而实际没有做到”。例句：1 Turn off the main road here and you will come to the lake.如果你在这儿离开大路就可以到达湖边。2 One more effort and we shall succeed. succeed. 再努力一把我们就会成功。12. in that（书面语） 因为，由于；在这一点上Liquids are like solids _ they have a definite volume. (95/06/58) A) in that B) for that C) with that D) at that答案A） 题意：本题空格前说液体和固体一样，后面部分说的是两者在哪方面一样。再如：Men differ from brutes in that they can think and