商务英语入门第五章-外教社修订版课件

1、高等学校英语拓展系列教程主 编：任书梅 王璐副主编：曹颖外语教学与研究出版社Chapter 5生产与运作Production and Operations Quality Management 质量管理Lecture Outline What Is Production and Operations? 什么是生产与运作？ Plant Location 厂址的选定 Production Processes 生产工艺 Materials Management, Purchasing and Inventory Control 物料管理、采购、库存控制 Controlling Production:

2、 Scheduling 控制生产：制订计划 Productivity 生产率 Modern Production Techniques 现代生产技术How do your parents or you make dumplings? Can you describe the whole process how to prepare, what ingredients are needed, how to make the fillings, and what the steps are that lead to the final products?How do the clothing fa

3、ctory, restaurant, and bakery respectively produce their products? Does the university also produce its products? Why?Lead-in Activities Second, make the dough. You should measure your wheat flour to go with the filling, put it in a container, pour water hit by bit, stir it to make it sticky, then l

4、et it rest for about 20 minutes. After that you can cut part of the dough and put it on board, knead it and cut it into small pieces. You press each piece with the palm of your hand slightly and then roll it with a rolling pin into a round piece.Additional InfoLead-in Activities How to Make Dumpling

5、s? Finally comes the stage of folding the dough to make dumplings. You should hold a dough piece horizontally in your left hand, put a suitable amount of filling onto the central part, fold the side around the filling, press the upper-central part of it firmly and make firm and nice lace from left t

6、o right around the fold edge to make your finished product better-looking and free from leakage. Additional InfoLead-in Activities How to Make Dumplings? What Is Production and Operations? Production Production is the process of transforming inputs such as raw materials into outputs such as goods an

7、d services. Production is not limited to the manufacture of goods; it applies to both the service and the manufacturing sectors of the economy. Manufacturing Operations Manufacturing means making goods by hand or with machinery as opposed to extracting things from the earth (mining, fishing); servic

8、es are not manufactured. Operations are the functions needed to keep the company producing, literally any function or series of functions introduced to carry out a strategic plan. What Is Production and Operations? Production Process Production process involves three phases: (1) input, (2) transform

9、ation, and (3) output.What Is Production and Operations? Inputs The inputs are those resources that will be needed to produce the desired goods or services. What Is Production and Operations? TransformationTransformation consists of those production activities that take the inputs and combine them i

10、n some special way to produce the output. What Is Production and Operations? OutputThe output is the final result of the production process. What Is Production and Operations?Plant LocationMost companies will choose a site based on suchimportant factors as: Customer location Source of raw materials

11、Labor supply Power and water Community environment Customer LocationFirms that must locate close to their customers are: those producing perishable items like bread and cake; those in industries where competitive advantage depends on rapid delivery; those that sell heavy or bulky products, such as b

12、ricks or automobiles. Plant Location Labor Supply All production operations require some manpower. Firms should locate their facilities at least within commuting distance of the people who will supply it. This is especially important in the case of those companies that need highly skilled people.Pla

13、nt Location Power and Water Some firms such as aluminum, chemical, and fertilizer companies must locate in areas having sufficient power to meet their needs. Other firms require a location near water, such as companies that make paper.Plant Location Community Environment In plant location the compan

14、y also needs to look at the services available in the community. Some cities and towns will offer low taxes. Others offer fine educational systems and comfortable living conditions, such as clean air, clean water, and a low cost of living. And some will provide special services to a business that wi

15、ll locate there, such as extending the city water and sewerage lines out to the plant for free.Plant Location When would you expect a firm to set up its plant close to its customers? Do all companies locate near their source of raw materials? Why or why not? Of the five factors listed in this sectio

16、n, which is most important in choosing the plant location?Plant Location Questions for DiscussionProduction ProcessesThere are several different processes that manufacturers use to produce goods. The manufacturing process means physically or chemically changes to materials. The assembly process puts

17、 together components to make a product.These two processes are called synthetic systems. Synthetic Process The synthetic process either converts raw materials into other products (manufacturing process) or combine raw materials or parts into a finished product (assembly process). Analytic Process An

18、 analytic process breaks down raw materials into components to extract other products.Production Processes Intermittent Process An intermittent production process uses the customers orders to produce goods. The process is not continuous. Manufacturers of custom-designed (为用户定制的) furniture would use

19、an intermittent process. Computers, robots, and flexible manufacturing processes allow firms to turn out custom-made goods.Production Processes Can you explain the differences among the following concepts: manufacturing process, assembly process, analytic process, continuous process, and intermitten

20、t process? Give examples to illustrate the production processes. Questions for DiscussionProduction Processes Materials Management MRP II, an advanced version of MRP that allows plants to include all the resources involved in the efficient making of a product, including projected sales, personnel, p

21、lant capacity, and distribution limitations. MRP II is called, in contrast, manufacturing resource planning (制造资源计划) because the planning involves more than just material requirements. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Materials Management Enterprise resource planning (ERP) (企业资源计划), the la

22、test version of MRP, is a computer-based production and operations system that links multiple firms into one integrated production unit. ERP is much more sophisticated than MRP II because it monitors processes in multiple firms at the same time. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Materials M

23、anagement Such programs will link suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers in a completely integrated manufacturing and distribution system that will be constantly monitored for the smooth flow of goods from the time that they are ordered to the time they reach the ultimate consumer.Material, Purchas

24、ing and Inventory Control Purchasing Purchasing is the function in the company that searches for quality material resources, locates the best suppliers, and negotiates the best price for quality goods and services. The relationship between suppliers and manufacturers is much closer, with suppliers o

25、ften locating their facilities near the manufacturer. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Purchasing The purchasing department is responsible for locating such suppliers, negotiating long-term contracts with them with the best price. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Inventory Contro

26、l Inventory refers to a list of goods and materials held available in stock. Manufacturing organizations usually divide their inventory into three parts:Materials and components scheduled for use in making a product;Materials and components that have begun their transformation to finished products;F

27、inished products that are ready for sale to customers.Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control One major cost of production is holding parts, motors, and other items in warehouses. To cut such costs, the Japanese implemented a concept called just-in-time (JIT) inventory control. The idea is to hav

28、e suppliers deliver their products “just in time” to go on the assembly line. A minimum of inventory is kept on the premises. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Inventory Control Inventory Control How JIT works? A manufacturer sets a production schedule using ERP and determines what parts an

29、d supplies will be needed. It then informs its suppliers of what will be needed. The suppliers must deliver the goods just in time to go on the assembly line. A bare minimum must be kept in storage just in case the delivery is held up for some reason.Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control The la

30、test version JIT II: there is much more sharing of information. An employee from the supplier may work full-time at the buyers plant handling the smooth flow of materials. ERP and JIT systems make sure the right materials are at the right place, at the right time, and at the lowest cost to meet both

31、 customer and production needs. Material, Purchasing and Inventory Control Inventory Control What is enterprise resource planning? What are its advantages compared to MRP and MRP II? Describe some advantages and disadvantages of just-in-time inventory control. How would you, as a manager in a large

32、firm with many plants, implement a JIT system? Questions for DiscussionMaterial, Purchasing and Inventory Control A schedule is a representation of the time necessary to carry out a particular task. A job schedule shows the plan for a particular job. It is created through reviews which determine the

33、 method and time required. Controlling Production: Scheduling Scheduling can have a major impact on the productivity of a process. The purpose of scheduling is to minimize the production time and costs, by telling a production facility what to make, when, with which staff, and on which equipment. A

34、master production schedule (总生产进度) will show when the manager plans to produce each product and in what quantities. Controlling Production: Scheduling In preparing a production schedule, attention needs to be paid to:delivery dates (when finished products are due);job schedules for each relevant pro

35、duction task;capacities of production sections or departments involved;efficiency of these production sections or departments;planned holidays.anticipated sickness/absenteeism/training;availability of raw materials, components and packaging.Controlling Production: Scheduling Scheduling PERT is a met

36、hod for analyzing the tasks involved in completing a given project, estimating the time needed to complete each task, and identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project.Controlling Production: Scheduling PERT Charts The steps involved in using PERT are: analyzing and sequencing ta

37、sks that need to be done;estimating the time needed to complete each task;drawing a PERT network illustrating the information from the first two steps;identifying the critical path.Controlling Production: Scheduling PERT Charts The critical path (关键路线)is the sequence of tasks that takes the longest

38、time to complete. This word critical is used in this term because a delay in the time needed to complete this path would cause the project or production line to be late.Controlling Production: Scheduling PERT ChartsControlling Production: Scheduling PERT Charts The minimum amount of time it will tak

39、e to produce this video is 15 weeks. To calculate that number, you add the week it takes to pick a star and a song, to the four weeks to design a set, the two weeks to purchase set materials, the six weeks to construct the set, the week before rehearsals, and the final week when the video is made. T

40、hats the critical path. Controlling Production: Scheduling PERT ChartsAdditional Info Any delay in that process will delay the final video. Delays in other processes (e.g., selection and choreographing dancers and costume design) wouldnt necessarily delay the video because there are more weeks in th

41、e critical path than are needed for those processes. Controlling Production: Scheduling PERT ChartsAdditional Info What should you take into consideration when you prepare a production schedule? Draw a PERT chart for making a breakfast of three-minute eggs, buttered toast, and coffee. Which process

42、would be the critical path, the longest process? Develop a PERT chart that depicts your plans for a college education. What events should be noted? Questions for DiscussionControlling Production: Scheduling Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are totally automated production centers that include ro

43、bots, automatic materials handling equipment, and computer-controlled machine tools that can perform a variety of functions to produce different products. A successful example is the National Bicycle Industrial Co., a subsidiary of Japanese electronic giant Matsushita.Modern Production Techniques Fl

44、exible Manufacturing SystemsModern Production Techniques Flexible Manufacturing SystemsAdditional InfoModern Production Techniques Flexible Manufacturing SystemsAdditional Info Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer technology to aid in the design and drafting (drafting involves the prod

45、uction of technical or engineering drawings and is the industrial arts sub-discipline that underlies technical endeavors) of a practical product or artistic creation. It allows designers to work in 3D.Modern Production Techniques Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing Computer-aided manufacturing (

46、CAM) is the use of computer software to controlmachine toolsand related machinery in the manufacturingof work pieces. CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a manufacturing plant, including planning, management, transportation and storage.Modern Production Techniq

47、ues Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing Benefits:CAD/CAM makes it possible to custom-design products to meet the needs of small markets with very little increase in cost.CAD has doubled productivity in many firms. Modern Production Techniques Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing Computer-inte

48、grated manufacturing (CIM) (计算机集成制造) is to design new software programs to unite CAD with CAM. It is themanufacturingapproach of usingcomputersto control the entire productionprocess. Through the integration of computers, manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone, although the main advantage

49、is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes. Modern Production Techniques Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing Computer-aided engineering (CAE) (计算机辅助工程) includes the designing and analysis of products, the programming of robots and machine tools, the designing of moulds and tools,

50、 and the planning of the production process and quality control. Modern Production Techniques Computer-aided Design and Manufacturing Lean manufacturing is the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production: less human effort less manufacturing space less investment in tool

51、s less engineering time to develop a new productModern Production Techniques Lean Manufacturing A company becomes lean by continuously increasing its capacity to produce high-quality goods while decreasing its need for resources. A robot is a computer-controlled machine capable of performing many ta

52、sks requiring the use of materials and tools. Modern Production Techniques Lean Manufacturing How does flexible manufacturing differ from lean manufacturing? Draw Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) have revolutionized the production process. Now, everything from cookies

53、 to cars can be designed and manufactured much more cheaply than before. Furthermore, customized changes can be made with very little increase in cost. What will such changes mean for the clothing industry, the shoe industry, and other fashion-related industries? How will you benefit as a consumer?

54、Questions for DiscussionModern Production Techniques Productivity means the amount of products or services produced with the resources used. A simple way to think of businesss productivity is in terms of:the amount of a product a company produces over a certain period of time the amount of a product

55、 a company sells over a certain period of time how quickly a company performs a certain service how many customers a company serves over a certain period of time Productivity The standard measurement of productivity is output per worker-hour, or the ratio between the number of hours worked to total

56、output. Output can be measured in terms of: volume; quantity of items produced; dollar value of items produced. Measurement of ProductivityProductivity Measurement for production workers: By dividing the total number of hours paid per month by the number of units produced, one could determine both t

57、he costs of production of a unit and the number of hours required to produce the unit. Measurement of ProductivityProductivity Measurement for service industries: Service industries can base productivity on the number of tasks performed or the number of customers processed per given period of time.

58、Measurement of ProductivityProductivity Other measures might be: whether the service delivered measured up to company, industry, or customer quality standards;whether certain deadlines were met, if applicable. Measurement of ProductivityProductivity Measurement for sales performance: The most effect

59、ive means by measuring each of these factors:The volume of sales in dollars per given unit of time;The number of calls made upon existing accounts;The number of new accounts opened;The dollar amount expended per sale. Measurement of ProductivityProductivity Other measures might be: determining the l

60、ength of time that an average worker needs to generate a given level of production. observing the amount of time that a group of employees spends on certain activities (such as production, travel, or idle time spent waiting for materials or replacing broken equipment). Measurement of ProductivityPro