英文段落写作进修学院二技应外四甲

1、英文段落寫作進修學院二技應外四甲授課老師：胡若菊1Unit 1The paragraph-A paragraph is a group of sentences about a topic. Students will learn how to organize and write the following kinds of paragraphs.-Descriptive paragraph In a descriptive paragraph the writer describes a person, a place, or a thing.-Example paragraph In a

2、n example paragraph the writer explains a topic by giving examples.2Unit 1 (cont)- Process paragraph In a process paragraph the writer explains how to do something step by step.- Opinion paragraph In an opinion paragraph the writer expresses his or her feelings, ideas, and opinions about a topic.- N

3、arrative paragraph In a narrative paragraph the writer tells a story.3Unit 2Formatting a paragraph:-Margins A paragraph must have a margin on the right and an margin on the left. This means that the paragraph begins 1 inch or 1 inches from the edge of the paper.-Spacing A paragraph should be double-

4、spaced. 4Unit 2 (cont)-Indenting The first sentence of a paragraph must be indented. This means that it begins five spaces in from the left margin. Indenting shows the reader that a new paragraph is beginning. On a computer, you can indent with the Tab key.-Connected Sentences The sentences in a par

5、agraph should follow each other. It is not a paragraph if every sentence begins on a new line. A well-supported paragraph has at least 5 sentences and often more.5Unit 2 (cont)- Title A paragraph by itself usually has a title. This is one word or a group of words that tells what the topic is.6Unit 3

6、Identifying the elements of a paragraph.Paragraph organization:-The topic sentence The topic sentence introduces the topic and tells what the writer will say about the topic.-The supporting sentences The sentences that follow further explain and support the topic sentence.-The concluding sentence Th

7、e concluding sentence often repeats the information in the topic sentence in a different way. 7Unit 4The topic sentence is usually the first or second sentence in a paragraph. It introduces a new idea. It presents the topic and explains what the writer will say about the topic. This explanation is c

8、alled the controlling idea.Examples: My friend (topic ) is an honest person (controlling idea). My friend (topic) is the funniest person I know (controlling idea). 8Unit 4 (cont)A topic sentence must not be a simple fact or a specific detail. The controlling idea must say something about the topic t

9、hat can then be supported, developed, or demonstrated in the supporting sentences. The controlling idea must also not be too general, or the topic sentence will be unclear.9Unit 4 (cont)Identifying topics and controlling ideasHiking is the best way to explore nature closely.My uncle had a frightenin

10、g experience as a young man.Text messaging has become popular among teenagers.Effective time management requires four easy steps.Every college student should take a computer course.10Unit 4 (cont)Writing topic sentencesUse each word or phrase below to write a topic sentence with a controlling idea.

11、Pets.A first dateA terrible teacherTennis11Unit 5Supporting sentences add information about the topic and the controlling idea. Supporting sentences can include definitions, explanations, and examples.Ex: Young people (topic) are too dependent on computers(controlling idea). Supporting definition De

12、pendence on computers means that young people cannot perform the normal tasks and functions of daily life without them. 12Unit 5 (cont)Supporting explanation In the old days, people memorized important information, but todays youth rely on their computers, cell phones, and PDAs to do assignments, re

13、cord numbers, and save important information. As a result, they can find themselves unprepared in an emergency such as electrical blackout. Once their batteries die, these people will not be able communicate. 13Unit 5 (cont)Supporting example For example, I do all my schoolwork on my computer. When

14、my computer crashed last week, I lost my only draft of an essay that was due the next day. As a result, I got a bad grade.14Unit 5 (cont)Identifying topic sentences and supporting sentences.For each set of sentences, write TS next to the topic sentence. Write SS next to the supporting sentence._ a.

15、Mosquitoes are attracted to heat. _ b. Mosquitoes will fly several miles to find food. _ c. Only the female mosquito bites. _ d. Mosquitoes are interesting insects._ a. One of my hobbies is listening to international music. _ b. I have a large collection of world music recordings. _ c. My friends an

16、d I like to introduce each other to new international artists we discover. _ d. I enjoy going to concerts by musicians from different countries.15Unit 6The concluding sentence of a paragraph usually reminds the reader of the topic and controlling idea of the paragraph. The concluding sentence restat

17、es the main idea. Ex: I love the color red. (Topic sentence) I like to live life in a strong way, so I think I will always admire the color red. (Concluding sentence) In addition to restating the main idea, the concluding sentence may:-warn the reader;-make a prediction;-give an opinion about the to

18、pic. 16Unit 6 (cont)In addition to restating the main idea, the concluding sentence may: -warn the reader; Ex: If you do not follow these steps, you may not get the grade that you want. -make a prediction; Ex: The automotive industry will change, and soon everyone will be driving pollution-free cars

19、. -give an opinion about the topic. Ex: Some people might disagree, but I think lamb is the best meat for grilling.17Exercises 1(Unit 1-Unit 6)Read the topic sentences below. Writes SS next to the three supporting sentences and write CS next to the concluding sentence.The best way to see San Francis

20、co is by walking._ a. When you explore San Francisco by foot, you can experience all the city has to offer._ b. When you walk, you experience the different smells of the restaurants, the plants and sometimes the ocean._ c. You can stop and look in the windows of shops or sit on a bench for a short w

21、hile and look at interesting people._ d. In a car or a bus, you cannot stop easily if you see something interesting because parking is difficult.18Exercise 1 (cont)2. An egg taco takes only five minutes to make. _ a. Your delicious egg taco is ready to eat in just a few minutes. _ b. Heat a flour to

22、rtilla in a small amount of water. _ c. Scramble two eggs with a little salt and pepper. _ d. When the eggs are done, slide them into the warm tortilla and fold it over. 3. I enjoy the riverwalk in San Antonio. _ a. The riverswalk is lower than the streets of the city. _ b. You can walk down stairs

23、to a canal with a stone path and plants on each side. _ c. There are many shops, restaurants and hotels along the path. _ d. The riverwalk is a pleasant place to spend an afternoon or evening in San Antonio.19Exercise 1 (cont)Examining concluding sentencesCircle the word that best describes each of

24、the concluding sentences below.If you follow these steps, you will never lose your keys again.Prediction b. opinion c. warning2. Students who are not careful with credit cards can go into debt quickly.Prediction b. opinion c. warning3. Venice, Italy, is the most beautiful city in the world.a. Predic

25、tion b. opinion c. warning20Unit 7A paragraph must have unity. A paragraph has unity when all the sentences support a single idea.The paragraph must have one controlling idea in the topic sentence. Otherwise the paragraph loses focus.The supporting sentences must support or explain the controlling i

26、dea with examples, details, steps, or definitions. Otherwise, the paragraph will not be about one single idea.The concluding sentence should restate the idea in the topic sentence. Otherwise the main idea might not be clear.21Unit 7 (cont)Topic sentence: My friend Macarena is generous. Supporting se

27、ntences: She often lets travelers stay in her home. She has hosted man students temporarily. She sends money to her family in Chile every month to help them with their bills. She always brings flowers or food to her friends when they are sick or have a need. Concluding sentence: Macarena is one of t

28、he most generous people I know. Note that all the sentences are about Macarenas generosity. A sentence about the way she looks or about her job will not support the unity of the paragraph unless it somehow relates to Macarenas generosity.22Exercise 2 (Unit 7)Read the following topic sentences. Put a

29、 check next to each sentence below that supports the topic sentence.I am a organized person._ a. My desk is always neat and tidy._ b. I have a system for organizing my papers, and I can always find what I need._ c. I feel uncomfortable when I am in a strange environment._ d. My friends always want m

30、e to jelp them put their closets in order.23Exercise 3 (cont)2. Twenty questions is an easy game to play when you are traveling._ a. The person who is “it” must think of a person, place, or object._ b. Sometimes people travel by car, and sometimes by train or airplane._ c. It is very important to tr

31、avel with people that you get along with._ d. The other players take turns asking questions that can only be answered with yes” or “no”.24Unit 8A paragraph must also have coherence. This means that the supporting details are organized so that information that goes together appears together. Writers

32、often use time, space, or order of importance to present the supporting information in a paragraph coherently. 25Unit 8 (cont)The following example is organized by space. When you drive into the airport, you will see many signs for the different terminals. After you pass the signs, you will drive ov

33、er a hill. The airport is on the other side of the hill. On your right, you will see the international terminal. This terminal is two stories tall. The front is all glass. On the left, you will see the domestic terminals.26Unit 9A sentence is a statement that expresses a complete idea. Sentences for

34、m the building blocks of written communication. They include affirmative statements, negative statements, and questions. A complete sentence must have a subject and a verb.Exercises of identifying subjects and verbs.27Exercise 4 (Unit 8-Unit 9)Writing simple sentencesAnswer each question below in a

35、complete sentence. What sports do you enjoy?_Where do you live? _What do you like to do on the weekends? _4. Where do you study? _5. What kind of food do you like? _6. Who do you enjoy spending time with? _28Unit 10Punctuation and capitalization-The first word in a sentence is always capitalized.-A

36、complete sentence can end in a period.-A question ends with a question mark.-Occasionally, writers use an exclamation mark to give emphasis to a sentence.Every sentence must have a subject and a verb and express a complete idea. A sentence that is missing a subject or a verb is incomplete. It is cal

37、led a fragment.29Exercise 5 (Unit 10)Identifying and correcting fragmentsDecide whether each fragment below is missing a subject or a verb. Then rewrite it so that it is correct.Some food very spicy. _2. Corn my favorite vegetable. _3. Is very bright in the afternoon. _30Unit 11Two sentences that ru

38、n together without correct punctuation between them are called run-on sentences. One way to correct a run-on sentence is to put a period between the sentences. Another way is to add a comma and a connecting word.Exercise of correcting fragments and run-on errors.31Exercise 6 (Unit 11)Identifying and

39、 correcting run-on sentencesCorrect the following run-on sentences by rewriting them on the blanks below.I am a full-time student, I live in a great apartment near campus. _2. There are mice living underneath my house they make a lot of noise at night. _32Exercise 6 (cont)3. I used to eat rice and v

40、egetables for breakfast now I eat cereal and milk. _4. I do not drive, I ride the bus. _5. I am saving money for a bicycle I also want to buy a camera. _33Unit 12Exercise 1 identifying the elements of a paragraph.Exercise 2 identifying topic sentences and supporting sentences.Exercise 3 evaluating c

41、oncluding sentences.Exercise 4 editing a paragraph. Cross out the two sentences that do not support the topic sentence.Exercise 5 identifying subjects and verbs.Exercise 6 practicing with end punctuation.Exercise 7 identifying and correcting fragments.Exercise 8identifying and correcting run-on sent

42、ences.34Unit 13Descriptive Paragraphs-In a descriptive paragraph, the writer uses words that create an image and help the reader see, touch, feel, smell, or taste the topic that he or she is describing.-A descriptive paragraph describes a person, place, or thing so that the reader can picture it in

43、his or her mind.-The topic sentence in a descriptive paragraph introduces the item that the writer will describe. It may also include the writers general feeling or opinion about the item. -The supporting sentences give some background information about the item. They also give descriptive details a

44、bout the item. The supporting sentences may also describe in more detail how the writer feels about the item.-The concluding sentence restates the idea in the topic sentence using different words.35Unit 13(cont)The following article is a sample descriptive paragraph.My Special Treasure My special tr

45、easure is a picture of my mother on her fifteenth birthday. This picture was always in my house when I was growing up. Years later, when I got married and moved to Montreal, my mother gave it to me so that I would always remember her. Now it sits on the table next to my bed. I look at it and imagine

46、 my mothers life on that day. I think she was excited because her eyes are shining with happiness. Her smile is shy as if she were thinking about a secret. She is standing next to a rose bush, and the roses are taller than she is. (to be continued)36Unit 13 (cont)She is wearing a beautiful white lac

47、e dress and black shoes. Her hair is long and curly. She looks lovely in this peaceful place and I feel calm when I gaze into her eyes at the end of my busy day. This picture of my mother is my most valuable possession.37Unit 14Using Specific Language-Using specific language in descriptive writing h

48、elps give the reader a clear mental image of what something looks, feels, sounds, or smells like. Example 1:(General Sentence) He bought a vehicle.(Sentences with Specific Language) He bought a 1965 Cadillac.Example 2:(General Sentence) We heard a noise.(Sentences with Specific Language) We heard th

49、e sound of breaking glass.Exercises of identifying specific language, adding specific details, and editing a paragraph for specific language.38Unit 15Example Paragraphs-An example paragraph give examples so that the reader clearly understands the writers ideas about a topic.Topic Sentence-The first

50、sentence introduces the topic.-It also includes the controlling idea, or what the writer will say about the topic.Supporting Sentences-The middle sentences give examples that support the controlling idea.-These examples give a clear picture of the writers specific meaning.Concluding Sentences-The la

51、st sentence of the paragraph restates the topic and what the writer has said about it.Effective examples as supporting details-They are specific-They relate clearly to the controlling idea.-They do not simply restate the topic sentence.39Identifying Specific Language Read the following pairs of sent

52、ences. Put a check next to the sentence that is more specific._ a. I like to wear my grandmothers jewelry. _ b. I like to wear my grandmothers pearl necklace._ a. My best friend gave me a novel by Chang-Rae Lee for my birthday. _ b. My best friend gave me a book for my birthday._ a. Someone lent her an umbrella. _ b. Her father lent her an umbrellaExercise 7 (Unit 13-Unit 15)40Exercise 7 (cont)Making examples specific.Read the passage below. Underline the example. Then revise each example to make it more specific.I have a very patient cat.