浅议《京华烟云》的“道”

1、浅议?京华烟云?的“道abstratlinyutangadvatedthethughtf“itughttberderftaisfentinpeking,ithnfuianisasfil.theverallstruturefthehlebkasthephilsphyfhuangtse.itindiatedthepartiularpininshtaiststhinkfprperty,pleasure-seeking,lifeanddeath,lveandarriage.itillustratedlearlytaistsphilsphyideasftheirptiistiandagnaniusatt

2、itudestardslifehatsre,theauthrsharateristiinintrduingtraditinalhineseulturettheestisusingthefrfnvel,byhihhereatedavarietyftypialandlivelyharaters.keyrds:linyutang;entinpeking;tais中文摘要林语堂在?京华烟云?中以儒家思想为陪衬，弘扬了“顺应天道的道家思想。全书以“庄周哲学为笼络，透露出了道家对待财富、享乐、生死及婚恋的独特观点，说明并推崇了道家思想达观豁然、心胸宽广的哲学理念。本书采用小说的艺术表现方法，塑造了形象鲜明

3、、性格不一的人物是作者向西方人介绍中国传统文化的独到之处。关键词：林语堂；?京华烟云?；道intrdutinlinyutang,brninlngxi,zhangzhu,suthffujianin1895,asthesnfpastrlinzhihenghefirststudiedinfreeissinaryshlsinxiaen,andthenenttshanghaist.jhnsuniversityherehelearnedenglishbyheartandreadaltfesternbks.henhegraduatedfrst.jhnsuniversityin1916,yutangaepte

4、dateahingpstatqinghuallegeinbeijing.therehefundhiselfsurrundedbyhinesehistryandrealizedhsallthenfinesfhishristianeduatinhadbeen.deterinedtakeupthisinadequay,heliteraryrld,linyutangasneftheell-knnriters,haslistedasn

5、eftheisdfigurein20thenturyinaerianliteraturearea.in1975,inthe41stinternatinalassiatinfpets,editrs,essayists,andnvelists(pen),heasseletedasgeneralassistantpresidentftheassiatin.andhatsre,heasninatedfrtheandidatefnbelliteratureprize.nefyutangsfriendssaidthat,thestrngpintfyutanastintrduehineseulturetth

6、efreignersandinreturn,tintrduefreignulturetthehinese.linyutanghiselfagreedtthispletely.heusedhisnrds:tfeettrssvertheeasternandesternulture;nehearttenttheglbalartiles.befre1936,hedevtedstfhistieandenergytbringinghineseulturettherld.anyfhisgreatrksritteninenglishsuhasyuntryandypeple.theartfliving,enti

7、helate19thenturyandthefirst50yearsfthe20thentury,theeasternandesternulturesexperienedagreathistrinflit.henpingyuanpintedutinhisbkaesthetistandardsflinyutangandeasternandesternulturesthat:tthehineseintelletualsf

8、the20thentury,thereisndubtthathtbalanetheeasternandesternulturesisaveryseriusprble.neisthestrngesternnept;thetheristhestrngpatritifeelingftheirnatin.thestruggledrivesthetraingbeteentheeasternandesternultures.1duringthisbighit,apartfresternlearning,thereisalseasternlearning,hihisreiprtantfrthehineset

9、spreadurivilizatin.linyutangnedaspeialayfthinkingthatresultedfrhisnspeiallifeexperieneandultureenvirnent,hihadehiexperienethedifferentpsyhlgialpressastheritersfhisday.histhughtsabuthuanulturehadbeendividedint3peridsinhisulturalnvels:first,afterhedidtheresearhfthetraditinalhineseulture,thrughparingth

10、etthughtsnfuianisand“ta,headvated“ta.send,aftertheparisnfeasternandesternulture,linyutangsbalaneffeelingasinlinedtthehineseulture.third,frtheviefhuanbeings,hefundutthattheeasternandesternulturehadtheirneakpintsandstrngpintshenhebservedtherldulturefrtheglbalprspet,andfinallyheprpsedtheultureneptinint

11、hefuture-agdbinatinfhineseandesterneleents.2inthisartilefentinpeking,theephasisillbeplaednthefirstperid-“ta,rsayphilsphyfhuangtse.hapter1.rrelativeintrdutinfentinpekingentinpekingasrittenin1938,henthesin-japanesearbrkeut.r.linsdaughterlinrusirealled:inthespringf1938,anideattranslatetheredhaberdreada

12、nednyfatherafterarefulnsideratin,hefundthattheredhaberdreaasrittenlngagfrn,shehangedhisindtriteanvelhihreflettherdentlifefhina.3theesternersuldunderstandthisnvelreeasilybeausethetieandthebakgrundthisnvelsetnaslsettheauthrsday.inarhf1938,linyutangbegantdesigntheharatersandpltfthenvel.afterfive-nthfer

13、entatin,hestartedtriten8th,augustf1939.itstlinahleyearttally.thisgreatrkthatlinyutangshedhisheartsbldnasthestbeautifulandstfreshflerinthegardenflinsnvels.thisshiningflerasrtedinthesilfnatinalspiritandpatritis.itasrittenatthebeginningfsin-japanesear,hihdeidedtheiprtanefpatritis.linyutangrevealedhisti

14、vefprdutinfthisnvelinthelettertyudafu,thatis,treeberthebravesldiersinthefrnthdiedfrurnatin.linyutangbelievedthatanintelletsfhina,duringthevitalent,heshuldnnethisnfatetthatfhistherland.healsbelievedthatasariter,hisbktheauthrintendedttelltheesthhinathebigandldnatin,

15、experienedthegreatpains,sufferingandstilladetheprgressbitbybitinaertainpartiulartie(frearlytidfthe20thentury).sinthisnvel,eanreadanyhinesehistrystriessuhasbxerrebellin,theay4thveentf1919,et.theauthrshedusanespeiallifeattitudef“tathrughthedesriptinfdifferentlifeattitudesandexperienefdifferentharaters

16、frdifferentfailiesinaertaintie.theauthrbelievedthatthughtftashlasaverypartiularkindthughtinthattiebeauseitasinasensesuperirtnfuianishihhadbeenplayingapredinantrleinhinaveralngtieespeiallythefeudalnfuianethialdehihnstrainsandstifleshuannature.hatsre,sefitsviesebdiedderay,freed,independenefpersnality,

17、hissense,thughtsftashlandtheesternulturehavesethinginnhiletheyhavetheirnharateristis.inard,entinpekingisthevehilefthughtsflinyutan.thatstsay;thisnvelindiatestheauthrsthinking.linyutangsdaughterlinrusisaidinherbknentinpeking:“lifeislikeadreaasthegistfentinpeking.butasaatterffat

18、,thepininflinyutangsnasntpletelysiilartthatfhisdaughter.hebeaegreatlyaarefthehangeablenaturefthingsandhuanbeingsnthebasisfthebjetivesftais,aarefthebrevityflife,andfultiatenihility,ithutnegatingtherelativeeaningflife.eanhile,nthebasisfthevieftakingthingsphilsphiallyandnaturalis,nthenditinflkingintthe

19、realsideflife,headvatedtfllthebigay,tliberatespirit,andtliveahappylife,hihshuldbepintedutasaniprtantthughtflinyutangsphilsphyflife.theatr,yasian,thetaistandhiselderdaughter,yailanareflinyutangsfavrite.theauthrnesaid:ifiereaan,iuldbeulan.4yaulantherefrebeestheperfetaniageinhiseyes.andthiskindfperfeti

20、nisntnlyduetherappearane.thereiprtantfatrisherharaterfagnaniity,penind,ptiis,hursense,inneneandfullfiaginatin,hihfrundertheinfluenefhisfatherstaistthught.thesethughtsandpersnalitiesaregreaterandreglarusinthesietyinhihthenfuianispredinates.hapter2.theebdientf“tainentinpekingthughtftashlisntnlyaniprta

21、ntpartfhinesethughtbutalsbeesaninternatinalnetaisauntsfrasidefthehineseharaterhihnfuianisanntsatisfy.5thereisanaturalrantiisandanaturallassiisinanatin,asinanindividual.taisistherantishlfhinesethught,asnfuianisisthelassishl.atually,taisisrantithrughut.firstly,itstandsfrthereturntnatureandtherantiesap

22、efrtherld,andrevltagainsttheartifiialityandrespnsibilitiesnfuianulture.sendly,itstandsfrtheruralidealflife,artandliterature,andthershipfpriitivesipliity.andthirdly,itstandsfrtherldffanyandnder,upledithahildishlynaivesgny.6intheultureftashl,“taistheriginfeverything,isexistingandlng-lasting.latzusaidi

23、nhistatehing:tagavebirthtthene,thenegavebirthsuessivelyttthings,threethings,upttenthusand(i.e.,everything).7thatishytaistsinsistnalaysbeingnatural.theybelievethateverythingisdeidedbynature,bytheirfate,butntbytheselves.s-alledgdfrtuneandbadfrtunearethesaeintheireyes.beausetheyknthatitisupnbadfrtuneth

24、atgdfrtuneleans,upngdfrtunethatbadfrtunerests8therefre,tdnthingtlvebyquietude.tatnlybyinativity.thavenantsbeetheirtt.thrughthisnveleanseelearlythatthughtftashlreallyaffettaistsviesfaterialandprperty,pleasure-seeking,lifeanddeath,lveandarriage.belitillbeanalyzedfrthesefuraspets.i.viefaterialandprpert

25、ysrnealthandrank,deridefaeandgainisthenreteprtraiturefhuangtseintersfviefaterialprperty.allthesethughtsreahangthepeple;theyhangeintanidelgiallevelftakingalightvieteverything.thenpepledntknuhhsandhysftashl,buthentheyenunterdiffiultyindailylife,theirfriendsandrelativesfrtthe:“dnttaketheattertheart.asf

26、rprperty,taiststakealightviefealth.“neyisererldlypssessins.earentbrnithit,andanntbringitithushenedie.“gldisntsexpensive,peaeandpleasurerthre.peaeandleisureanbeexperieneddiretly.itsbetterfrustenjytheready-adepeaeandhappiness,tenjylifethantgtpursuetheuselessgld.yutangreatestheharateryasianinrdertfinda

27、bdyfrthesulfthughtsftashl.atthebeginningfthenvel,asyasianappears,heshsadifferentspeialphilsphyflife.hethinksthat:ifyuareright,nthinghappenstyuilleverberng.healsbelievesthat:enprpse,andthegddeides.9eanseehisphilsphyfhuangtsefrhisattitudetardsney,faeandgain,sialpsitin.thefirsthapterinthenvelrefersthat

28、theyafailyintendtvebakthangzhuhetnsasttaketheshelterfthearandsuffering.atthetiefdeparture,r.yatldthegeneralhusekeeperhstayedtguardthehuse:ifanylterse,dntriskyurldlifefrthesetrashandrubbish!theyarentrthit!10r.yansidershattherpeplethinksasextreelypreiustreasurestrashandrubbish,hihindiatesthat,thevieab

29、utneyandaterialresultingfrthughtftashlistbeeindifferenttfaeandgain.thiskindfindifferenefneyalsappearsatthetiefhisdaughtersarriageereny.henitrefersthatulanseddingastbenefthegrandestpekinghasseen.therearefurreasns;thefurthneisthatbeauseulansfatherhadbegunttakeaverylightviefhisealth.11ealthasthilikeafi

30、rerksdisplaytrainglinesffireinthedarksky-ithplentyfsplutterandbrilliane,andendinginske,ashes,andthehantedendsnthegrund.12ttakealightviefealth,hebakgrundinhihthenfuianisupiedtheleadingpsitin,atthetiehenthenatinssituatinasharaterizedbytrublusandintranquilty,anye

31、nandenfightneantherrevenbetraytheinterestsfthenatin,nlyfrney,faeandgain.frexaple,hesepepleseyes,neyandriveghstturningaillstne.stheypreferealthtreainingindifferenttexternalthings.hatr.yasaidaanshuldntbeexitede

32、anshavingnants,hihresultsinquietinthestatefind.havingnantsangfurthertgainthefreedfheart.thisisakindfleadingindnatterintheesternsietyfullfaterialdesiresrinanienthinaatthattie.inard,thughtftashlsuppliesthepeplearretvietardsaterialandprpertyinthepresentsiety.eustntneglettpursuetheentalprpertyandustntpa

33、yallattentintthepursuitfaterialenjyent.ii.viefpleasure-seekingnnehand,tashlnsidersnsuptinfaterialashuanbeingsessentialandnaturalpursuit.insientifisense,liitedandsiplensuptinanaintainhuanslifeativity,hihisnralnditinflife.nthetherhand,tashlnsidersreturningtnaturetbethezenithftheretiinterest,snatureisl

34、giallyntainedinthepressflifefr“ta,hihgeneratesinextriablytheirapprvingandadvatingpleasureflife.13andenughsatisfatinithnaturefrstheviefpleasure.huangtsealayspraisesthat:“befullfirst,andthengnapleasuretur.pursuingenjyentfaterialisanessentialandrrethuanneed.hever,thehealthfbdyisntntrarytthequietsfheart

35、.inthebalanefstruturefbdyandheart,theteleentsarefthesaeiprtane.“thepepleshuldbententediththeirfd,pleasediththeirlthing,satisfiediththeirhes,shuldtakepleasureintheirrustitasks.14hatsre,hissense,liitatinfdesiresbeesapursuitfnesn.latzuadvates“knled

36、gelessanddesirelesslife,hethinks:“nlybykninghenitistietstpandangerbeavided.hesaid:“tbententithhatnehasare,andnneandespilyu;hstpsintienthinganhar.heisfreversafeandseure.“nlureisgreaterthandisastergreaterthannttbententithhatnehas,npresagefevilgreaterthanthatenshuldbeantingtgetre.struly:“hehhasneknnthe

37、ntententthatessiplythrughbeingntent,hebk,thereareanydetailsdesriptinshingsuhanpinin.frinstane,atthebeginningfthebkentiningtheriginalpresenefthetyasdaughters.thebeautifulyunganappearedagainithtgirls,bthdressedverysiplyinhitettnjakets,neithgreen,andthetherithvidtru

38、sers.15generallyspeaking,thedaughtersftherihfailyareallgldenbranhesandjadeleaves.stheyillprbablydressuptheselvesithjeels.hever,eanseebviuslythedressingdifferenefthetsistersfrthersthrughtherdsiply.hatsre,r.ladesntadvate,bindingfeet,either.hethinksthatbindingfeetisarruptusthihdestryseverelythehineseen

39、shealth.therefre,hisdaughtersdidntbindfeetsinehildhd;instead,theylettheirfeetdevelpnaturally.thisvieisttallydifferentfrnfuianviefthinkingbindingfeettbeensharater.asfryasian,helikeslletingantiques,andsn.tsuup,thetaistsviefpleasureseekingistbenatural.iii.vieflifeanddeathinhuangtsespinin,huanslifeandde

40、athdependnfate,thatistsaydeathandlifeisfate.(frhuangtse.aster).aansbirthdesntatfrhiself,beausehehiselfdesntexistatallatthattie.selfesfrnthing,afternesbirth,therehasbeenan“i,“ietthisrldbeingstarknaked.hata“i,“iarrivaldesntgettheperissinfself.thiskindfpurepassiveexisteneisfateitself.attheendflife,diff

41、erentfrthetiefbirth,ehavetheabilitytdeide.butheneeahfaenesdeath,desdeathnetalkitverithyuandgetyurperissin?n!itseesthateanhseasallauntfaysfdeath,buteannthsetliveperanently,this,isfate,t.allthesientifirulespintutthetruth,theunhangeabletruth.faingthetreendusunknnfieldthatisbefrebirthandafterdeath,akind

42、fdriftingsensetardslifeanntbeavided.thatisthereasnhytashlsetshuanbeingsn“fate.henlatzutalkedabut“fate,hesaid,“returntthertfrhihtheygre.thisreturntthertisalledquietness;quietnessisalledsubissintfate;hathassubittedtfatehasbeaepartfthealayss.tknthealays-sistbeilluined.16here,ansfateistheexistingfrigin.

43、theesternpeplesayanlikesaandlehihshinesverthisrldatively;hileinhinesepeplespinin,anlikesairrr,refletnthisrldpassively.duringthepressfshiningvertherld,huanbeingsfightithfate,likefaustus,struggleintheunhangeableexistingnditin.strugglettheendbeeshuansfate.thetraditinalhineseulture,tashltellspeple“tdnth

44、hebakgrundfthiskindfultureedntakeadetailedinquiryanyre.edntthinkdeeplyandstruggleanylnger.ejustnfrtthearrangeentffate.eknthatlifeisntalayshappyandludy.butthesunillalaysrise;trrillbeabetterday.thatisafaith.heneenunterthediffiultyeshuldseethehpe.eaitfrspringintheldinter.eaaitfrflersteutagain.ea

45、itthesunshinedayinthelngdark.thehineseliveiththisfaith.thisnveladvatesthughtftashlthrughdifferentattitudesfdifferentharaterstardslifeanddeathasell.lifeanddeathiseventuallyanaturalphenenn.butthereareaniensevarietyfattitudestardslifeanddeathbeausefdifferentdesfthught.thughdeathsfrs.yaandtsengfaily,ean

46、seethatnfuianstakelifeanddeathtserius.theynsiderdeathisfendlesspain,bitterandsrr.nevertheless,tshlbelievesthatlifeanddeathisgatheringanddistributingfbreathes(i.e.,statefatsphere),gatheringislifeanddistributingisdeath.lifeanddeathdifferfrnetthether.therttenandtheagihangeitheahtheristhelafnatureirulat

47、in.yaksianbelievesthatlifeanddeathistheverylafexistene.atruetaisterelytriuphsverdeath.hediesreheerfullythanthers.heisntafraidfitbeausedeathisreturningttheta.henulanaskshi:father,dyubelieveinbeinganirtal?taistsalaysbelieveinit.r.yaansers:thatisppulartais.lifeanddeatharetheverylafexistene.idbelieveini

48、rtality.iairtalthrughyuandyursisterandafeiandallthehildrenbrnfyhildren.ilivingallveragainyu,asyuarelivingallveragaininatungandaei.thereisndeath.yuanntdefeatnature.lifegesnfrever.17r.yasvieflifeshsusthat,lifeisraisedtahigherlevelinirulatins.peple,nnehand,ustvalueneslife;nthetherhand,thereisnneedtfeel

49、depressedanddisappintedtthebrevityflife.iv.vieflveandarriagetaistsbelievethatithappenedfitsnardeveninthevieflveandarriage.atalltiesandinalllands,lvehasbeenaperanenttpi.redhaberdrea,thegreattraditinalhinesenvels,islinediththelvestrybeteenjiabayuandlindaiyu.frthebeginningttheendfthebkentinpekingthatns

50、700,000haraters,thereareainlyfurarriagesrthfentining.arethesearriagessuessfulrpletefailing?hataretheirresults?theriginalreasnsfsuessandfailurearerthfexplring.angthesearriages,theseareseveraleniagesthathavelivelypersnalityandqueerayfthinking.theirviesflvevary.sefthesarifiealltheirtiefr“lve,sediefrlve

51、,andsenenealherlvedeeplyintheirheart.lveisthesae,buttheayflvedifferfrnetanther.n,letstraetheirriginsinfat,theyaredeterinedbydifferentthughts,nfuianisrthughtftashl.ardingttheauthrsdesriptin,anniaasatrueprdutfnfuianis.herparentserebthnfuians.sheasbrughtupbyherfather,gtafullldeduatinfen.anniaaeptedhatt

52、hefeudalnfuianethialdehadgivenher:“ensharater,ensspeeh,ensappearane,“ensaplishent.hatsre,shebundasallpairffeet.astersftsengfailiesererazyabutsuperstitiusbelief.hentheireldersnasdying,theybelievedthat“tsunghsiuldakepingyarever.thatshytheyletpingyaarryyungannia.afterpingyadied,anniaentintanthernfuianf

53、ailyfrthepreviusne.duringthehlepress,nneaeuttpretestfrher.thereasanpinininherind,hihas:iliveasdaughter-inlaftsengfaily,idieasdaughter-inlaftsengfaily,t.anniareainedunarried.sheasalne;sheneverenttthebakgardensurrundedbyhighalls,beausehisfathertldherthatinperafnvelsalstallthedegeneratinfgirlsandarusen

54、unterstkplaeinthebakgarden.neday,anniaaspersuadedbyulanandsunyatgtseethefreignfiltgether.sheenjyedherselfveryuhthatdaybeauseshehadneverseensuhaninterestingnething.butherfather-in-lagtfurius.hethughtshehaddnehataidshuldntd.anniadidntbreatheardtprtest.instead,shethughtitrngallherfaultindeed.shespentre

55、stfherlifeithheradptedsnandfinallyendedherlifebyherselfbeausethejapaneseintrudersbasenduts.thehappinessfsuhabeautiful,pure,kind-hearted,gentleanaseatenbys-alled“feudalnfuianethialde.isaniaisnlytragigirlprduedbyfeudalnfuianethialde.theanserisabslutely“n.theauthrregards“thelassialbeautyastheeapnfritii

56、s.heritiizesthseridiulusanddeep-rtedethialdesfnfuianis.anthertragedyflvehappenedtayungasterandhisaid.tiren,theelderyungasterfyafaily,hadbeenspiledsineahildandfredasuperiliusandarrgantpersnalityfdingthingsashatheliked.silversreen,hasbrughttyafailyasaaidbyulansunlehsheasnlythree,servedtirensineahild.s

57、heasthreeyearslderthanhi.sheaslever,apableandbeautiful,t.theyfellinlveitheahtherhentheygreup.tireneanedtarrysilversreen.buttirenstherhasstrnglyaffetedbytheneptindidntagree.shethughtthereasgreatdifferenebeteenasterandaid,andarriageshuldbeardingttheustf“ell-athedinsialandenistatus.shensideredsilversre

58、enbehavirtbeapsytadtikingfeatingsanflesh!sheasinexrablethindertheirdevelpent.atlasting,ingtthereasnthatrs.yarbbedsilversreenshild,hihfredhertsuiide.itshuldhadbeenagdath,ifrs.yahadntpreventthe,andthetragedyuldhadnthappened.antherprdutfnfuianshlthatlinreatedasrs.ya,hselaterhalf-lifeasiserable.shehadtt

59、aketherespnsibilityfhatshedid.hatsre,tirenandsilversreenlvedeahsinerely.tirenhadhisnadvantage,thatis,heaskindandtklveseriusly.heasablettryhisbesttgetaheadtperusehisreallveverallthebstaleffeudalnfuianethialde,hihisadirable.theharatersilversreenalsardsithhedeandsfperusingtheequalityfpersnalityandfreed

60、farriageduringtheperidftheay4thveentf1919.suppsethatthetarriagesabveereausedbyfeudalethialdefnfuianis,thefllingtarriages,nthentrary,flledtheadvief“hisnvel,linyutangharaterizesaperfeteniage-yaulan,hisalled“thedaughterfthetaist.frulan,eanseehatisperfetanintheauthrseye.therefre,theauthrusesrerdsn