计算机图形学编程练习8MFC-明暗处理实现

1、计算机图形学编程练习8：MFC+明暗处理实现MFC与OpenGL集成在Windows下编程，利用MFC是一个非常便捷的方法。本次练习的主要目的，是希望同学们在MFC应用程序框架下进行OpenGL编程。为此，需要对MFC生成的应用程序进行适当的初始化，关于这方面的内容详见：1 Crain, Dennis. Windows NT OpenGL: Getting Started. April 1994. (MSDN Library, Technical Articles)2 Rogerson, Dale. OpenGL I: Quick Start. December 1994. (MSDN Lib

2、rary, Technical Articles)3 D. Shreiner and The Khronos OpenGL ARB Working Group. OpenGL Programming Guide: The Official Guide to Learning OpenGL, Versions 3.0 and 3.1, 7th Ed., 2009. (附录D)从设计目标来说，OpenGL是流水线结构(streamlined)、硬件无关(hardware-independent)、跨平台的3D图形编程API。但是，在实际应用时，OpenGL的具体实现是与操作系统以及图形硬件相关的。

3、为此，操作系统需要提供像素格式(pixel format)与绘制上下文管理函数(rendering context managnment functions)。Windows操作系统提供了通用图形设备接口(generic graphics device interface, GDI)以及设备驱动实现。为了使OpenGL命令得到正确的执行，需要调用WGL函数，具体的步骤如下：Step 1: 添加成员变量在CView类(利用AppWizard生成)中添加如下成员变量：/ OpenGL Windows specificationHDC m_hDC;/ Device ContextHGLRC m_hG

4、LRC;/ Rendering ContextCPalette m_cGLLP;/ Logical PaletteStep 2: 设置像素格式创建CView类的WM_CREATE的消息响应函数，进行像素格式的设置，例如：int COpenGLRenderView:OnCreate(LPCREATESTRUCT lpCreateStruct) if (CView:OnCreate(lpCreateStruct) = -1)return -1;/ TODO: Add your specialized creation code hereint nPixelFormat;/ Pixel format

5、 indexHWND hWnd = GetSafeHwnd();/ Get the windows handlem_hDC = :GetDC(hWnd);/ Get the Device contextstatic PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd = sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR),/ Size of this structure1,/ Version of this structurePFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW |/ Draw to Window (not to bitmap)PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL |/ Support

6、 OpenGL calls in windowPFD_DOUBLEBUFFER,/ Double buffered modePFD_TYPE_RGBA,/ RGBA Color mode24,/ Want 24bit color 0,0,0,0,0,0,/ Not used to select mode0,0,/ Not used to select mode0,0,0,0,0,/ Not used to select mode32,/ Size of depth buffer0,/ Not used to select mode0,/ Not used to select modePFD_M

7、AIN_PLANE,/ Draw in main plane0,/ Not used to select mode0,0,0 ;/ Not used to select mode/ Choose a pixel format that best matches that described in pfdnPixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(m_hDC, &pfd);/ Set the pixel format for the device contextVERIFY(SetPixelFormat(m_hDC, nPixelFormat, &pfd);/ Create

8、 the rendering contextm_hGLRC = wglCreateContext(m_hDC);/ Create the palette if neededInitializePalette();/ Make the rendering context current, perform initialization, then deselect itVERIFY(wglMakeCurrent(m_hDC, m_hGLRC);GLSetupDef(m_hDC);wglMakeCurrent(NULL, NULL);return 0;上述步骤的具体含义参看参考文献1-3.Step

9、3: 创建绘制上下文该步骤在Step 2中已完成，具体的就是：m_hGLRC = wglCreateContext(m_hDC);Step 4: 设置调色板创建CView类的一个成员函数，进行调色板的设置，例如：void CTriangularPatchView:InitializePalette(void)PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd;/ Pixel Format DescriptorLOGPALETTE *pPal;/ Pointer to memory for logical paletteint nPixelFormat;/ Pixel format indexi

10、nt nColors;/ Number of entries in paletteint i;/ Counting variableBYTE RedRange,GreenRange,BlueRange;/ Range for each color entry (7,7,and 3)/ Get the pixel format index and retrieve the pixel format descriptionnPixelFormat = GetPixelFormat(m_hDC);DescribePixelFormat(m_hDC, nPixelFormat, sizeof(PIXE

11、LFORMATDESCRIPTOR), &pfd);/ Does this pixel format require a palette? If not, do not create a/ palette and just return NULLif (!(pfd.dwFlags & PFD_NEED_PALETTE)return;/ Number of entries in palette. 8 bits yeilds 256 entriesnColors = 1 palVersion = 0 x300;/ Windows 3.0pPal-palNumEntries = nColors; /

12、 table size/ Build mask of all 1s. This creates a number represented by having/ the low order x bits set, where x = pfd.cRedBits, pfd.cGreenBits, and/ pfd.cBlueBits. RedRange = (1 pfd.cRedBits) -1;GreenRange = (1 pfd.cGreenBits) - 1;BlueRange = (1 pfd.cBlueBits) -1;/ Loop through all the palette ent

13、riesfor (i = 0; i palPalEntryi.peRed = (i pfd.cRedShift) & RedRange;pPal-palPalEntryi.peRed = (unsigned char)(double) pPal-palPalEntryi.peRed * 255.0 / RedRange);pPal-palPalEntryi.peGreen = (i pfd.cGreenShift) & GreenRange;pPal-palPalEntryi.peGreen = (unsigned char)(double)pPal-palPalEntryi.peGreen

14、* 255.0 / GreenRange);pPal-palPalEntryi.peBlue = (i pfd.cBlueShift) & BlueRange;pPal-palPalEntryi.peBlue = (unsigned char)(double)pPal-palPalEntryi.peBlue * 255.0 / BlueRange);pPal-palPalEntryi.peFlags = (unsigned char) NULL;/ Create the palettem_cGLLP.CreatePalette(pPal);/ Go ahead and select and r

15、ealize the palette for this device contextSelectPalette(m_hDC,(HPALETTE)m_cGLLP,FALSE);RealizePalette(m_hDC);/ Free the memory used for the logical palette structurefree(pPal);至此，已经可以调用OpenGL函数了，一定要记住：OpenGL命令只在获取了正确的绘制上下文后才能正确执行，即wglMakeCurrent(m_hDC, m_hGLRC);/ issue OpenGL commands .wglMakeCurren

16、t(m_hDC, NULL);Step 5: 重载OnEraseBkgnd函数创建CView类的WM_ERASEBKGND的消息响应函数，防止Windows进行额外的背景清除操作，例如：BOOL COpenGLRenderView:OnEraseBkgnd(CDC* pDC) / TODO: Add your message handler code here and/or call defaultreturn FALSE;Step 6: 设置OpenGL的基本参数(可选)在CView类中添加头文件：#include #include #include 以及成员函数：void GLSetupD

17、ef(void *pData);创建CView类的一个成员函数，进行OpenGL的基本参数的设置，例如：void COpenGLRenderView:GLSetupDef(void *pData)/ set up clear colorglClearColor(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);/ set up lightingGLfloat light_position04 = 52.0f, 16.0f, 50.0f, 0.0f;GLfloat light_position14 = 26.0f, 48.0f, 50.0f, 0.0f;GLfloat light_position

18、24 = -16.0f, 52.0f, 50.0f, 0.0f;GLfloat direction03 = -52.0f, -16.0f, -50.0f;GLfloat direction13 = -26.0f, -48.0f, -50.0f;GLfloat direction23 = 16.0f, -52.0f, -50.0f;GLfloat color04 = 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f;GLfloat color14 = 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f;GLfloat color24 = 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f;glLightfv(G

19、L_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, light_position0);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, direction0);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, color0);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, color0);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_POSITION, light_position1);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, direction1);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, G

20、L_DIFFUSE, color1);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT1, GL_SPECULAR, color1);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_POSITION, light_position2);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, direction2);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_DIFFUSE, color2);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT2, GL_SPECULAR, color2);glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);glEnable(GL

21、_LIGHT1);glEnable(GL_LIGHT2);/ set up materialsGLfloat ambient4 = 0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 0.5f;GLfloat material_ambient4 = 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f;GLfloat material_diffuse4 = 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.3f;GLfloat material_specular4 = 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f;GLfloat material_shininess = 51.2f;glLightModelfv(GL_LIGH

22、T_MODEL_AMBIENT, ambient);glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SPECULAR, material_specular);glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_DIFFUSE, material_diffuse);glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_AMBIENT, material_ambient);glMaterialf(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_SHININESS, material_shininess);/ enable depth testglDepthFunc(GL_LESS);glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);/ enable cull face/glCullFace(GL_BACK);/glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);/ set up point size an