人教版高考二轮三轮总复习 第5模块阅读填空专题课件（湖南专用）

1、第五模块阅读填空12022/7/30 星期六考纲解读第五模块 考纲解读 此题要求考生在读完一篇短文后，根据文中相关的内容，填写表格。它要求考生归纳概括文中的要点，并根据一定的线索把相关的内容以表格的形式有序地表达出来。阅读填空属于综合能力考查题，强调主观表述，主要考查考生综合运用语言知识的能力。它既考查考生快速获取信息的能力，也考查组织信息、表达信息的能力。具体地说，其能力测试要求为： 1对文章中所提供的关键信息的正确判断和采集。 2适当的句型转换。 3正确地使用英语解释英语。 4原文细节信息的正确理解。 5主旨大意的归纳。22022/7/30 星期六命题分析第五模块 命题分析 通过对2007

2、年、2008年、2009年、2010年和2011年湖南省的五篇阅读填空题的分析，从中可得到如下特点： 1题型特点的变化32022/7/30 星期六第五模块 命题分析 2.语篇与试题形式特点的变化： 42022/7/30 星期六第五模块 命题分析 分析表格可知： (1) 体裁：五年来都是描写性说明文，特点是层次分明、要点突出。 (2) 话题：题材多为中学生熟悉、感兴趣且符合中学生认知水平和评判取向的日常话题。常见的话题是：科普知识、时文报道、史地常识、说理议论、人物介绍、社会文化和环境保护等。总体趋势离中学生越来越近，兼顾时代性。 (3) 词数：短文词数在280词左右，题目词数在70词左右，两者

3、比例是4：1左右。 (4) 题目：题目采用短语形式，简短但信息量大。思维导图、表格和提纲清晰地展示了短文的篇章结构。52022/7/30 星期六题型探究第五模块 题型探究 探究点一直接信息题 一、了解直接信息题的特点是答题的需要。 所谓直接信息题，即能直接从文章中找到答题信息句，且能直接套用文中信息句中的某个原词或短语而不需改变其词性，甚至不需改变其词形。例如： 根据信息句“What comes first is to keep an open mind, because everyones ideas deserve consideration and each group member c

4、an make his or her own contribution.”判断填空：“Keep an open mind to _”62022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 根据信息句中的“everyones ideas deserve consideration”该空应填写“everyones ideas”，即为文中原短语，既没有改变原词的词性，也没有改变原词的词形。但有时为满足同一单元格中表达形式一致的原则，而需改变原词的词形。72022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 例1 2008湖南卷 But this system can do a great deal of good.

5、 A recent paper in the journal BioScience tells that green roofs can control temperature, contain water and clean the air. And most impressively, they can cut heat loss from a building by 50%, lower airconditioning costs by 25%, and reduce the urbanheatedisland effect by 2.Physical：_containing water

6、cleaning the air82022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 根据信息句中的“green roofs can control temperature, contain water and clean the air”再结合该单元格中所给出的表达形式可判断，该空应填“controlling temperature”，即将原词的动词原形改为了动名词形式。92022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 二、有效寻找答题信息句是答题的保证。 直接信息题主要考查检索信息的能力，因此有效快速定位信息句尤为重要。快速寻找有效信息句的方法主要有三种： 1在粗读的过程中留意重要细节和关键处。考

7、生应学会带着表格信息快速浏览，抓住全文中心及段落大意，正确获取信息。应学会带着问题有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记。例如，画线段落主题句，标记文中醒目词time, age, number, place, suggestions, tips, ways, benefits等， 注明信息词：who, what, when, where, why, how；first, then, after that, next, finally；because, thus, lead to, be caused by, as a result of；likeness, alike, just as, either

8、or；but, while, instead, different from, on the contrary; in a word, 102022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 in summary, etc. 2根据试题在表格中的顺序确定有效信息句在文章中的大致位置。表格是文章框架的体现，其设题一般来说，是按照文章的段落顺序来排序的。例如，第1小题的答题信息句应在开头，而最后一小题的答题信息句应在结尾。总之，阅读填空题的10个小题的答题信息句在文章中一般是依次出现的。 3根据试题关键词的提示寻读有效信息句。表格中的表达通常以短语或句子出现，因此，考生应善于判断、识别该空所在的语句中的

9、关键词，再有针对性地带着这些关键词的提示到文中相应段落寻找有效信息句。 112022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 三、准确理解表格中的语意表达是答题的关键。 表格中的语意表达一般不完全与文章中的原句表达相同，它显得更简洁、清楚，其表达方式多为短语，偶尔为句子。因此，找到答题信息句后，考生应注意分析、比较、推敲表格与原文在表达上的异同。此时，首先找到两者在表达上的共同点，再推敲其不同点，而后分析文中原句的主干结构，比较实词的对应关系。经过这样一番思考，一定能敲定正确答案。122022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 探究点二归纳概括题 一、归纳概括题的种类： 1.标题归纳题：根据“文

10、章主旨句大多出现在三个位置：文章首段，一段末二段首转折后信息，文章末段”的特点，可有意识地从上述三个位置找到文章主题句，再加以准确概括，确定语篇标题。此外，常用于概括文章标题的词有：development, history, introduction, study, research, experiment，information, future。需注意的是，阅读填空题的标题表达常以(动)名词短语形式为主。 2段落归纳题：段落归纳概括题常位于表格的左栏，能最大限度覆盖相应行、列或单元格的全部信息，常为名词、名词短语或动(名)词短语。132022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 例2 Act

11、ivities like investigations are most effective when done by small groups. Here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities: Make sure each group member understands and agrees to the task given to him or her, and everyone knows exactly when, why and what to do; ta

12、ke turns doing various tasks during similar and repeated activities; be aware of where other group members are and what they are doing so as to ensure safety; be responsible for your own learning, though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members.142022/7

13、/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究表格： 第1题在表格的左栏，所填的词要求能概括右栏单元格的所有内容，而根据该段的主题句“Here are some more suggestions for effective team performance during these activities”可判断第1空应填写Suggestions。 152022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究二、归纳概括词的判断与选用1常见的归纳概括词：表原因：reason (for), cause (of)；表目的：purpose, aim, goal；表种类：kind, type, category, style (

14、风格)；表方式、方法：means, way, method，solution, approach；表方位：location, position；表建议：advice, suggestion, recommendation, tip；表态度、观点：attitude, idea, opinion；表用途、功能：use, usage, function；表变化、趋势：change, trend, development, rise, increase, decrease; 表描述：description, appearance, look, color, size, length, width, d

15、istance, height, shape；表来源、历史：history, source, origin；表影响、结果：effect, influence, 162022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究result, consequence；表措施、行动：measure, action, activity, behavior(举止、行为)；表益处、不利：benefit, advantage, disadvantage, convenience；表概括、总结：summary, conclusion；表主题：topic, theme, subject；表特点：feature, charact

16、eristic, character(性格、特征)；表评论、评价：comment, remark, assessment；表问题：problem, question, issue；表要求、需求：demand, need, requirement, qualification；表内容、项目：content, item；表信息：information；表情绪、感觉：feeling, emotion, motivation(动机)；表物质、材料：substance, material；表步骤：step, procedure, process；表比例：rate (比例，速度), percentage；

17、表天气、气候：weather, climate；表灾难、事故：disaster, accident, threat；表关系：relation, 172022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究relationship；表异同：difference, similarity; 表交通、运输：traffic, transportation；表时间、年代、年龄：date, time, age；表性别：sex；表质量、数量：quality, amount, quantity, number；表事件：incident, event；表反应：response, reaction，reflection；表定义

18、：definition；表预防：prevention, precaution；表治疗：treatment, cure；表程度：degree；表信仰：belief；表人口：population；表资源：resource；表职位：position；表职业：work, job, occupation, profession；表设备：equipment(不可数), facility(可数)；表迹象、征兆：sign, symptom。 需要注意的是：在实际做题时要根据表格的要求做出合适的改变，如名词的单复数，首字母的大小写等。182022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 2.判定归纳概括词的方法：

19、(1)根据段落主题句的关键词判定概括词。段落主题句多在段首，其次在段尾，偶在段中，因此在读文章时要尤其注意段首尾，宜及时标注主题句。要善于根据上下文的逻辑关系确认关键词。例如上述例句中，找到主题句后，要能判断suggestions为主题句的关键词。值得注意的是，有时所填写的概括词不能照抄主题句中的关键词，而需根据表达要求改变其词形或词性，甚至是另换一词。192022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 例3 Volunteering does much good to a volunteer. For example, volunteering offers you chances to de

20、velop ability, skill and personal strengths. As part of a volunteer group, you get firsthand exposure to use and learn communication and teamwork dynamics.202022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 该段主题句“Volunteering does much good to a volunteer”的关键词为“much good”。但显然该空不宜填Good。事实上根据“does much good”可知此处是在介绍“Volunteerin

21、g”的作用或好处，故应填：Benefits/Advantages/Uses。 再如，根据“Volunteering is required to promote human rights and equality, and respect the rights, dignity(尊严)and culture of others as well.”设表格如下：212022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 根据句中的关键词“required”判断该空填Requirements，即将原来的过去分词形式改为名词复数形式。 (2)根据文中信息词判定概括词。 例如，根据how判断用ways, tips

22、, methods，solutions, etc.；根据why, because, result in, lead to, be caused by等判断用reasons, causes；根据in short, all in all判断用summary；根据refer to, be, be called判断用definition；根据therefore, thus, so, as a result判断用result, conclusion；根据find, discover判断用findings。222022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究例4 2009湖南卷 Then, how to so

23、lve the problems? To a large degree, it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future. There are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint, from switching to green energy and reducing energy use, through selecting su

24、stainable(可持续使用的) materials and choosing local suppliers, to recycle and minimize waste. On the other hand, as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.232022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 第82空可以根据“Then, how to solve the problems？”可

25、知本处讲问题的解决方法，故可判断填Solutions/Methods。 242022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究 探究点三组织信息题 一、组织信息题的特点： 所谓组织信息题，即能从文中找到信息句，但需转换原词的词性或另用新词填空。例如，根据信息句“be responsible for your own learning, though it is by no means unwise to compare your observations with those of other group members.”判断填写“Take _ for ones own learning”，显然该

26、空应填写“responsibility”，即为原句中形容词responsible的名词形式，转换了词性。 组织信息题的产生是因为表格中的表达形式不同于原文表达所致。因此，找到答题信息句后，考生应注意分析、比较、推敲表格与原文在表达上的异同，从而做出正确的推252022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究理判断。值得注意的是，所填入的词或短语不仅要求拼写正确，符合语法规则，还要确保上下左右语义一致。 二、组织信息题的答题技巧： 组织信息题的答题要求更高，难度更大，要求考生不仅要有较强的阅读能力，还要有丰富扎实的英语语言知识，例如，要掌握常用同义词和近义词、必备的构词法知识和习惯搭配以及丰富的语法

27、知识等。其具体答题技巧有： 1转换词性：例如动词转换为名词，名词转换为动词或形容词，名词或形容词转换为动词等。例如2007年高考湖南卷82题，根据信息句“On the other, students expectations have risen.”将动词risen转换为名词，确定答案为：Rise in expectations。再如，2006年高考湖南卷80题(fewer absences and _80_ )，根据信息句262022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究“They also have fewer absences and are less likely to blame.”可

28、确定其答案为blame由动词转换成名词，即：less blame。 2用名词所有格 “s”代替 of所有格。例如2005年高考湖南卷79题的下一行“Baby boomers oldgrowing”就是将文中表达方式“the oldgrowing of the baby boomers” 用“s”所有格代替 of所有格转换而成。 3后置定语、补语等转化为前置定语：例如将定语从句转化为前置定语或改为非谓语动词形式作后置定语，名词、形容词、分词作前置定语等。例如2007年高考湖南卷84题，根据信息句“They are trying to make living conditions better”将

29、宾补better转为前置定语确定答案为Bettering living conditions。再如2005年高考湖南卷81及272022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究82题，根据信息句“One likely development will be a gradual change in the family unitThe other likely development will be a change in the proportion of the nations workforce.”改用名词作前置定语，分别转换其表达方式为81.Family unit change；82.Wor

30、kforce proportion change。 4省略次要信息，提炼关键信息。例如2011年湖南卷的阅读填空题，将信息句“Then, the listener can make multiple playlists without creating an account(账户)with the site.”中的“without creating an account”进行简化可判断76题(Make multiple playlists _76_ )填“without an account”；将信息句“In addition, one can enjoy various art projec

31、ts that people have created on display for the282022/7/30 星期六第五模块 题型探究rest of the world”中的“enjoy various art projects”进行简化可判断79题(_79_on display)填“Enjoy art projects”。 5同义转换。例如2010年高考湖南卷的阅读填空题，根据信息句“They usually start out at half the pay of a journeyman, and the pay increases gradually as they move f

32、urther along in the job and studies.”的“start out”可判断75题(half the pay of a journeyman _75_ )填“at the beginning”。根据信息句“Near the end of the apprenticeship, their wages are usually 90 percent of what a journeyman would receive.”中的“what a journeyman would receive”可判断76题(90% of _76_ near the end)填“a journ

33、eymans wages”。292022/7/30 星期六应试点睛第五模块 应试点睛 分析近几年高考，湖南高考英语阅读填空试题稳中有变。由此预测2012年湖南高考阅读填空试题在选材上仍是话题符合中学生价值取向的描述性说明文，其结构清楚、脉络清晰，文章事实线条较明显，应具有较明确的信息度。在难度上应与2011年持平。解答时可遵循“四步法”： 第一步：分析表格结构和内容，准确定位填空要求，预测文章的框架及大意。 首先可通过分析表格或框架结构及其内容预测文章布局谋篇及大意。根据分析，再读文章，可使阅读时有的放矢，提高阅读效率。 第二步：快速浏览，抓住全文中心及每段大意，正确获取信息。302022/7

34、/30 星期六第五模块 应试点睛 带着第一步的预测快速浏览全文，把握全文中心及每段大意，并注意从各段画出解题需要的有效信息句，为下一步答题打下基础。 快速寻找有效信息句的方法主要有两个：一是根据试题在表格中的顺序确定有效信息句在文章中的大致位置。二是善于抓住图表各栏目中所给出的短语关键词，有针对性地带着这些关键词的提示到文中相应段落寻找有效信息句。 第三步：认真分析表格，借助已有信息，有的放矢答题。 该步骤是答好阅读填空题的关键。根据表格结构，借助第二步获得的阅读信息，按照要求答题。312022/7/30 星期六第五模块 应试点睛 第四步：复查。 复查对提高答题准确率很重要，考生千万不要遗漏这

35、一步。复查的主要依据是看所填答案是否符合答题的几条原则，其中重点要复查：1.是否超过3个单词；2.表达形式在语法上是否一致于同横纵栏目， 横纵栏目内的表达信息是否一致； 3.单词有无拼写错误，尤其名词单复数与动词形式方面。322022/7/30 星期六专题 阅读填空 专题阅读填空 332022/7/30 星期六真题典例专题 真题典例 2011湖南卷 A person searches various websites for different reasons, such as school, work, or entertainment. For teenagers, many inform

36、ative resources on the Internet can be used. As a matter of fact, there are educational, music and art websites that are truly helpful to teenagers, because they can help make ones life easier. Educational websites are helpful to a teenager in doing school work and searching for a college. Some can

37、help studying for tests, explaining a lesson, and doing homework. Some can help find the right schools 342022/7/30 星期六专题 真题典例based on ones interests. And still others have pages devoted to the social life at each of the colleges or the specific activities that occur at a certain school. Some free mu

38、sic sites enable a teenager to diversify their musical tastes. On these sites, all types of music are available such as pop，rock, jazz, and country. One can type in a song, category or artist and his or her entire catalog appears. Then, the listener can make multiple playlists without creating an ac

39、count(账户)with the site. There are various art websites that can help students to appreciate and create art pieces. On these sites, a student can view numerous photos and art pieces from different mediums or create an account352022/7/30 星期六专题 真题典例with the website to upload their art pieces for people

40、 to see. In addition, one can enjoy various art projects that people have created on display for the rest of the world. Truly informative resources are offered on the Internet. The best suggestion one can receive is to try to look for new websites that can help in the educational, music, or art area

41、, so one can become wellrounded and informed. 362022/7/30 星期六专题 真题典例372022/7/30 星期六专题 真题典例 【解析】 1informative resources直接信息题。根据第一段For teenagers, many informative resources on the Internet can be used.可判断。 2do school work转换信息题。根据第二段第一句Educational websites are helpful to a teenager in doing school work

42、 and searching for a college.可判断。 3is interested in转换信息题。根据第二段Some can help find the right schools based on ones interests.可判断。 4specific school activities转换信息题。根据第二段And still others have pages devoted to the social life at each of the colleges or the specific activities that occur at a certain scho

43、ol.可判断。382022/7/30 星期六专题 真题典例 5enabling one转换信息题。根据第三段Some free music sites enable a teenager to diversify their musical tastes.可判断。 6without an account转换信息题。根据第三段Then, the listener can make multiple playlists without creating an account(账户)with the site.可判断。 7Art sites直接信息题。根据第四段There are various a

44、rt websites that can help students to appreciate and create art pieces.可判断。 8Upload art pieces转换信息题。根据第四段On these sites, a student can view numerous photos and art pieces from different mediums or create an account with the website to upload their art pieces for people to see.可判断。392022/7/30 星期六专题 真

45、题典例 9Enjoy art projects转换信息题。根据第四段In addition, one can enjoy various art projects that people have created on display for the rest of the world.可判断。 10wellrounded and informed直接信息题。根据最后一段The best suggestion one can receive is to try to look for new websites that can help in the educational, music, o

46、r art area, so one can become wellrounded and informed.可判断。402022/7/30 星期六新题预测专题 新题预测 (一) Scientists agree that smoking is dangerous.Those who smoke too much may not live long.Smoking may cause many diseases.The most serious one is lung cancer.Smoking costs a great deal of money.Smoking does not jus

47、t harm the smoker; it also harms people nearby who breathe in the smoke.Smokers choose to smoke, but nonsmokers have to smoke passively.It is estimated that thousands of people who have never smoked die each year from diseases caused by breathing secondhand tobacco smoke.412022/7/30 星期六专题 新题预测 Smoki

48、ng bans can be seen around the worldmostly in Europe.The bans would encourage smokers to smoke less or give up.At the same time it helps prevent nonsmokers from being exposed to secondhand smoke.From the beginning of this year, France started a new smoking ban in public placesat restaurants, bars, h

49、otels, casinos, discos, and cafes.Smokers who cling to their nicotine will face fines of 68 euros($ 88) for lighting up in the wrong place, while business owners will be fined 135 euros.In Italy, bar and restaurant owners will face fines of up to nearly three thousand dollars if any of their guests

50、light up.Increased cigarette taxes are the leading factor422022/7/30 星期六专题 新题预测contributing to the steady decline in the smoking rate since the late 1990s in the United States. But other countries around the world dont have regulations on smoking in public or dont enforce them strictly.The ban has r

51、un into opposition, obviously from smokers.A smoking ban violates(侵犯) the rights of smokers and causes more problems than it solves.Some bar owners and disco operators worry a ban on smoking in public places would cause a drop in business. How many peoples jobs will this affect? If all smokers give

52、up smoking, we can enjoy cleaner air.432022/7/30 星期六专题 新题预测 442022/7/30 星期六专题 新题预测 【解析】 1Smoking bans综合全文可判断。 2Harm/Dangers from smoking综合右栏内容可判断。 3Causing (many) diseases根据第一段Smoking may cause many diseases.The most serious one is lung cancer.可判断。 4nonsmokers/people nearby根据第一段it also harms people

53、nearby who breathe in the smoke或but nonsmokers have to smoke passively可判断。 5Smoking passively根据第一段but nonsmokers have to smoke passively可判断。 688根据第二段Smokers who cling to their452022/7/30 星期六专题 新题预测nicotine will face fines of 68 euros( $ 88) for lighting up in the wrong place可判断。 7The United States根据

54、第二段Increased cigarette taxes are the leading factor contributing to the steady decline in the smoking rate since the late 1990s in the United States.可判断。 8Violating their rights根据第三段A smoking ban violates(侵犯) the rights of smokers and causes more problems than it solves.可判断。 9The business owners根据第三

55、段Some bar owners and disco operators worry a ban on smoking in public places would cause a drop in business.可判断。 10Conclusion根据最后一段可判断。462022/7/30 星期六专题 新题预测 (二) Some children are naturalborn bosses. They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their environment, and lead rather than follow. St

56、ephen Jackson, a Year One student, “operates under the theory of whats mine is mine and whats yours is mine，” says his mother. “The other day I bought two new Star Wars light sabers(剑). Later, I saw Stephen with the two new ones while his brother was using the beatup ones.” “Examine the extended fam

57、ily, and youll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in every generation. Its an inheritable trait，” says472022/7/30 星期六专题 新题预测Russell Barkley, a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina. Other children who may not be particularly bossy can gradually gain dominance(支配

58、地位) when they sense their parents are weak, hesitant, or in disagreement with each other. Whether its inborn nature or developed character at work, too much control in the hands of the young isnt healthy for children or the family. “Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behaviour，” says family psych

59、ologist John Taylor. “Children，” he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, “have secret feelings of weakness and a desire to feel safe. Its the parents role to provide that protection.” 482022/7/30 星期六专题 新题预测 When a “boss child” doesnt learn limits at home, the stage is set for a host of tro

60、ubles outside the family. The overly willful and unbending child may have trouble obeying teachers or coaches, for example, or trouble keeping friends. It can be pretty lonely as the top dog if no one likes your bossy ways. “I see more and more parents giving up their power，” says Barkley, who has s