土木工程专业外语

1、土木工程专业外语 Civil Engineering Specialty English军事建筑工程系建筑结构教研室曹保山66893426cbssxSpecialty English and College English (科技英语与英语 )大学英语科技英语听、说、读、写重点在阅读、翻译和写作。介绍听和说序言(preface)基础进阶科技文献的阅读和翻译日常应用CET4和CET6听、说、读、写词汇、语法、句型Part One Characteristic of specialty English（科技英语的特点 ）大量使用名词化结构广泛使用被动语句非限定动词后置定语复合词与缩略词长句多种方法

2、表达数字和否定行文清晰、客观、精练、严密文体简洁、准确、清晰信息量大、强调存在的事实内容目的手段一、大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization )Archimedes first discovered the principle that water is displaced by solid bodies.阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.Television is the transmission and receptio

3、n of images of moving objects by radio waves.电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实。名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实二、广泛使用被动语句(the passive)WHAT?英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态结构。比较下面两段短文：We can store electrical ener

4、gy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads. Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is calle

5、d a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in farads.电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板内。这样的装置称之为电容器。其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。 WHY?强调与客观使用时要注意：主要的信息置于句首 ;尽量避免使用第一、二人称 A) A direct current is a current which flows always in the direction. B)A direc

6、t current is a current flowing in the same direction. 三、非限定动词 (the nonrestrictive verb)在科技英语中，不常使用非限制定语从句，而使用非限定动词，即非谓语动词 A) In the communications, the problem of electronics is how information is conveyed from one place to another. B) In the communications, the problem of electronics is how to conv

7、ey from one place to another. 使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式短语代替各种从句；介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句 在科技文中，一般将how，wh-词引导的从句转换成how,wh-词引导的不定式短语。从而使句子结构更加简洁、紧凑 四、后置定语(the postposition)The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted. 产生的热能等于浪费了的热能。 过去分词表被动在科技文中被广泛应用。尤其在一些并列结构的句子中。The forces

8、 due to friction are called frictional forces. 由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。介词短语due to的使用避免了because从句的使用 In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light. 热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相似的辐射能 。The force uptown equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level. 向下的力与向上的力相

9、等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。副词成对出现，大多表示相反的意思。介词短语形容词及形容词短语的使用副词分词During construction, problems often arise which require design changes. 在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计的问题。五、复合词与缩略词 （the compound and the abbreviation）复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词 full-enclosed 全封闭的；work-harden 加工硬化； crisscross交叉着；on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的； a

10、nti-armored-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹； radiophotography无线电传真；colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）复合词math (mathematics)数学（裁减式缩略词）lab (laboratory)实验室 ft (foot/feet)英尺 CAD( computer aided design)计算机辅助设计缩略词定语从句六、长句(the long complex sentence)To illustrate with reference to the beam just described, if the short-t

11、ime peak load had been applied early in the life of the member, before time-depended deformations occurred, the sustained-load deflection of step 3 should be calculated using Ie based on the total load-moment diagram( sustained plus and peak load) because the cracking which would result from that lo

12、ad would permanently reduce the stiffness of the member.难点与重点，在以后学习中要注意其分析方法长句：为了说明这一点，参照上述的梁，如果短期峰值荷载在随时间推移而发生的变形出现之前就作用在梁上，第三步的持续荷载作用下的变形就应根据总荷载弯矩图(持续荷载加峰值荷载)采用Ie来计算，这是因为在该荷载作用下产生的开列将会在整修构件使用期内使构件刚度减小。To illustrate是目的状语。 if the为条件状语从句。 beforeoccurred是时间状语从句，修饰条件状语从句的谓语had been applied。 he sustaine

13、d-loadshould be calculated为本句的主句 becausewould permanently reduce是固原状语从句，其中which would result from that load 是cracking的定语从句。先主后次，判断逻辑各句间关系语法与常用句型七、多种方法表达数字和否定(the number and the negation)数字：数量和倍数。The factory turns out 100,000 cars every year. A yard is three times longer than a foot.否定：The object did

14、 not move because I pushed on it. 常见而双比较复杂的问题，使用非常灵活为英语特点。 专业英语的听与说(listening and speaking)一、常用数字的英语读法 （English reading frequently-used numerals） 1/2 one half, a half, one over two 1/3 a third, one third, one over three2/3 two thirds , two over three1/10 a tenth ,one tenth,1/4 a quarter, one quarter

15、, one fourth, one over four3/4 three quarters, three fourthsPart Two Speaking of specialty English（科技英语说 ）常用数字的读法常用数学符号的读法土木专业词汇的读法文章的读法Speaking234/679 two hundred and thirty four over six hundred and seventy nine0.3 zero point three, O point three, naught point three, point three.0.03 zero point ze

16、ro three, O point O three, naught point naught three, point naught three.0.67 zero point six seven, O point six seven, naught point six seven, point six seven,two and a halfthree and three fifthsone hundred thirty seven and three over fourzero point three recurring, point three recurringfive point e

17、ight six seven, six seven recurring2% two percent 2 two per mille3/8% three eighths percent, three eighths of one percent.2/3m two thirds of a meter3/4km three quarters of a kilometer7.8m/s seven point eight meters per second15 fifteen degree Centigrade34 thirty four degrees Fahrenheit10KN ten kilo

18、Newton20mm twenty millimeters二、常用数学符号的读法(English reading for frequently-used mathematical symbols） +plus- minus multiplied by, times divided by plus or minus is equal to, equals, is is identically equal to, identically equals is approximately equal to, approximately equalsthe absolute value of xx ba

19、r, the mean value of x b prime b double prime, b second prime, b two primeb subscript one, b sub one b superscript two, b super twox dot x two dotsfunction f of xDee x ,differential x the n th derivative of y with respect to xthe partial derivative of y with respect to x delintegral between limits a

20、 and b bracket a plus b bracket closed the ratio of a to b x square, x squared, the square of x, the second power of x, x to the second powerthe square root of x the fifth root of x square nth delintegral infinity x cube, x cubed, the cube of x, the third power of x, x to the third power log x to th

21、e base n Factorial x 一、教学内容(the teaching content)Part Three Content and Method (教学内容和方法 )二、学习方法(the learning method)建议 精读文章 阅读技巧翻译技巧写作的基本知识单元2单元i单元n单元1专业英语内容参考大学英语的学习方法：每个人都有依据自己特点的学习方法学习进步之表现：英语能力的增强，即听、说、读、写。词汇：学习词汇于句子中句型：学习句型于段落中或文章中。absent: adj. Not present; missing: absent parents.；不存在的；缺乏的（Not

22、 existent; lacking:）a country in which morality is absent.：心不在焉的，不在意的（Exhibiting or feeling inattentiveness）an absent nod；vt.（及物动词）To keep (oneself) away。They absented themselves from the debate；prep.（介词）Without:没有，缺乏：“Absent a legislative fix, this is an invitation for years of litigation” 常用的用法：be

23、 absent from,不在、缺席；be absent in 不在里面；be absent without excuse 擅自缺席；in an absent sort of way心不在焉的；in an absent way茫然的；需要注意的是：absent in “说在.里面没有某物时,不在这里，而在。The word is absent in the index at the end of the book.； He is absent in Beijing. absent from,“缺席，不在”He was absent from his work. He is absent fro

24、m Beijing.词汇：一类是常用的但必须掌握（3会：读、写、用）。另外一类是只要掌握读与义。例如：homogenous adj. 均质的。It is up to somebody to do something. It took somebody sometime to do something. Not to mention something句型：常用的一些表述方式考试内容：专业词汇；句子和段落翻译；简单写作Part Four Test and Grade (考评 )考试成绩=平时成绩*0.2+考试成绩*0.8继续Part five reference books (参考书 )继续问题

25、引入阅读理解Part one TextUnit one Civil Engineering一、词汇predominatevi. 统治， 成为主流， 支配，占优势Vt. 掌握，控制，支配Pre+domin+ate; 先于+统治+动词化用法提示Good predominates over evil in many works of literatureChinese-speaking people predominate in China.The beautiful girl can predominate her lover by force of her appearanceGeotechni

26、cal geo+technical; 地球+技术+的Adj. 岩土工程superviseSuper+vid 上面+看Vt. 监督, 管理, 指导rampvi.狂跳乱撞, 敲诈, 蔓延n. 斜坡, 坡道, 敲诈vt.使有斜面, 敲诈excavatevt.挖掘, 开凿, 挖出, 挖空ex+cav+ate; 出自+空+动词化用法提示The workmen excavated a hole in the wall to let the sewage pipe pass through.aerial aeri+al; 空气+的Adj.航空的, 生活在空气中的, 空气的, 高耸的excavated sur

27、faceexcavating machineaerial attackaerial bombaerial craft二、注解（Note）1、The civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment.土木工程是对建设环境的规划、设计、施工和管理定义表达方式The beam is the bar that is subjected to force acting tra

28、nsverse to its axis.3、In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time.2、Civil engineer build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage system, hospital, scho

29、ols, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentration. 土木工程师建设道路、桥梁、隧道、堤坝、港口、发电厂、上下水系统、医院、学校、公共交通，以及现代社会和庞大的人中集中所必须的公共设施。essential to形容词作后置定语，翻译时提前。Food is essential to life.the essentials of grammarIt is essential for us to try to decide wheth

30、er television is a blessing or a curse.后置定语of the military engineers who predominated at the time4、Environment specialists study the projects impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the projects impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be desi

31、gned to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment.环境专家研究工程项目对当地的影响，即潜在的空气和地下水污染，工程项目对当地动物和植物的影响，以及如何设计工程项目使其满足政府保护环境的要求。And 双宾语。5、Based on information supplied by the other specialist, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and cost of materials and labor,

32、 schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.to ensure :不定式作目的状语As+过去分词作状语基于其它专家提供的信息，施工管理土木工程师估算材料的劳动力的数量志成本，安排整个计划，订购施工工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，并进行其它监管

33、工作以确保工程项目按期按规定完成6、They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weightto minimize不定式作目的状语That从句修饰限定settlement7、The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on region i

34、t must traverse, the type of materials to be usedsteel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of materials being transported.简单句工程师们要确定管道设计、工程项目对其必经专区的经济与环境的冲突、所用材料

35、的类型(钢材、混凝土、塑料、或各种组合材料)、安装技术、测试管道压力的方法、以及对所运输材料适当压力与流速的保持。8、They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; the workers who layout and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour concrete; and workers who buil

36、d the steel framework.事实上，他们协调工程中每个施工人的活动，这些施工人员包括：测量员、布置与建造临时道路与斜坡、挖掘地基、搭建模板与浇灌混凝土的工人、建造钢框架的工人。9、Radio signs from satellite, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irr

37、igation projects, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.人造卫星通过激光束和声速得到无线电信号能转换为图像，以便为开凿隧道及建造公路、与堤坝、为规划洪水控制和灌溉工程、为确定影响施工计划的地下地质构造，以及为其它许多建设需要提供很精确的测量结果Scan : undergo electronic scanning.to provide：从句的省略For+动名词作目的状语That定语从句修饰f

38、ormations阅读习惯 认识自己的阅读习惯 改善阅读习惯的方法 建议应用的阅读策略 1、怎么认识自己的阅读习惯阅读前What am I reading? Why am I reading it? How should I read? 阅读时 先浏览后阅读 阅读意识 阅读笔记 有一个明确的阅读目标和为其服务的阅读策略 对学习管理能力在阅读上的一种体现 Part Two Reading SkillDo I read the title? Do I read any sub-headings? Do I read the first sentence of each paragraph (whi

39、ch should introduce the topic or idea)? Do I look at any diagrams, graphs or charts? Do I read any summaries or conclusions?浏览阅读意识 读什么，是否带着问题在读，划出或摘记出要点，或者对作者的观点提出质疑 Do I think about what Im reading? Do I question what Im reading? Do I look for answers to my questions? Do I keep trying to anticipate

40、 what is coming next, or what the conclusions will be? Do I make notes of the important points, and ideas brought out by what I read? Do I challenge the assumptions of the writer, the logic of the arguments, and the validity of the conclusions? Do I take in what I read? 阅读笔记 为了帮助理解而做的描述我们思考和理解过程的符号。

41、它可以是一句话，几个字，一些符号甚至是一些各种不同颜色的划线。阅读笔记既帮助我们思考，又记录了我们在阅读时思考的痕迹，为第二次阅读或日后复习时，能够迅速进入状态打下了基础 Do I underline and use a marker pen to highlight important words or phrases? Do I jot ideas and thoughts in the margins? Do I make notes about the points I highlighted to help myself remember them? Do I map out ide

42、as so that I can see how everything fits together? Do I give star ratings to valuable sentences, paragraphs or pages to make them easier to find later? 2、 改善阅读习惯的方法 对所读的内容要有所了解 确定阅读的目的 要学会监测自己的阅读理解效果 文章中的难点可以反复阅读 突出重点的词语 在书上做笔记的技巧 3、 应启用的阅读策略 （1） 阅读前的搜索 标题，目录、写作的风格、书后的介绍 （2）略读了解大意 略读是阅读策略中的重要一环。通过略读

43、我们能了解文章中信息的分布情况，为下一步回答问题而查找具体信息打下基础 （3）做必要的提问激励积极的阅读。常用以下问题 阅读前 What am I reading? (确定文章的体裁)Why am I reading? (确定文章的目的)How should I read? (确定阅读的技巧)What do I know about this topic? （确定有哪自己所知的背景知识可在读中利用） 阅读中 What does this mean? （确定读懂了某一部分课文）What is the writers purpose? (作者的意图是什么？描述一个过程，报告一件事情，讨论一个问题，

44、或提出一个建议？Could I explain to someone else what I have read? What is the author trying to tell us? （确定我们能概述课文大意）Which part should I read fast/carefully? (确定我们在阅读中保持清醒，知道我们在为寻找什么而使用哪些技巧)阅读后 What are the main point(s) of the paragraph(s)? （确定对文章的理解把握）四、快速阅读的能力 理解是关键 速度对于我们来说也是致关重要 检查一下我们的阅读速度 改善我们的阅读 多读一

45、些有一定难度的文章 训练眼睛的快速移动 积极主动地读、有选择地读 按照意群去选择阅读的间隔和停顿 知识难度应循序渐进 眼睛的移动应一直保持向前 1）查找具体信息 ？2）合理变化阅读速度？ 3）回顾、判断、思考？ Skimming Scanning 根据实际需要，选择合适的策略来阅读，并在实践中不断提高我们对阅读策略的理解和运用策略的水平 。总结Part Three Translating Skill、翻译基础1、概述2、翻译的标准忠实和通顺3、翻译要注意科技英语的特点4、翻译的步骤定义、本质和分类要解决的根本问题有效途径通读全文，了解大意辩明语法关系，搞清句与句之间的逻辑关系；根据原文涉及的主

46、题或事物，确定某些多义词的词义。选择合适的翻译技巧，按汉语习惯遣词造句，重述原文内容；通读译文，修改与定稿。英语汉语科学、正确 逻辑、严密注重事实、概念明确 逻辑清晰、内容正确、数据精准、文字简明、术语规范二、词语的正确理解与表达词义选择和词义引申 保证译文质量的前提和基础 (一)、词义选择Dr. Koope has called for a smoke-free America by the year 2000.词义选择忌望文生义，是一项自始至终的思维过程。一般从三个方面入手：词类；专业内容；习惯搭配和上下文 1、根据词类选择英语中很多词汇在作为不同的词类时有不同的意义，因此正确判断一个词在

47、句子中是以哪一种词类出现，对辨别词义有很大帮助 ，如：Glass is still the commonest material used to admit light.(名词)Roof lighting can be through transparent sheets in an ordinary sheeted sloping roof, or through a saw tooth roof. （动名词）Lightweight blocks are particularly suitable for resident construction, where structural loa

48、ds are usually quite light. (形容词)The beacon lighted the plane to a safe landing. .(动词)2、根据专业内容选择，各专业相互渗透、相互影响，词义也相互变通和交叉使用的尤其是一些半专业(semi special)名词。从事科技英汉翻译时，要考虑词汇所属学科和专业，以便正确理解和选择词义。 3、根据搭配习惯选择词义是非常重要的手段之一。常见的搭配有：定语的中心词、动词和介词副词、动词有不同的宾语。 Foundation:基础、基金、创立load:荷载、装入、输入deep本身的词义：深的；低沉的；酣睡的；鲜艳的；专心的；

49、难理解的；博学的；狡猾的；剧烈的等等 a deep well, a deep voice, a deep red, deep in study, a deep mystery, a deep thinker, deep outrage. 4、在选择词义时，只靠搭配来确定一个词的词义是往往不够的。这里必须根据上下文正确判断词义 A bar that is subjected to forces acting a very transverse to its axis is called a beam.A laser is an apparatus for producing a very pow

50、erful narrow beam of light.(二)、词义引申上下文和逻辑关系，从词的基本含义进行引申，选择出恰当汉语词汇1、具体化概括、笼统、抽象 具体 Rubber is soft, it gives way to pressure The transistor will do most of the things a triode tube will do.2、抽象化In order to survive, to feed, clothe, and shelter himself and his children, man has to learn how to use the

51、things he finds in nature.Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education.Another means used to prevent the flow of water through a barrier wall is to parge the backside of the outside wall. Many problems of importance in engineering cannot be h

52、andled efficiently by means of theory alone.练习For the purpose of this article, however, drywall construction will mean a wall constructed of gypsum. Round form is not a necessary shape for using concrete underground, but it is a shape that is easily constructed by the amateur or self-builder. It may

53、 be constructed of wood. There wheels are constructed smaller. The railway was being constructed at that period. Constructed a good objective test requires a great deal of time and thought.Part Three Writing SkillThe apparent loss of weight of a substance which is immersed in a liquid equal the weig

54、ht of the displaced liquid.谓语动词简单，其它成份复杂口语，名词简单但动词复杂I dont want to go and buy textbook today.写作注意事项三、文体要求ABCA准确1 正确的运用语法和句型例如当定义时要注意语气，时态和语态A planet, as the name suggest, could be nothing but something like Mars.According to some saying, a planet may be a heavenly sphere, such as Mars.A planet is a

55、heavenly sphere such as earth.时态和一致性:普遍真理。Water freezes at 0 .陈述和观察事实。This type concrete contains about 30 percent sand .描述实验。The filter paper then collects the impurities.一般现在时一、写作对象二、写作目的程度避免偏离主题和文字冗余I am writing this for my unit managers monthly digest of the work weve been doing because I want t

56、o stress my results and show how they fit into overall project projection for the project.1、water has a boiling point of 100. 2、the boiling point of water is 1003、In chemistry each element has its own symbol, which is usually a capital letter followed by a small letter.科学论述中的Be 和have正确运用句型People com

57、monly say that clinical thermometers are used to find out the body temperature.语气:陈述语气（对事实一般性的叙述）语态:被动语态和主动语态。根据表达的意思所定。例如对某一问题进行讨论时，应使用主动语态：用较少的词汇，且好理解It is maintained by the contractor The contractor maintains thatIt is commonly believed that clinical thermometers are used to determine the body te

58、mperature.不使用意义模棱两可的词汇。在下定义、描述过程、作结论；不使用主观色彩的词汇。例如与摘要时，不要加入个人的观点、也不要使用问句和感叹句最好用第三人称。B简洁：内容和句型C清晰：思维的逻辑性和表达的连贯性1、误置修饰语的错误The engineering student made a big mess wearing the red hat.1）修饰语应靠近所修饰的词2）当almost, even, hardly, just, merely, only, nearly, scarcely等词在句中时，一定要放在中心词的靠近处，否则会发生逻辑错误.We solved three

59、question only. We solved only three question.3）修饰性从句同中心词保持明显的关系She borrowed a car from his friend that was bad.From his friend, she borrowed a car that was bad.4)避免不一致的修饰语The Moto 1100 is a small family car. It has a small engine which is in the front. The engine has a capacity of 1,100 cubic centim

60、eters. It is a front wheel drive car. The gear lever is on the floor. There are seats for four or five people. It has four forward gears and a reverse. It has a maximum speed of about 130 km an hour. One advantage of this car is that has a very low fuel consumption.看下面短文，注意Be 和have的作简洁性的描述His doctor