外文翻译软件工程

1、中文2860字Software engineeringFrom:Software engineering is the study of the use of engineering methods to build and maintain effective, practical and high-quality software disciplines. It involves the programming language, database, software development tools, system platform, standards, design pattern

2、s and so on.In modern society, the software used in many ways. Typical software such as email, embedded systems, human-machine interface, office packages, operating systems, compilers, databases, games. Meanwhile, almost all the various sectors of computer software applications, such as industry, ag

3、riculture, banking, aviation and government departments. These applications facilitate the economic and social development, improve peoples working efficiency, while improving the quality of life.Software engineers is to create software applications of people collectively, according to which softwar

4、e engineers can be divided into different areas of system analysts, software designers, system architects, programmers, testers and so on. It is also often used to refer to a variety of software engineers, programmers.OriginIn view of difficulties encountered in software development, North Atlantic

5、Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1968 organized the first Conference on Software Engineering, and will be presented at the software engineering to define the knowledge required for software development, and suggested that software development the activities of similar projects should be. Software Engin

6、eering has formally proposed since 1968, this time to accumulate a large number of research results, widely lot of technical practice, academia and industry through the joint efforts of software engineering is gradually developing into a professional discipline.Definitioncreation and use of sound en

7、gineering principles in order to obtain reliable and economically efficient software.application of systematic, follow the principle can be measured approach to development, operation and maintenance of software; that is to be applied to software engineering.在现代社会中，软件应用于多个方面。典型的软件比方有电子邮件、嵌入式系统、 人机界面

8、、办公包、操作系统、编译器、数据库、游戏等。同时，各个行业几乎 都有计算机软件的应用，比方工业、农业、银行、航空、政府部门等。这些应用 促进了经济和社会的开展，提高人们的工作效率，同时提升了生活质量。软件工程师是对应用软件创造软件的人们的统称，软件工程师按照所处的领域不 同可以分为系统分析员、软件设计师、系统架构师、程序员、测试员等等。人们 也常常用程序员来泛指各种软件工程师。由来鉴于软件开发时所遭遇困境，北大西洋公约组织(NATO)在1968年举办了 首次软件工程学术会议，并于会中提出软件工程来界定软件开发所需相关知 识，并建议软件开发应该是类似工程的活动。软件工程自1968年正式提出至 今

9、,这段时间累积了大量的研宏成果，广泛地进行大量的技术实践，借由学术界 和产业界的共同努力，软件工程正逐渐开展成为一门专业学科。定义创立与使用健全的工程原那么，以便经济地获得可靠且高效率的软件.应用系统化，遵从原那么，可被计量的方法来开展、操作及维护软件；也就是把工 程应用到软件上。与开发、管理及更新软件产品有关的理论、方法及工具。一种知识或学科(discipline),目标是生产品质良好、准时交货、符合预算，并 满足用户所需的软件。实际应用科学知识在设计、建构电脑程序，与相伴而来所产生的文件，以及后续 的操作和维护上。使用与系统化生产和维护软件产品有关之技术与管理的知识，使软件开发与修改 可在

10、有限的时间与费用下进行。The development, management and updating software products related to theories, methods and tools.A knowledge or discipline (discipline), aims to produce good quality, punctual delivery, within budget and meet users need software.the practical application of scientific knowledge in the d

11、esign, build computer programs, and the accompanying documents produced, and the subsequent operation and maintenance.Use systematic production and maintenance of software products related to technology and management expertise to enable software development and changes in the limited time and under

12、 cost.Construction team of engineers developed the knowledge of large software systems disciplines.the software analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of a systematic method.the systematic application of tools and techniques in the development of computer-based applications.Software Engine

13、ering and Computer ScienceSoftware development in the end is a science or an engineering, this is a question to be debated for a long time. In fact, both the two characteristics of soft:ware development. But this does not mean that they can be confused with each other. Many people think that softwar

14、e engineering, computer science and information science-based as in the traditional sense of the physical and chemical engineering as. In the U.S., about 40% of software engineers with a degree in computer science. Elsewhere in the world, this ratio is also similar. They w川 not necessarily use every

15、 day knowledge of computer science, but every day they use the software engineering knowledge.For example, Peter McBreen that software engineering means higher degree of rigor and proven processes, not suitable for all types of software development stage. Peter McBreen in the book Software Craftsman

16、ship: The New Imperative put forward the so-called craftsmanship of the argument, consider that a key factor in the success of software development, is to develop the skills, not manufacturing so代ware process.Software engineering and computer programmingSoftware engineering exists in a variety of ap

17、plications exist in all aspects of software development. The program design typically include program design and coding of the iterative process, it is a stage of software development.Software engineering, software project seeks to provide guidance in all aspects, from feasibility analysis software

18、until the software after completion of maintenance work. Software engineering that software development and marketing activities are closely related. Such as software sales, user training, hardware and software associated with installation. Software engineering methodology that should not be an inde

19、pendent programmer from the team and to develop, and the program of preparation can not be divorced from the software requirements, design, and customer interests.Software engineering design of industrial development is the embodiment of a computer program.Software crisisSoftware engineering, rooted

20、 in the 20th century to the rise of 60,70 and 80 years of software crisis. At that time, many of the software have been a tragic final outcome. Many of the software development time significantly beyond the planned schedule. Some projects led to the loss of property, and even some of the software le

21、d to casualties. While software developers have found it increasingly difficult for software development.OS 360 operating system is considered to be a typical case. Until now, it is still used in the IBM360 series host. This experience for decades, even extremely complex software projects do not hav

22、e a set of programs included in the original design of work systems. OS 360 is the first large software project, which uses about 1,000 programmers. Fred Brooks in his subsequent masterpiece, The Mythical Man Month (The Mythical Man-Month) in the once admitted that in his management of the project,

23、he made a million dollar mistake.Property losses: software error may result in significant property damage. European Ariane rocket explosion is one of the most painful lesson.Casualties: As computer software is widely used, including hospitals and other industries closely related to life. Therefore,

24、 the software error might also result in personal injury or death.Was used extensively in software engineering is the Therac-25 case of accidents. In 1985 between June and January 1987, six known medical errors from the Therac-25 to exceed the dose leads to death or severe radiation burns.In industr

25、y, some embedded systems do not lead to the normal operation of the machine, which will push some people into the woods.MethodologyThere are many ways software engineering aspects of meaning. Including project management, analysis, design, program preparation, testing and quality control.Software de

26、sign methods can be distinguished as the heavyweight and lightweight methods. Heavyweight methods produce large amounts of official documentation.Heavyweight development methodologies, including the famous ISO 9000, CMM, and the Unified Process (RUP).Lightweight development process is not an officia

27、l document of the large number of requirements. Lightweight methods, including well-known Extreme Programming (XP) and agile process (Agile Processes).According to the new methodology in this article, heavyweight method presented is a defensive posture. In the application of the heavyweight methods

28、software organizations, due to a software project manager with little or no involvement in program design, can not grasp the item from the details of the progress of the project which will have a fear, constantly had to ask the programmer to write a lot of software development documentation.n The li

29、ghtweight methods are presented aggressive attitude, which is from the XP method is particularly emphasized four criteria - communication, simplicity, feedback and courage to be reflected on. There are some people that the heavyweight method is suitable for large software team (dozens or more) use,

30、and lightweight methods for small software team (a few people, a dozen people) to use. Of course, on the heavyweight and lightweight method of approach has many advantages and disadvantages of debate, and various methods are constantly evolving.Some methodologists think that people should be strictl

31、y followed in the development and implementation of these methods. But some people do not have the conditions to implement these methods. In fact, the method by which software development depends on many factors, but subject to environmental constraints.Software development processSoftware developme

32、nt process, with the subsequent development of technology evolution and improvement. From the early waterfall (Waterfall) development model to the subsequent emergence of the spiral iterative (Spiral) development, which recently began the rise of agile development methodologies (Agile), they showed

33、a different era in the development process for software industry different awareness and understanding of different types of projects for the method.Note distinction between software development process and software process improvement important difference between. Such as ISO 15504, ISO 9000, CMM,C

34、MMI such terms are elaborated in the framework of software process improvement, they provide a series of standards and policies to guide software organizations how to improve the quality of the software development process, the ability of software organizations, and not give a specific definition of

35、 the development process.Development of software engineeringAgile Development (Agile Development) is considered an important software engineering development. It stressed that software development should be able to possible future changes and uncertainties of a comprehensive response.Agile developme

36、nt is considered a lightweight approach. In the lightweight approach should be the most prestigious Extreme Programming (Extreme Programming, referred to as XP). Correspond with the lightweight approach is the heavyweight method exists. Heavyweight approach emphasizes the development process as the

37、center, rather than people-centered. Examples of methods such as heavyweight CMM / PSP / TSP.Aspect-oriented programming (Aspect Oriented Programming, referred to as the AOP) is considered to software engineering in recent years, another important development. This aspect refers to the completion of

38、 a function of a collection of objects and functions. In this regard the contents related to generic programming (Generic Programming) and templates.软件工程From:软件工程是一门研究用工程化方法构建和维护有效的、实用的和高质量的软件的 学科。它涉及到程序设计语言、数据库、软件开发工具、系统平台、标准、设计 模式等方面。在现代社会中，软件应用于多个方面。典型的软件比方有电子邮件、嵌入式系统、 人机界面、办公包、操作系统、编译器、数据库、游戏等。同

39、时,，各个行业几乎 都有计算机软件的应用，比方工业、农业、银行、航空、政府部门等。这些应用 促进了经济和社会的开展，提高人们的工作效率，同时提升了生活质量。软件工程师是对应用软件创造软件的人们的统称，软件工程师按照所处的领域不 同可以分为系统分析员、软件设计师、系统架构师、程序员、测试员等等。人们 也常常用程序员来泛指各种软件工程师。由来鉴于软件开发时所遭遇困境，北大西洋公约组织(NATO)在1968年举办了 首次软件工程学术会议，并于会中提出软件工程来界定软件开发所需相关知 识，并建议软件开发应该是类似工程的活动。软件工程自1968年正式提出至 今,这段时间累积了大量的翅选成果，广泛地进行大

40、量的技术实践，借由学术界 和产业界的共同努力，软件工程正逐渐开展成为一门专业学科。定义创立与使用健全的工程原那么，以便经济地获得可靠且高效率的软件.应用系统化，遵从原那么，可被计量的方法来开展、操作及维护软件；也就是把工 程应用到软件上。与开发、管理及更新软件产品有关的理论、方法及工具。一种知识或学科(discipline),目标是生产品质良好、准时交货、符合预算，并 满足用户所需的软件。实际应用科学知识在设计、建构电脑程序，与相伴而来所产生的文件，以及后续 的操作和维护上。使用与系统化生产和维护软件产品有关之技术与管理的知识，使软件开发与修改 可在有限的时间与费用下进行。Constructi

41、on team of engineers developed the knowledge of large software systems disciplines.the software analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of a systematic method.the systematic application of tools and techniques in the development of computer-based applications.Software Engineering and Comput

42、er ScienceSoftware development in the end is a science or an engineering, this is a question to be debated for a long time. In fact, both the two characteristics of soft:ware development. But this does not mean that they can be confused with each other. Many people think that software engineering, c

43、omputer science and information science-based as in the traditional sense of the physical and chemical engineering as. In the U.S., about 40% of software engineers with a degree in computer science. Elsewhere in the world, this ratio is also similar. They will not necessarily use every day knowledge

44、 of computer science, but every day they use the software engineering knowledge.For example, Peter McBreen that software engineering means higher degree of rigor and proven processes, not suitable for all types of software development stage. Peter McBreen in the book Software Craftsmanship: The New

45、Imperative put forward the so-called craftsmanship of the argument, consider that a key factor in the success of software development, is to develop the skills, not manufacturing software process.Software engineering and computer programmingSoftware engineering exists in a variety of applications ex

46、ist in all aspects of software development. The program design typically include program design and coding of the iterative process, it is a stage of software development.Software engineering, software project seeks to provide guidance in all aspects, from feasibility analysis software until the sof

47、tware after completion of maintenance work. Software engineering that software development and marketing activities are closely related. Such as software sales, user training, hardware and software associated with installation. Software engineering methodology that should not be an independent progr

48、ammer from the team and to develop, and the program of preparation can not be divorced from the software requirements, design, and customer interests.Software engineering design of industrial development is the embodiment of a computer program.Software crisisSoftware engineering, rooted in the 20th

49、century to the rise of 60,70 and 80 years of software crisis. At that time, many of the software have been a tragic final outcome. Many of the software development time significantly beyond the planned schedule. Some projects led to the loss of property, and even some of the software led to casualti

50、es. While software developers have found it increasingly difficult for software development.OS 360 operating system is considered to be a typical case. Until now, it is still used in the IBM360 series host. This experience for decades, even extremely complex software projects do not have a set of pr

51、ograms included in the original design of work systems. OS 360 is the first large software project, which uses about 1,000 programmers. Fred Brooks in his subsequent masterpiece, The Mythical Man Month (The Mythical Man-Month) in the once admitted that in his management of the project, he made a mil

52、lion dollar mistake.Property losses: software error may result in significant property damage. European Ariane rocket explosion is one of the most painful lesson.Casualties: As computer software is widely used, including hospitals and other industries closely related to life. Therefore, the software

53、 error might also result in personal injury or death.Was used extensively in software engineering is the Therac-25 case of accidents. In 1985 between June and January 1987, six known medical errors from the Therac-25 to exceed the dose leads to death or severe radiation burns.In industry, some embed

54、ded systems do not lead to the normal operation of the machine, which will push some people into the woods.MethodologyThere are many ways software engineering aspects of meaning. Including project management, analysis, design, program preparation, testing and quality control.Software design methods

55、can be distinguished as the heavyweight and lightweight methods. Heavyweight methods produce large amounts of official documentation.Heavyweight development methodologies, including the famous ISO 9000, CMM, and the Unified Process (RUP).Lightweight development process is not an official document of

56、 the large number of requirements. Lightweight methods, including well-known Extreme Programming (XP) and agile process (Agile Processes).According to the new methodology in this article, heavyweight method presented is a defensive posture. In the application of the heavyweight methods software orga

57、nizations, due to a software project manager with little or no involvement in program design, can not grasp the item from the details of the progress of the project which will have a fear, constantly had to ask the programmer to write a lot of software development documentation. The lightweight meth

58、ods are presented aggressive attitude, which is from the XP method is particularly emphasized four criteria - communication, simplicity, feedback and courage to be reflected on. There are some people that the heavyweight method is suitable for large software team (dozens or more) use, and lightweigh

59、t methods for small software team (a few people, a dozen people) to use. Of course, on the heavyweight and lightweight method of approach has many advantages and disadvantages of debate, and various methods are constantly evolving.Some methodologists think that people should be strictly followed in

60、the development and implementation of these methods. But some people do not have the conditions to implement these methods. In fact, the method by which software development depends on many factors, but subject to environmental constraints.Software development processSoftware development process, wi