状语从句 课件-高考英语语法点梳理专题12

1、12 状语从句什么是状语从句？用法：状语从句在复合句中起状语的作用，用于修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词和副词等。状语从句一般由连词引导，连词不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。状语从句也可以由短语引起，也有时不需要连词而直接和主句连接起来。例句：It will not be long before we meet again. 用不了多久我们会再见面的。（由连词引导）I got up early so that I caught the bus.我起得很早，所以我赶上了公共汽车。（由短语引导）位置：状语从句多位于句首或句尾。位于句首时，一般要用逗号与主句隔开；位于句尾时，一般不与主句隔开。作用：状语从

2、句可以表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较和方式等。一. 表示时间的状语从句时间状语从句常用的引导词Before 在之前directly 一就by the time 截至after 在之后Since 自以来till/until 直到when/while/as 当的时候each time/every time 每次the moment 立刻，马上no sooner.than.一就once一旦就instantly一就as soon as一就immediately一就hardly.when.一就scarcely.一就whenever/no matter when 无论何时1. befo

3、re 在之前句型：It is/was (not)+时间+before+从句It was one year before he finished his work. 过了一年他才完成了他的工作。It was not long before he finished his work. 过了不久，他就完成了他的工作。It will (not) be+时间+before+从句（主将从现）It will be three weeks before he finishes his work.要过3周，他才能完成他的工作。【区分】long before/before long He retired long

4、 before the war. 他早在战争之前就退休了。（long before = long time ago）Before long, er were deep in conversation. 我们很快就进入深谈。（before long = soon）2. by the time 截至（时间）by the time引导的从句若是一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时。By the time you receive this letter, I will have left this city for my hometown.你收到这封信时，我将已经离开这座城市回家乡了。by the time

5、引导的从句若是一般过去时，主句则要用过去完成时。By the time I got there, the bus had already left.等我到那里时，公共汽车已开走了。【提示】“by+时间”还可以构成各种短语，在句子中作时间状语。例如：by then 截止那时 by the end of last year 截止去年年底 by last year 截止去年by the end of next year 截止明年年底 by nine o clock 截止9点钟3. once 一旦就Once you understand the rules of the game, youll enj

6、oy it. （主将从现）一旦你了解了这个游戏的规则，你就会喜欢它。【注意】once引导状语从句时，若从句的主语和主句的主语一致，有时可以将从句的主语和be动词省略。Once found, any mistake must be corrected.一旦发现任何错误就必须加以改正。= Once it is found, Once having made a promise, you should keep it.一旦做出承诺，你就应该遵守诺言。= Once you have made a promise4. as soon as 和 no soonerthan等【近义短语】as soon as

7、，the moment, on+n./doing 结构; no sooner.than，hardly/scarcely.when/before，immediately，directly 一就I gave the alarm as soon as I saw the smoke. 我一看见冒烟，就发出了警报。当主句是一般将来时，as soon as引导的从句要用一般现在时.They will post the tickets to me as soon as they receive my check.他们收到我的支票后就立刻把票寄给我。【提示】no sooner.than，hardly.whe

8、n/before，scarcely.when/before等引导的从句常用一般过去时，主句往往和过去完成时连用；为了加强语气，主句还可以用倒装语序。The fans cried as soon as they saw the movie star.追星族们一看见这位影星就喊了起来。= Immediately she had gone, I remembered her name. 她刚走开我就想起了她的名字。=The fans had no sooner seen the movie star than they cried.=The fans had hardly/scarcely seen

9、 the movie star when they cried.=No sooner had the fans seen the movie star than they cried. (主句倒装)=Hardly/ Scarcely had the fans seen the movie star when they cried. (主句倒装)【总结】主句倒装：引导词No sooner/hardly/scarcely + had +主语+ done than/when“一就”还可以用the moment表示，转换如下：As soon as I got home, it began to rai

10、n.我刚一到家，就下起雨来了。=The moment I got home, it began to rain. (用其他词转换)【补充】“on+名词/doing”结构也相当于as soon as引导的时间状语从句。Please report to reception on arrival.到达后请立即到接待处报到。On arriving home, he discovered they had gone.他一到家就发现他们已经走了。句子转换练习： As soon as I got home, it began to rain.=I had no sooner got home than it

11、 began to rain.=I had hardly got home when/before it began to rain.=I had scarcely got home when/before it began to rain.=No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.=Hardly had I got home when/before it began to rain.=Scarcely had I got home when/before it began to rain.5. whenever 和 no matter w

12、hen 等whenever相当于no matter when，意思是“无论什么时候”；every time/each time的意思是“每次”。Whenever I visited him, he was not at home. 我无论何时拜访他，他都不在家。=No matter when I visited him, he was not at home.= Each/Every time I visited him, he was not at home.二.表示地点的状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由连词where和复合关系词wherever（相当于no matter wher

13、e）引导。1. wherewhere作连词引导地点状语从句时，意思是“在/向的地方”。You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。（具体的地方）Youd better make a mark where you have any questions. 哪儿有问题，你就在哪儿做个记号。（抽象的地方）区分：where引导的地点状语从句与定语从句翻译：温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains oft

14、en.（where引导的定语从句，指代先行词places）Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often.（where引导的地点状语从句，修饰谓语动词grow）有时，where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面, 如Where there is water, there is life.有水的地方就有生命。而where引导的定语从句则不能放在主句的前面，只能紧跟先行词后面。2.whereverwherever相当于no matter where，意思是“无论到哪里，无论在哪里”。wherever引导的地点

15、状语从句多位于句首。Wherever he goes, he always takes a notebook with him.无论走到哪里，他总是带着一个笔记本。Wherever there is smoke, there is fire.无风不起浪。Wherever he may be, he will be happy.无论在什么地方，他都会快乐的。=No matter where he may be, he will be happy.三. 表示原因的状语从句原因状语从句常用的引导词because 因为since 既然now that 既然as 由于seeing (that)由于，因为

16、，鉴于considering (that) 考虑到，鉴于1. becausebecause的意思是“因为”，表示直接原因，语气最重，常用来回答why（为什么）引导的特殊疑问句。A: Why were you late for school this morning? 你今天早晨上学为什么迟到了？B: Because I got up late. 因为我起床晚了。The museum wont be open this week because it is under repairs.博物馆本周不开放，因为他正在修缮中。【注意】because 不能和 so 连用。2. Sincesince的意思

17、是“既然”，表示对方已知道的事实和理由，语气比because弱。Since youre not interested, I wont tell you about it.既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了。3. asas的意思是“由于”，表示较为明显的原因，语气较弱。As it is snowing, youd better take a taxi.下雪了，你最好乘出租车。As you request it, I will come. 由于你的要求，所以我会来。（语气较缓和）=Ill come because you request it.（语气很强）【区分】because，since，as和f

18、or的区别1. 都可译为“因为”，但在语气上，because最重，其次是since，as，for；2. because，since，as都是从属连词，for是一个并列连词；3. because引导的原因状语从句一般放主句后面，也可放主句前面；since和as引导的从句则通常位于句首；for不能位于句首，只能置于句中，一般放在所要说明的句子的后面，且用逗号隔开。I went to see him, for I had something to tell him.我去见他，因为我有事要告诉他。4.now what，seeing that和considering that1. now that的意思

19、是“既然”，如：Now that you are well, you can work. 既然你已经好了，你可以工作了。2. seeing that的意思是“由于，因为，鉴于”，如：Seeing that hes been off sick all week, he is unlikely to come today.由于他请病假整整一周了，所以今天不太可能来。3. considering that的意思是“考虑到，鉴于”，如：She knows quite a lot about it, considering (that) she is very young.鉴于她年龄小，她懂得的已经够多

20、了。四.表示条件的状语从句 条件状语从句常用的引导词in case 万一unless 除非as/so long as 只要if 如果provided (that) 如果providing (that) 如果suppose (that) 如果supposing (that) 如果on condition (that) 如果1. if和unlessif的意思是“如果”。If you have any questions or comments, you can voice them now.你们如果有任何疑问或意见，可以现在提出。unless的意思则是“除非；如果不”，相当于if.not.，有时二

21、者可以换用。If you dont visit him tomorrow, he will be angry. 如果你明天不去看他，他会生气的。=Unless you visit him tomorrow, he will be angry. 除非你明天去看他，否则他就会生气的。2. in casein case的意思是“万一，以防”，常用来引导条件状语从句。Take a coat in case the weather turns old.带上一件外衣吧，以防天气转冷了。【比较】“in case+从句”和“in case of+名词”都表示“以防，万一”。They wont be able

22、to go to the park in case it rains.=In case of rain they cant go to the park. 万一下雨，他们就不能去公园了。in that case意为“如果是那样的话”。In that case, he would be punished. 要是情况如此，他将会受到惩罚。（表示假设条件，he would be punished是虚拟语气。）3. as long as和so long asas long as和so long as的意思都是“只要”。Im sure we are safe as long as (we are) in

23、 his care.我深信只要在他的保护下，我们就会平安无事。As/So long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的办法。补充：as long as还可以作“之久”讲。Keep it as long as you can.你能把它保留多久，就保留多久。4.provided (that) 和 supposing (that)等条件状语从句还可以由provided (that)，providing (that)，suppose (that)，supposing

24、(that)，on condition (that)等引导。We shall sign the contract provided (that) there is no opposition.如果没有反对意见，我们就在合同上签字。Providing there is no objection, we shall make a decision.如果没人反对，我们就决定了。Suppose we offer more favourable terms, they will choose to cooperate with us.假如我们提供更优惠的条件，他们会选择与我们合作。Supposing i

25、t rains, shall we visit the museum?倘若下雨，我们还去参观博物馆吗？I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。5. 条件状语从句的时态 【注意】在运用条件状语从句的时候，一定要注意主句和从句在时态上的一致。A. 大多数情况下，主句如果是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时来表示(主将从现)，如：If you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty. 你

26、如果/一旦了解这个规则，就不会再有困难。从句有时也可以用现在进行时，如：If you are meditating, I will leave you alone. 如果你在沉思，我就让你静一静。或者用现在完成时，如：If you have finished your work, we shall go to the party tonight. 如果你已经完成了工作，那我们今晚就去参加派对。说明：有时可用once或as soon as代替if。Once/As soon as you understand this rule, you will have no further difficul

27、ty.B.有时主句中用祈使句和情态动词来替代将来时态，如：If you get the book, let me know.如果你弄到了那本书，告诉我一声。（let型祈使句）If you drink, dont drive. 如果你喝了酒，千万别开车。（do型祈使句）If he feels like seeing the sights of the city, he can take a bus tour.（情态动词）如果他想看城市风光，他可以坐城市观光车。C.如果主句谓语动词是want，hope等词（带有将来含义），则条件状语从句用一般现在时，如：What do you want to do

28、 if you have much money? 如果你有很多钱，你想要做什么？I hope to see her if Im free. 如果我有空，我希望去看看她。D. 在有些句子中，主、从句都可用一般现在时If you ring this number, no one answers. 如果你打这个电话号码，不会有人接。If you press the switch, the computer comes on. 如果你按这个开关，计算机就会启动。【注意】有时if引导的从句也可以用will，但will表示意愿。If youll just wait a moment, Ill find s

29、omeone to help you.如果你愿意等一会儿，我会找人来帮助你。If you wont go, you neednt/wont go.如果你不愿意去，那就不必去。五.表示目的、结果的状语从句 目的状语从句常用的引导词结果状语从句常用的引导词that，so that，in order that(so) that，(so.) that，(such.) that，(so much/many.) that1. so thatso that的意思是“目的是；结果”，既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导结果状语从句。引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常有can，could，may，might，wi

30、ll，would等情态动词。而引导结果状语从句时，则通常没有情态动词。The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mothers Day.表目的：小男孩把一枚枚硬币积攒起来，为的是能在母亲节给妈妈买一份礼物。The little boy saved every coin so that he bought his mother a present on Mothers Day.表结果：小男孩把一枚枚硬币积攒起来，在母亲节那天给妈妈买了一份礼物。2.in order thatin ord

31、er that的意思是“以便，为了”。in order that和so that表示目的时一样，从句的谓语动词里常有can，could，may，might，will，would等情态动词。She raised her voice in order that she might be heard. =She raised her voice so that she might be heard.她把声音抬高以便与别人听见。in order that/so that=in order to/so as to/to 前后意思一样，但不定式表示目的时，句子是简单句。She raised her voi

32、ce in order that/so that she might be heard. = She raised her voice so as to be heard. =In order to be heard she raised her voice. =She raised her voice to be heard.【注意】so as to不能位于句首；in order to和to的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首或句中。3. so.that 和 such.thatso.that和such.that的意思都是“如此以至”，二者皆可引导结果状语从句，且含义相同，但用法有一定的区别。句型1：

33、so+形容词/副词+thatHe was injured so badly that he had to be sent to the hospital. 他伤势很重，不得不送医院。=So badly was he injured that he had to be sent to the hospital.切记：当so位于句首时，主句的主谓要倒装。She was so exhausted that she couldnt move on.=She was too exhausted to move on.她疲惫得无法继续前进。说明：如果so.that引导的结果状语从句是否定句，也可以用too

34、.to.来表达相同的意思。句型2：such+a/an（+形容词）+单数可数名词+that = so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+thatThis is such a useful dictionary that Im thinking of buying it.=This is so useful a dictionary that Im thinking of buying it.这本字典很有用，我正打算买一本。句型3：such（+形容词）+复数可数名词+thatThey are such difficult problems that I dont know how to settle

35、 them.这些问题是如此复杂，以至于我不知道如何解决。【注意】当可数名词前有形容词many，few修饰时，要用so，而不用such。句型4:“so+many/few+复数可数名词+that”There are so few notebooks that I cant give you any. 笔记本太少了，我一本也给不了你。句型5：such（+形容词）+不可数名词+thatHe showed such concern that people took him to be a friend.他表现得如此关心以至于人们都把他当作朋友了。【注意】当不可数名词的前面有形容词much，little修

36、饰时，要用so，而不用such。句型6:“so+much/little+不可数名词+that”。He had so much work to do that he had to work late into the night.他有那么多工作要做，不得不工作到深夜。六. 表示让步的状语从句让步状语从句常用的引导词though/although 虽然no matter+疑问词（who/what/when/which/where/how）无论even if/even though 即使whoever/whatever/whenever/whichever/wherever/however无论1.t

37、hough和althoughthough，although都当“虽然”讲，二者都可与以yet或still连用，但不能与but连用。Although he was worn out, he (still) kept on working.=Though he was worn out, he (still) kept on working.=He still kept on working though he was worn out.=He was worn out but he still kept on working. 他虽然已经筋疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。【注意】采用倒装语序时，只能用

38、as或though引导让步状语从句，不能用although。Although you may object, Ill carry out the experiment. 纵使你反对，我也要做这项实验。= Object though you may, Ill carry out the experiment.= Object as you may, Ill carry out the experiment.练习：Although he works hard, he makes little progress. 虽然他工作很努力，但是只进步了一点点。=Hard though he works, h

39、e makes little progress.=Hard as he works, he makes little progress.2. even if和even thougheven if相当于even though，意思是“即使，尽管，虽然也”，其所表达的意思比although更强烈。Well make a trip even if/even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。【区分】even if和even though所引导的状语从句中，动词用虚拟语气时和用陈述语气时意义不同。Even if I were ill, I woul

40、d attend the meeting. （虚拟语气，事实上我并没有生病。）即使我生病了，我也要参加会议。Even if I am ill, I will attend the meeting. （陈述语气，我现在的确生病了。）虽然我生病了，我也要参加会议。3.“no matter+疑问词”和“疑问词-ever” no matter+疑问词（who/what/when/where/which/how）引导让步状语从句时，相当于whoever/whatever/whenever/wherever/whichever/however，它们可以互换，表达的含义是“无论，不管都”。no matter

41、 who=whoever（无论是谁） no matter what=whatever（无论什么）no matter when=whenever（无论何时）no matter where=wherever（无论何地）no matter which=whichever（无论是哪一个） no matter how=however（无论怎样）七. 表示比较的状语从句原级比较级最高级as.as，not so/as.asmore.thanthe most.in/of.1.more.than和the more.of.句型：more.than 比更the more.of.（两者之中）比较的the mostof

42、（三者或三者以上）比较的This film is more moving than that one. 表示两部电影的比较。This film is the more moving of the two films.表示从两部电影中选择了一部。This film is the most moving of the three.表示三部以上比较或从中选择。2.“no+比较级+than”和“not+比较级+than”句型：no+形容词/副词比较级+than（与一样不），表示对两者的否定。She is no more diligent than her sisters.=Neither she no

43、r her sisters are diligent. 她们姐妹几个都不勤奋。句型：not+形容词/副词比较级+than（不像/不如一样），表示程度上的差异。She is not more diligent than her sisters.=She is not as diligent as her sisters. 她不如她的几个姐妹勤奋。【重要】A+动词+no more+B+than+C+动词+D意为“A不是B，正如C不是D”。We can no more leave the Party than fish can leave water.我们不能离开党，正如鱼儿离不开水一样。Hes n

44、o more fit to be a minister than a schoolboy would be.小学生不适合当部长，他也不适合当部长。3. 表示倍数的常用句型句型1：A+基数词+times as+形容词/副词原级+as+B A是B的几倍This room is three times as large as that one. 这间屋子是那间屋子的3倍大。句型2：A+基数词+times+名词/代词+of+B A是B的几倍This room is three times the size of that one.句型3：A+基数词+times+比较级+than+B A比B大（小，长）几倍This hole is five times deeper than that one.这个洞比那个洞深5倍。=This hole is six times as deep as that one.=This hole is six times the depth