迈向绿色经济的过渡及其对质量基础设施的启示

1、Contents HYPERLINK l _bookmark0 Abbreviations HYPERLINK l _bookmark1 Executive summary 1 HYPERLINK l _bookmark2 Introduction 7 HYPERLINK l _bookmark3 Quality infrastructure and the green economy 10 HYPERLINK l _bookmark3 Quality infrastructure: a system of interrelated services 10 HYPERLINK l _bookm

2、ark5 The importance of NQI systems in the transition towards HYPERLINK l _bookmark5 green economies 13 HYPERLINK l _bookmark7 Past trends in green technology development: a patent HYPERLINK l _bookmark7 data perspective 18 HYPERLINK l _bookmark8 Using patents to assess trends in green innovation 19

3、HYPERLINK l _bookmark10 Green patenting activity by technological domain 22 HYPERLINK l _bookmark15 Green patenting by countries 32 HYPERLINK l _bookmark24 Summary 48 HYPERLINK l _bookmark25 Expected trends in the transition to a green economy HYPERLINK l _bookmark25 and implications for QI 50 HYPER

4、LINK l _bookmark26 Research design 51 HYPERLINK l _bookmark29 Trends in green technologies: deployment and domestic HYPERLINK l _bookmark29 capabilities 55 HYPERLINK l _bookmark31 Emerging economies 58 HYPERLINK l _bookmark34 Developing countries 64 HYPERLINK l _bookmark38 Summary on future market t

5、rends and domestic capabilities 71 HYPERLINK l _bookmark39 Implications for QI investments 73 HYPERLINK l _bookmark40 Sophistication of the QI system 74 HYPERLINK l _bookmark44 Needed QI system improvements 83 HYPERLINK l _bookmark48 Summary on QI implications 89 HYPERLINK l _bookmark49 Case studies

6、 of transition to a green economy and HYPERLINK l _bookmark49 implications for QI 91 HYPERLINK l _bookmark50 India 93 HYPERLINK l _bookmark51 The NQI system 97 HYPERLINK l _bookmark52 Air pollution 101 HYPERLINK l _bookmark53 Energy efficiency in buildings 104 HYPERLINK l _bookmark54 Sustainable tra

7、nsportation 109 HYPERLINK l _bookmark55 Solid waste management 113 HYPERLINK l _bookmark56 Overall implications for NQI interventions 115 HYPERLINK l _bookmark57 Morocco 119 HYPERLINK l _bookmark58 The NQI system 120 HYPERLINK l _bookmark59 Renewable energy systems focus on solar energy 127 HYPERLIN

8、K l _bookmark60 Energy efficiency in buildings 130 HYPERLINK l _bookmark61 Solid waste management 133 HYPERLINK l _bookmark62 Sustainable transportation 136 HYPERLINK l _bookmark63 Water management 138 HYPERLINK l _bookmark64 Overall implications for NQI interventions 140 HYPERLINK l _bookmark65 Eth

9、iopia 144 HYPERLINK l _bookmark66 The NQI system 146 HYPERLINK l _bookmark67 Renewable energy systems 149 HYPERLINK l _bookmark69 Sustainable transportation focus on rail-bound HYPERLINK l _bookmark69 passenger and freight transport 155 HYPERLINK l _bookmark70 Solid waste management 157 HYPERLINK l

10、_bookmark71 Sustainable agriculture and land management 159 HYPERLINK l _bookmark72 Overall implications for NQI interventions 160 HYPERLINK l _bookmark73 Comparative perspectives 165 HYPERLINK l _bookmark73 QI capabilities for the transition to a green economy 165 HYPERLINK l _bookmark74 QI capabil

11、ities for specific green technology sectors 167 HYPERLINK l _bookmark75 Key findings and implications for quality HYPERLINK l _bookmark75 infrastructure in developing and emerging economies 171 HYPERLINK l _bookmark76 Market trends and QI implications 172 HYPERLINK l _bookmark77 Recommendations for

12、QI development 173 HYPERLINK l _bookmark78 Bibliography 177 HYPERLINK l _bookmark79 Appendix 192Boxes HYPERLINK l _bookmark37 Box 1: HYPERLINK l _bookmark37 Insights into other aspects of the transition to a green HYPERLINK l _bookmark37 economy HYPERLINK l _bookmark37 70 HYPERLINK l _bookmark47 Box

13、 2: HYPERLINK l _bookmark47 Trends in environmental regulations and standards HYPERLINK l _bookmark47 87 HYPERLINK l _bookmark68 Box 3: HYPERLINK l _bookmark68 Off-grid options for electricity access HYPERLINK l _bookmark68 153Figures HYPERLINK l _bookmark11 Figure 1: HYPERLINK l _bookmark11 Number

14、of green patents by year, 1975-2017, all countries HYPERLINK l _bookmark11 23 HYPERLINK l _bookmark16 Figure 2: HYPERLINK l _bookmark16 Green technology classes by number of patents and HYPERLINK l _bookmark16 AAGR, 1975-2015 HYPERLINK l _bookmark16 33 HYPERLINK l _bookmark19 Figure 3: HYPERLINK l _

15、bookmark19 Average number of all green patents by year (t; t-3), HYPERLINK l _bookmark19 by country (leaders) HYPERLINK l _bookmark19 37 HYPERLINK l _bookmark21 Figure 4: HYPERLINK l _bookmark21 Average number of green patents by year (t; t-3), by HYPERLINK l _bookmark21 group of countries HYPERLINK

16、 l _bookmark21 39 HYPERLINK l _bookmark22 Figure 5: HYPERLINK l _bookmark22 Average number of green patents by year (t; t-3) in HYPERLINK l _bookmark22 emerging countries (excluding China) HYPERLINK l _bookmark22 40 HYPERLINK l _bookmark27 Figure 6: HYPERLINK l _bookmark27 Mixed methods approach HYP

17、ERLINK l _bookmark27 52 HYPERLINK l _bookmark28 Figure 7: HYPERLINK l _bookmark28 Research design for Phase 2 the Delphi surveys HYPERLINK l _bookmark28 54 HYPERLINK l _bookmark30 Figure 8: HYPERLINK l _bookmark30 The degree of sophistication of green technology families HYPERLINK l _bookmark30 56 H

18、YPERLINK l _bookmark32 Figure 9: HYPERLINK l _bookmark32 Expected trends in market development for selected HYPERLINK l _bookmark32 green technologies in emerging economies HYPERLINK l _bookmark32 59 HYPERLINK l _bookmark33 Figure 10: HYPERLINK l _bookmark33 Level of domestic value added and technol

19、ogical HYPERLINK l _bookmark33 capabilities to be provided in emerging economies HYPERLINK l _bookmark33 by 2030 HYPERLINK l _bookmark33 60 HYPERLINK l _bookmark35 Figure 11: HYPERLINK l _bookmark35 Expected trends in market development for selected HYPERLINK l _bookmark35 green technologies in deve

20、loping countries HYPERLINK l _bookmark35 65 HYPERLINK l _bookmark36 Figure 12: HYPERLINK l _bookmark36 Level of domestic value added and technological HYPERLINK l _bookmark36 capabilities to be provided in developing countries HYPERLINK l _bookmark36 by 2030 HYPERLINK l _bookmark36 66Tables HYPERLIN

21、K l _bookmark4 Table 1: HYPERLINK l _bookmark4 NQI services and associated institutions HYPERLINK l _bookmark4 12 HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 Table 2: HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 Categorisation of green technologies used in this study HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 14 HYPERLINK l _bookmark9 Table 3: HYPERLINK l _book

22、mark9 Green technology classes HYPERLINK l _bookmark9 21 HYPERLINK l _bookmark12 Table 4: HYPERLINK l _bookmark12 Number of green patents by aggregate technological HYPERLINK l _bookmark12 class, all countries HYPERLINK l _bookmark12 24 HYPERLINK l _bookmark13 Table 5: HYPERLINK l _bookmark13 Top 10

23、 green technological domains in terms of total HYPERLINK l _bookmark13 number of patents, 1975-2017, all countries HYPERLINK l _bookmark13 27Table 6:Green patents by selected classes in selected years as per cent of total patents in each year28 HYPERLINK l _bookmark14 Table 7: HYPERLINK l _bookmark1

24、4 Fastest growing green technological classes (classes HYPERLINK l _bookmark14 with an above-average AAGR) HYPERLINK l _bookmark14 30 HYPERLINK l _bookmark17 Table 8: HYPERLINK l _bookmark17 Green technology classes by rates of growth in HYPERLINK l _bookmark17 innovation and number of patents (cond

25、ensed HYPERLINK l _bookmark17 version), 1975-2015 HYPERLINK l _bookmark17 34 HYPERLINK l _bookmark18 Table 9: HYPERLINK l _bookmark18 Top green patenting countries cumulative number of HYPERLINK l _bookmark18 patents, 1975-2017, World HYPERLINK l _bookmark18 36 HYPERLINK l _bookmark20 Table 10: HYPE

26、RLINK l _bookmark20 Top green patenting emerging countries (number of HYPERLINK l _bookmark20 patents and per cent of total) HYPERLINK l _bookmark20 38 HYPERLINK l _bookmark23 Table 11: HYPERLINK l _bookmark23 Average number of green patents backward and HYPERLINK l _bookmark23 forward citations per

27、 country (emerging and leaders) HYPERLINK l _bookmark23 41Table 12:The most prolific green patent classes in selectedemerging countries (number of patents)43 HYPERLINK l _bookmark41 Table 13: HYPERLINK l _bookmark41 Levels of technology sophistication and QI for various HYPERLINK l _bookmark41 green

28、 technologies HYPERLINK l _bookmark41 75 HYPERLINK l _bookmark42 Table 14: HYPERLINK l _bookmark42 Speed of market development in emerging economies HYPERLINK l _bookmark42 and the sophistication of QI for selected green HYPERLINK l _bookmark42 technologies HYPERLINK l _bookmark42 78 HYPERLINK l _bo

29、okmark43 Table 15: HYPERLINK l _bookmark43 Speed of market development in developing countries HYPERLINK l _bookmark43 and the sophistication of QI for selected green HYPERLINK l _bookmark43 technologies HYPERLINK l _bookmark43 81 HYPERLINK l _bookmark45 Table 16: HYPERLINK l _bookmark45 “Prioritisa

30、tion” of improvement needs in the NQI HYPERLINK l _bookmark45 system for a country that mainly imports the HYPERLINK l _bookmark45 technology (number of responses) HYPERLINK l _bookmark45 85 HYPERLINK l _bookmark46 Table 17: HYPERLINK l _bookmark46 “Prioritisation” of improvement needs in the NQI HY

31、PERLINK l _bookmark46 system for a country that develops most HYPERLINK l _bookmark46 technology components locally (number of responses) HYPERLINK l _bookmark46 86 HYPERLINK l _bookmark50 Table 18: HYPERLINK l _bookmark50 Sectors examined in the three country case studies HYPERLINK l _bookmark50 93

32、 HYPERLINK l _bookmark75 Table 19: HYPERLINK l _bookmark75 Suggested road map for sector-level QI interventions HYPERLINK l _bookmark75 171Appendix Tables HYPERLINK l _bookmark79 Table A1: HYPERLINK l _bookmark79 CPC-selected codes in the Y class of green technology HYPERLINK l _bookmark79 patents H

33、YPERLINK l _bookmark79 192 HYPERLINK l _bookmark80 Table A2: HYPERLINK l _bookmark80 Technology survey Delphi survey, Round 2 HYPERLINK l _bookmark80 195 HYPERLINK l _bookmark81 Table A3: HYPERLINK l _bookmark81 List of interviewed organisations HYPERLINK l _bookmark81 198AbbreviationsAADRAddis Abab

34、a-Djibouti RailwayAAGRaverage annual growth rateAAITAddis Ababa Institute of Technology AALRTAddis Ababa Light Rail TransitACMAAutomotive Components Manufacturers Association (India)AETDPDAlternative Energy Technology Development and Promotion Directorate (Ethiopia)AFDFrench Development Agency / Age

35、nce Franaise de DveloppementAFRIMETSIntra-Africa Metrology System / Systme Intra-Africain de MtrologieAMEEMoroccan Agency for Energy Efficiency / Agence Marocaine pour lEfficacit EnergtiqueARACArab Accreditation CooperationARAIAutomotive Research Association of India ATAAgricultural Transformation A

36、gency (ATA)BEEBureau of Energy Efficiency (India)BISBureau of Indian StandardsBMZFederal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany) / Bundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und EntwicklungBRTbus rapid transitCCECCChina Civil Engineering Construction Corporation CEEWCoun

37、cil on Energy, Environment and Water (India)CENELECEuropean Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization / Comitato europeo di normazione elettrotecnicaCEREPCenter for Studies and Research on the Environment and Pollution (Morocco) / Centre dEtudes et de Recherches sur lEnvironnement et la Polluti

38、onCETEMCOCenter for Building Techniques and Materials (Morocco) / Centre des Techniques et Matriaux de ConstructionCIIConfederation of Indian IndustryCGEMGeneral Confederation of Moroccan Enterprises / Confdration Gnrale des Entreprises du MarocCOMACNational Committee for Accreditation (Morocco) / C

39、omit Marocain dAccrditationCPCCooperative Patent Classification CPCBCentral Pollution Control Board (India) CRECChina Railway Group LimitedCRGEClimate Resilient Green Economy (Ethiopia) CSECentre for Science and Environment (India)CSIRCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)CSNCAHigh Co

40、uncil for Standardization, Certification, Accreditation and Promotion of Quality (Morocco) / Conseil Suprieur de Normalisation, de Certification et dAccrditation et de la Promotion de la QualitCTMLydecs Technical Centre for Metrology (Morocco) / Centre Technique de Mtrologie de la LydecDCEMDepartmen

41、t for Water Quality Assurance (Morocco) / Direction du Controle de la Qualit des EauxDIEGerman Development Institute / Deutsches Institut fr EntwicklungspolitikDPCSMQDepartment for Consumer Protection, Market and Quality Assessment (Morocco) / Direction de la Protection du Consommateur, de la Survei

42、llance du March et de la QualitECAEEthiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise ECBCEnergy Conservation Building Code (India)ECBPEngineering Capacity Building Program (Ethiopia) EDSEnvironmental Design Solutions (India)EEPEthiopian Electric PowerEESLEnergy Efficiency Services Limited (India) ENAOEthio

43、pian National Accreditation OfficeENIMRabat School of Mines (Morocco) / cole Nationale Suprieure des Mines de RabatEPCengineering, procurement and constructionEPOEuropean Patent OfficeERAEthiopian Railway AcademyERCEthiopian Railways CorporationESAEthiopian Standards AgencyEVelectric vehicleFAMEFast

44、er Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (India)FAOFood and Agriculture OrganizationFDIforeign direct investmentGDPgross domestic productGERDGrand Ethiopian Renaissance DamGHGgreenhouse gasGIZGerman Agency for International Cooperation / Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Z

45、usammenarbeitGoEGovernment of EthiopiaGRIHAGreen Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (India)GTPGrowth and Transformation Plan (Ethiopia)GVCsGlobal value chainsGWgigawattHVACheating, ventilation and air conditioningIAFInternational Accreditation ForumIAIPintegrated agro-industrial parkICEinterna

46、l combustion engineICSimproved cookstoveICTinformation and communications technologyIEAInternational Energy AgencyIECInternational Electrotechnical CommissionIITIndian Institute of TechnologyILACInternational Laboratory Accreditation CooperationIMANORNational Institute for Standards (Morocco) / Inst

47、itut Marocain de NormalisationINSSIndian National Strategy for Standardization IRESENResearch Institute for Solar Energy and New EnergyTechnologies (Morocco) / Institut de Recherche en nergieSolaire et nergies NouvellesISOInternational Organization for StandardizationL2MIMoroccan Laboratory for Indu

48、strial Metrology / Laboratoire Marocain de Mtrologie IndustrielleLGLighting GlobalLNMNational Metrology Laboratory (Morocco) / Laboratoire National de MtrologieLNESPNational Laboratory for Pollution Assessment and Monitoring (Morocco) / Laboratoire National des Etudes et de Surveillance de la Pollut

49、ionLPEENational Laboratory for Trials and Studies (Morocco) / Laboratoire Public dEssais et dEtudesMAGMETNorth African Metrology Network / Rseau Maghrbin de MtrologieMASENMoroccan Agency for Sustainable EnergyMIICENMinistry of Industry, Trade and Green and Digital Economy (Morocco) / Ministre de lIn

50、dustrie, du Commerce et de lconomie Verte e NumriqueMoEFCCMinistry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (India) MoRTHMinistry of Road Transport and Highways (India)MoWIEMinistry of Water, Irrigation and Energy (Ethiopia) MWmegawattNABCBNational Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies (Indi

51、a)NABLNational Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (India)NAPCCNational Action Plan on Climate Change (India) NDCnationally determined contributionNEERINational Environmental Engineering Research Institute (India)NEMMNational Electric Mobility Mission (India) NGOnon-governme

52、ntal organisationNILUNorwegian Institute for Air ResearchNMEEENational Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (India)NMIENational Metrology Institute of Ethiopia NPLNational Physical Laboratory (India)NQInational quality infrastructureOCPOffice Crifien des Phosphates (Morocco)OECDOrganisation for Ec

53、onomic Co-operation and Development OEMoriginal equipment manufacturerONEENational Office of Drinking Water (Morocco) / Office National dellectricit et de lEau PotablePATPerform, Achieve and Trade (India)PMparticulate matterPNDMNational Solid Waste Management Programme (Morocco) / Programme National

54、 des Dchets MnagersPROMASOL Programme for the solar water heaters market development in Morocco / Programme de dveloppement du march marocain des chauffe-eau solairePTBNational Metrology Institute (Germany) / Physikalisch- Technische BundesanstaltPVoCpre-export verification of conformityPVphotovolta

55、icQCIQuality Council of IndiaQIquality infrastructureR&Dresearch and developmentSDOstandards developing organisationSECISolar Energy Corporation of IndiaSEMACNational Office for Accreditation (Morocco) / Service MarocaindAccrditationSHSsolar home systemSPCBState Pollution Control Board (India)SWHsol

56、ar water heaterTERIThe Energy and Resources Institute (India)UJALAUnnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for AllUMAQMoroccan Union for Quality / Union Marocaine pour la QualitUN EnvironmentUnited Nations Environmental ProgramUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUSPTOUnited States Paten

57、t and Trademark OfficeWHOWorld Health OrganizationWTOWorld Trade OrganizationExecutive summaryThe transition towards a green economy has become both a need and a reality in most parts of the world. This implies accelerated diffusion of manifold green technologies, which in turn opens up opportunitie

58、s for domestic value creation in terms of learning, localisation of supply chains and employment.An important, but largely neglected, pre-condition for the effective development and diffusion of green technologies and gains in competitiveness is the presence of well-functioning national quality infr

59、astructure (NQI) systems. Quality infrastructure (QI) comprises standards, conformity assessment (that is, inspection, testing and certification), metrology, accreditation and in specific areas, technical regulation. QI is necessary for securing access to new markets, improving competitiveness and p

60、roductivity, enabling innovation and ensuring environmental and consumer protection. Building up relevant NQI capabilities early on in the transition to a green economy is, therefore, decisive for effectively using, adapting and innovating technologies.This study contributes to closing an important