分词作状语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致的种种情况

1、英语中常把分词或分词短语放在句首，作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状况、结果、目的及让步等状语，分词或分词短语的逻辑主语必须与句中的主语相同(即保持一致)，否则句子就是错误的。例如：Entering the room , I found the walls newly-painted .（对）was the newly-painted我走进房间时，发现墙壁油漆一新。Entering the room, the first thing that met eyes walls .（错） TOC o 1-5 h z Badly wounded the soldier was sent to hospi

2、tal at once.（对）士兵受了重伤，立即被送到医院。Badly wounded , we sent the soldier to hospital at once.（错）Being very busy , I could not afford the time to go to the cinema.（对）我因为太忙，不能花时间去看电影了。Being very busy , the film tickets were given to others.（错）Led by the Party , we are making great progress in our work.（对）在党的

3、领导下，我们的工作有很大的进展。Led by the Party , great progress in our work is being made.（错）Written in haste , the letter had some mistakes .（对）由于写得匆忙，这封信里有几个错误。Written in haste , he made some mistakes in the letter .（错）Running after each other in the street, the two boys were knocked down bya bike .(对)两个男孩在马路上相

4、互追逐的时候被自行车撞倒了。Running after each other in the street , a bike knocked down the two boys.(错)但在实际语言中，时常可以遇到分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致的现象，但整个句子的语法结构又是正确的情况，尤其是在科技作品和英美文学作品中很为普遍，这种分词在语法上称为游离分词( unattached participle )或称为无关分词(unrelated participle )或称为悬垂分词(dangling participle )。下面就来谈谈能够成立的情形：一、在独立主格结构中，

5、分词或分词短语的逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致。如：The professor entered the lab , his students following him .（伴随状况）那位教授走进实验室，学生们在后面跟着。A few seconds later , he was looking at the screen again with the machineryturned on .（伴随状况）几秒钟后，他开了机器，盯着荧光屏。The day being very wet , Mary wore her new mackintosh .（原因状语）因为这天是阴雨天气，玛丽穿上她的新雨衣

6、。The authorities having arrived and taken the seats reserved for them, theceremony began .（时间状语）在负责人到达并在为他们保留的座位上就座以后，典礼就开始了。Weather permitting , the ship will leave the harbour at dawn.（条件状语）如果天气不错的话，船将在黎明时离港。He lay on his back , his knees drawn up .（方式状语）他蜷着腿，仰面躺着。二、只有一些分词或分词短语可用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度，这

7、些分词或短语已转变为独立成份，含有泛指之意，在句中常作插入语，这时分词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可以不必和全句的主语保持一致。如：Judging from his appearance , he looks like an old doctor .从外表看，他像一位老医生。Strictly speaking , her pronunciation is not quite good.严格地说，她的发音不十分地道。Taken as a whole , there is nothing wrong with the article.总地来说，这篇文章没有什么问题。. Looking at the qu

8、estion objectively, what he said is something believable .客观地看，他说的话还有些可信之处。经常这样用的分词短语有:frankly speakinggenerally speakingstrictly speakingproperly speaking老实地说，坦率地说一般地说严格地说确切地说来talking or taken one with another总地看来taken as a whole总地来说这种分词短语可以说是一种句子状语，也可以看作是一个句子的独立成份。三、有些现在分词和过去分词已具有介词或连词的性质，由它们组成的词组

9、作状语时其逻辑主语和整个句子的主语不必保持一致。如：He couldnt attend the meeting owing to illness他因病没能出席会议。According to the text , please answer the following questions .请按照课文的内容，回答下面问题。The boy did quite well considering the circumstances.考虑到具体情况，可以说这孩子干得很不错了。Regarding the case , he knew nothing .关于这件事，他一无所知。经常这样用的分词有：admit

10、ting that （conj . confessing that , 承认）assuming that （conj . if ,假定）barring （prep, except ,除以外，除非）considering（prep . in view of ., having regard of . 鉴于，就而论）concerning （prep . about ,关于）excepting （prep . & conj . leaving out , excluding ,-often after not,always , without ,除之外，包括）failing （prep, in de

11、fault ofin the absence of . 若缺少时，如果没有）owing to （prep, because of on account of 因为,由于）providing /provided that （conj . on condition that , 假若，倘使）regarding （prep, with reference toabout , 关于，有关）seeing that （conj . in view of the fact that ; considering , 鉴于的事实，由的缘故）上述诸词有些已完全变成了介词或连词。四、在有些句子中，作状语的分词或分词

12、短语的逻辑主语并不是整个句子的主语，而是包含在句子的另一个成份之中，大多数是宾语和定语。如：Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm seized her fathers heart .她父亲看到她的健康状况急剧恶化，非常惊慌。 （seeing的逻辑主语是heart的定语herfather ）His summer holidays were spent in the countryside , helping the farmers with their work .他在乡下度过暑假，假期中帮助农民干活。（helping的逻辑主语是holiday的定语h

13、is ）Running to school , a terrible thought struck her.跑到学校时，她突然产生了一个可怕的念头。（running的逻辑主语是struck的宾语her） 注：.若逻辑主语在句中根本没有出现，以上下文推测，常为泛指人称代词（we, you, one）等。如：Facing north , there is a large mountain on the right.面向北方，右边有座大山。.其逻辑主语为整个句子，该分词短语相当于关系代词which引导的特殊定语从句。如：The bus was held up by the snowstorm , t

14、hus causing the delay .公共汽车为大雪所阻，因而耽搁了。First of all,this difficult problem has to be tackled,thus enabling us toproceed to the others .首先这个难题必须解决，这样我们才能解决其它的问题。五、如果句子的谓语是被动语态时，作状语的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语不是整个句子的主语，而是包含在由by引起的动作执行者或发出者中，尽管by引起的动作执行者大多不写出来。如：Ideas can be expressed completely usingsimple sentence.用简单的句子也可以表示出完整的意思来。（using的逻辑主语包含在 by 没有写出来之中）Knowing as much as you do , the situation is easily explained.像你这样了解情况，很容易解释这一局面。（knowing的逻辑主语包含在 by 没有写出来 之中）六、如果句子的主语是非人称代词it时，作状语用的分词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可不必与全