全球化的过程就是跨文化交流的过程

1、全球化的过程就是跨文化交流的过程，对于跨文化交流的深入研究，有利于 促进不同文化之间的交流与沟通；研究跨文化交流与维护休克，有助于促进跨文 化人际交流、为不同文化之间的交流提供理论指导；使人们在世纪实践中减少不 同文化之间的冲突，促进文化的融合。因为“人的生产方式是文化方式：文化是唯独人具有的生活方式”。因为文化深 刻地影响着人们的行为，正如跨文化交流学的创始人之一的霍尔(E.T.Hall)所 言：“文化是人类生活的环境。人类生活的各个方面无不受着文化的影响，并随 着文化的变化而变化。或者说，文化决定人们的存在，包括自我表达的方式以及 情感流露的方式，思维方式、行为方式、解决问题的方式等等。正

2、是在这些一般 情况下十分明显、习以为常，然而又很少加以研究的文化方面，以最深刻和最微 妙的方式影响着人们的行为。”(E.T.Hall the Silent Language. Green Wish Conn 1959)随着人类社会不断进步与科学技术的加速发展，人们之间的交往超越了民 族与科学技术的界限，形成了在全球范围内的经济、贸易、思想、文化的交流与 融合，随着全球化不断加深，地球开始被称为“地球村”，跨文化交流的深度和 广度日渐扩展。跨文化交流形式多种多样，国内学者从文化人类学的角度把它分为种族之间的 交流、民族之间的交流和国际交流三种形式。种族之间和民族之间的交流常常是 指发生在一国之内

3、跨种族和跨民族的文化交流，而国际间的交流则常常是指主权 国国家间政府之间的交流，包括外交和宣传领域，以及经贸、文化科技等的交流， 它也是跨民族、跨种族的交流。无论是何种形式的跨文化交流，都可以归纳为三 个不同的交流层次，即跨文化人际交流、跨文化组织建立和国家之间的跨文化交 流。跨文化人际交流主要指不同文化背景的个人之间的交流，相互交往的人可以 是不同种族、不同民族、不同国家的人;跨文化组织交流是指不同文化背景的两 个组织之间的交流；国家之间的跨文化交流主要是指不同国家之间的利用各种大 众传媒进行的信息传播和交流。事物的形式是其本质的外在表现，透过其外在的 形式我们可以发现其内在的本质规定性;以

4、此分析跨文化交流我们可以看到，无论 是何种形式的跨文化交流，亦无论是在何种层次上的跨文化交流，其核心都在于人 的参与，都是通过人的具体行为完成的。所以，我们研究全球化背景下的跨文化交 流,着眼点是要通过对跨文化交流的研究，加强不同文化之间的交流、沟通与融合， 减少文化差异所引起的冲突。但是,研究的着力点应该放在跨文化人际交流。人既是文化的产物，也是文化的承载者。德国著名的文化哲学家恩斯特卡 西尔(Ernst Cassirer )认为:“人的突出特征，人的与众不同的标志，既不是她的形而上 学本性，也不是她的无理本性,而是人的劳作(work)。正是这种劳作,正是这种人类 活动的体系，规定和缓定了

5、人性的圆周。语言、神话、宗教、艺术、科学、 历史，都是这个圆的组成部分和各个扇面。”某种意义上文化就是人的本质，它是人 类在创造自我的过程中形成的,随着人类社会的发展而不断演进并改变自身的形 态、丰富其内容；不同文化背景的人与人之间的交流，即充分体现了跨文化人际交 流。在跨文化人际交流过程中，人的行为本质决定了跨文化交流的特点。首先， 交流双方不同的文化背景导致了文化共享性差。不同文化背景的人在交流中所涉 及到的语言、风俗习惯、行为方式及其背后的价值观念系统,具有极大的差异性； 而且表面相同的语言文字、符号系统所表达出的实际内涵常常具有极大的差异 性、甚至是截然相反的含义。其次，跨文化交流中存

6、在着个体无意识的先入为主 和偏见。由于不同的文化具有不同的价值判断标准,这种标准又是一种文化在长期的发展过程中形成的、有利于维护该文化群体的繁衍、稳 定和发展的，所以，出生在这种文化背景中的人在个体社会化的过程中受到这种价 值体系的潜移默化的影响,形成一种固定的思维模式和道德价值标准，在与人交往 的过程中，他会无意识地以此作为评判标准。正是由于这些原因，在跨文化交流过 程中往往会出现各种误解、矛盾,甚至是冲突。在国家之间的文化交流中会出现 文化的冲突、进而会引起政治和军事的冲突，像20世纪中叶以来，原教旨主义者广 泛兴起，而导致的不同民族、国家之间的矛盾、冲突;在个人交往的层次 上,交往者的心

7、理往往会出现“文化休克。”文化休克是跨文化交流中出现的一种心理现象、心理过程。美国人类学家 奥伯格(KalveroOberg)认为,文化休克是指一个人初次进入不同于母语文化的全 新文化环境后产生的心理上不适应，是“由于失去了熟悉的社会交往信号或符号, 对于对方社会符号不熟悉而产生的深度焦虑症” 5(P340)。实际是指人们置身于 异域文化中，即在学习或工作、生活遇到另外一种完全陌生的文化时出现的一种 心理反应,从感到别扭到不适应,从轻度的易怒、烦躁、到心理上的深刻惊恐和危机的现象。按照奥伯格的理论，文化休克大致经历四个 阶段:即兴奋阶段、休克阶段、适应阶段和稳定阶段。在文化休克的不同阶段，其表

8、现形式是不同的。在兴奋阶段人的心理表现是 兴奋和乐观，主要是到新的环境后对新的环境、文化、乃至风景、食物等感到新 鲜、满意。但是，人在进入新的文化环境之后的一段时间，便会进入到休克阶段, 此时,对新的文化、环境、食品、人民新鲜感消失，兴奋和乐观的感觉很快被失望、 失落、烦恼和焦虑所取代;由于文化不同、价值观念差异、环境陌生等，逐渐感到孤立无援，进一步的交流受到挫折和阻碍, 这时会产生失落、沮丧、压抑、抱怨,甚至是敌视的心理。有的人无法忍受文化 休克，采取逃避和回避的态度，无法度过文化休克阶段;多数人在经历了一段时间 的沮丧和迷惑之后,开始逐渐适应新的文化环境，逐渐了解新的文化环境中的人、 语言

9、、习惯、食物等;不仅仅只看到异文化的缺点,而且开始理解不同文化之间的 差异,逐渐增加了在新文化环境中的交流与活动，开始融入新的环境之中。经历过 适应阶段的人，逐渐融入到新的环境当中，能够自如地使用异文化的语言自由地与 人们交往,能够深入了解异文化的优缺点,客观地看待不同文化之间的差异，游刃 有余地生活在新的文化环境中。文化休克是跨文化交流过程中的一种客观存在，每个置身于新的文化环境 中的人都会遇到，能否很好应付这个问题,是跨文化交流能否获得成功的重要因 素。文化休克直接影响着跨文化交流，从个体的层面上看，它直接影响着个人能否 适应新的环境，能否顺利完成跨文化交流;从组织交流或国家交流的层面看，

10、因为 个人的原因可能直接影响组织交流和国家交流的成败。所以，全球化背景下的文 化交流，无论从个人层面、还是组织和国家交流的层面，都无法回避文化休克的问 题。只有解决这个问题，才能更好地实现全球背景下的跨文化交流。The process of globalization is the process of cross-cultural communication in cross-cultural communication, the thorough research, promote the communication between different cultures and commu

11、nication, Research cross-cultural communication and maintain the shock, promotes cross-cultural communication and interpersonal communication between different cultures to provide theoretical guidance, In the practice of the conflict between different cultures reduction, promote cultural fusion.Beca

12、use of the means of production culture is only one way: culture is with the way of life. Because the culture profoundly affects peoples behavior, the cross-cultural communication, as one of the founders of the study of E.T.H hall (all) said: culture is a human living environment. All aspects of huma

13、n life by the influence of culture, and with the cultural changes. Or, culture, including peoples way of expressing themselves, and emotional outpouring of mode of thinking and behavior, and how to solve the problem, etc. In these general conditions, however, obviously and rarely used in culture res

14、earch, with the most profound and the most subtle way affect the behavior of people. The Silent Language E.T.H (Green) from conn. 1959) with human society progress of science and technology development, accelerate the communication between people beyond the boundaries of national science and technol

15、ogy, formed in the global economy and trade, ideological, cultural exchanges and integration, along with deepening globalization and the earth began called global village, cross-cultural communication in width and depth is expanding.Various forms of intercultural communication, domestic scholars fro

16、m the perspective of cultural anthropology put it into the communication between the RACES, national and international exchanges between the three forms of communication. Racial and ethnic exchanges between often refers to occur in a span of interracial and within the national and international cult

17、ural communication, communication between sovereign state is often refers to the communication between the government, including diplomatic and economic, trade and cultural fields, such as science and technology, it is also the exchanges across the nation, the exchange of interracial. Whatever the f

18、orm of intercultural communication, all can be divided into three levels, namely the cross-cultural communication, interpersonal communication and cross-cultural organization of cross-cultural communication between countries. Cross-cultural interpersonal communication mainly refers to the different

19、cultural background, the communication between individuals who can interact is a differentrace, ethnicity, country, Cross-cultural communication refers to the organization of the different cultural backgrounds of the communication between the two groups, The cross-cultural communication between coun

20、tries mainly refers to the use of different country between the mass media dissemination and communicate information. Things are the essence of the external form, through its external form, we can find the essence stipulation, This analysis, we can see the cross-cultural communication, whatever form

21、 of intercultural communication, whether in what level of intercultural communication, its core is the peoples participation, is the specific actions by people. Therefore, we study the globalization of intercultural communication, mainly through the study of intercultural communication, to strengthe

22、n the communication between different cultures, communication and integration, reduce the cultural differences caused by the conflict. However, the research focus should be placed in cross-cultural communication interpersonal.Man is the product of culture, but also the cultural carrier. Germanys fam

23、ous cultural philosopher Ernst Cassirer silvia Ernst (,) think: person of outstanding characteristics, unique logo of metaphysics, neither she nor her nature, nature, but the rude peoples labor (.) is the webmaster, this is the system of human activities, the gentle nature circle . Language and myth

24、ology, religion, art, science, history, are part of the circle diagram and each. A sense of culture is essential, it is in the process of creating human self in the form, along with the development of human society and continuous evolution and change its form, to enrich the content, Different cultur

25、al background of communication between human beings, which fully embodies the cross-cultural interpersonal communications.In the process of cross-cultural communication, interpersonal nature of human behavior characteristics of cross-cultural communication. Firstly, the communication between differe

26、nt cultures leads to the cultural sharing. People from different cultures involved in the communication of language, customs, behavior and the values system, has great difference, And the surface of the same language, symbol system of actual connotation is often expressed great difference, even oppo

27、site meanings. Secondly, there exist in cross-cultural communication individual unconscious first and prejudice. Because of different cultures have different value judgment standard, this standardMust a culture in the long-term development process and help maintain the cultural groups flourish, stab

28、ility and development, therefore, was born in the cultural background of the people in the process of socialization of individual by the value system, and formed the subtle influence of the thinking mode of a fixed value and moral standards, and in the process, he will unconsciously as criteria. For

29、 these reasons, in the process of cross-cultural communication will often appear all sorts of misunderstandings and conflicts, even conflict. In the cultural exchange between the countries in the cultural conflict, which can cause political and military conflict since the middle of 20th century, lik

30、e a wide awake, fundamentalists, which leads to the different nationalities, the contradiction and conflict between countries, In personal contacts.The psychology, communication will often appear cultural shock.Culture shock is cross-cultural communication in a psychological phenomenon, mental proce

31、sses. American anthropologist Mr Obama KalveroOberg (that), cultural shock refers to a person is different from the native culture first entering the new cultural environment of the psychological adaptation, is not lost, because of the social interaction with other symbols, or for social symbols and

32、 not familiar with the depth of anxiety 5 (P340). Actually refers to people involved in foreign culture, namely in the study or work and life met another completely alien culture of a kind of psychological reaction from uncomfortable to does not adapt, from mild irritability, irritable,To the profou

33、nd psychological terror and crisis. According to Mr Obamas theory, the culture shock roughly experienced four stages: namely, shock stage, stage of excitement to stage and stable stage.At different stages of culture shock, its form is different. In psychological performance stage of excitement is ex

34、cited and optimistic, mainly to the new environment of the new environment and culture after the scenery, such as food, and feel fresh and satisfaction. However, people in entering the new cultural environment after a period of time, will enter into shock stage, at this time, for the new culture and

35、 environment, food, fresh, excitement and peoples sense of optimism was disappointed, loss, quickly replaced with anxiety and worry, Due to the different cultures, the value differences, environment etc, gradually felt strange isolated, further communication obstacles, then setbacks and can produce

36、loss, depression, oppression and complain, even hostility. Some people cant stand to escape and cultural shock, however, cannot spend culture shock stage, Most people in a period of depression and confused, gradually began to adapt to the new cultural environment, and gradually learn new cultural en

37、vironment of people, language, customs, food and so on, Only see different cultural shortcomings, and began to understand the differences between different cultures, and gradually increased in the new environment, communication and activities in the new environment begin. Experienced adapting period

38、, gradually into the new environment, can freely use different cultural language freely with people, understanding to the advantages and disadvantages of different cultures, objectively treat the difference between different cultures, one life in the new cultural environment.Culture shock is in the

39、process of cross-cultural communication, a kind of objective existence, everyone involved in the new cultural environment will meet the person, whether to tackle the problem, intercultural communication is an important factor of success. Culture shock directly affect intercultural communication, fro

40、m individual level, it directly influences the individual can adapt to the new environment, can be successfully completed cross-cultural communication, From the organization of the exchange or national level, the exchange of personal reasons may directly because of the influence of state organizatio

41、ns exchange and communication. Therefore, under the background of globalization of cultural exchange, no matter from a personal level, or the organization and communication, could avoid cultural shock. Only by solving this problem, can achieve global background of cross-cultural communication.本科毕业论文

42、题目：The Impact of the Culture Shock onCommunication Between Native andNon-native Speakers院、系：学科专业：学 号：指导教师：The Impact of Culture Shock on Communication Between Native and Non-native Speakers AbstractWith the quickening steps of economic globalization and the development of transportation, communicati

43、on and medium technology, the exchange between native and non-native cultures become more and more frequent. But where there is intercultural communication, there is culture shock for the individuality of culture. The term culture shock first introduced by the anthropologist Kalvero Oberg in 1958 ,

44、this concept refer to the anciety and tension of people who come into contact with a new culture that presents very few similar symbols and behaviors. Inorder to reveal the causes and characteristics of the culture shock and find out effective ways to overcome its negative impacts, many scholars stu

45、dy the issue, they put forward a variety of theories from different perspectives. The reseaches remain unsystematic for the complexity of the issue.The thesis aim at probing the phenomenon of culture on cross-cultural communication , analysing its conception and reseaching necessarity , investigatin

46、g its causes and impact , the process and stages of it experienced. The thesis through several cases analysis to get conclusion , reminding cross-cultural speakers to take proper attitude to culture shock . Morever , the thesis proposal some countermeasures to lighten the negative impact of culture

47、shock , which can help people who work and live in different culture.Key Words: culture shock , intercultural communication , cross-cultural adaptation, cross-cultural trainning, intrecultural competence摘要随着不断加快的经济一体化进程和交通、通讯、媒体技术的飞速 发展，跨文化间的交流日益频繁。但由于文化的差异性，哪里有跨文 化交际，哪里就有文化休克现象。“文化休克”这一概念是美国人类 学家奥博

48、格于1958年首先提出，它指人在异文化交际中由于失去熟 悉的符号和行为而表现出的紧张焦虑。为揭示文化休克的原因与特 征，找出克服其负面影响的有效途径，许多学者研究文化休克这一问 题，从不同角度提出了不同的理论，但由于这一问题的复杂性，这些 理论都不系统。本文旨在研究跨文化交际中的文化休克现象，剖析其概念及其研 究必要性，探讨其成因、影响、经历的过程及阶段。并通过一些实例 分析得出结论，提醒人们对文化休克现象采取正确的态度，同时提出 一些克服文化休克的具体对策，从而对工作生活在异文化中的人们有 所帮助。关键词：文化休克、跨文化交际、跨文化适应、跨文化培训ContentsAbstract(Engl

49、ish)Abstract(Chinese)Lists of Tables and FiguresChapter One INTRODUCTIONThe Significance and Objectives of the Thesis.The Organization of the thesisChapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW.Relevant Concepts of the ThesisThe concept of Culture.Intercultural CommunicationEthnocentrismCultural RelativismA Preview

50、 of Researches on Culture ShockDifferent Interpretions of Culture Shock.The Symptoms of Culture Shock.The Stages of Culture ShockChapter Three THE CAUSES OF CULTURE SHOCKThe Psychological Reason The Cultural Reason The Sociological ReasonChapter Four THE IMPACT OF CULTURE SHOCKAnalysis CasesThe Impa

51、ct of Culture Shock.Chapter Five DEALING WITH CULTURE SHOCKCultural KnowledgeCross-cultural Trainning.Cross-cultural Adaptation.Chapter Six INSPIRATION AND CONCLUSIONInspirationsConclusionReferencesChapter one INTRODUCTIONgnThe Significance and Objectives of the ThesisThe process of economic integra

52、tion, as well as transportation, communications and media technologies for the rapid development of contemporary cross-cultural exchanges are increasing their scale, scope, speed and impact of the era can not compare in any depth. Intercultural contacts become more frequent than ever before. We have

53、 entered the era of global village. In this case, the cross-domain, cross-ethnic, cross-cultural economic and social contacts will be increasing, the native and non-native speakers have to just and readjust themselves in order to adapt to the new environment.However, thousand years of culture and pr

54、ecipitation overnight can change, with its strong cultural traditions and continuity. Generally speaking, different regions, different ethnic cultural identity is still very obvious. Differences due to different cultures, where there is inter-cultural exchange, where there exists the phenomenon of c

55、ulture shock. When people are in different cultural environment, it will feel depression, anxiety, frustration, lost and frustration, and even different cultures will give rise to hostility, the worst case, but also gives them a variety of psychological and physical diseases, such negative phenomeno

56、n is the culture shock.Culture Shock by parsing the definition of hazards and causes, analyzing the culture shock in cross-cultural communication influence, thus propose a solution, for various types of cross-cultural activities carried out smoothly. Cross-cultural communication and can help those w

57、ho face cultural differences to overcome the anxiety and fear, so that they do cross-cultural communicative competence is enhanced to make it more responsive to the needs of international master and better cross-cultural communication skills. Therefore, in cross-cultural communication in the researc

58、h culture of the impact of its importance, is also the practical significance of this study lies.This thesis has three objectives. First, this thesis is to put forward the causes and characteristics of the culture shock. Second, this thesis is to probe the impact of the culture shock on intercultura

59、l communication through the cases analysis. Third, this thesis is to sum up the previous theories on the methods for dealing with culture shock on the intercultural communication.The Organization of the ThesisThis thesis consists of six chapters .Chapter One serves as an introduction, which is conce

60、rned withthe significance, objectives and the organization of the thesis.Chapter Two is literature review. It introduces some relevant concepts and gives a brief review of culture shock reseach.Chapter Three probes the causes and characteristics of culture shock on the process intercultural communic