课文5-10英汉对照翻译

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业UnU 5教孩子好奇Teach Your Child to Wonder Sadly, far too few schools make science appealing .Courses introduce more new vocabulary than foreign language courses. Textbooks for people are as dull as dictionaries. As a result结果, too many childr

2、en think that science is only for people as clever as Einstein.令人可悲的是.能把科学课程上得具有吸引力的学校为数微乎其微。科学课程介绍给 学生的术语甚至比外语课程的同汇还要多，其课本也像词典一样的乏味。结果，有太多的学 生认为，科学只适合像爱因斯坦样聪明的人学习。The irony is that children start out as natural scientists, instinctively eager to investigate world around them. Helping them enjoy sci

3、ence can be easytheres no need for a lot of scientific jargon or expensive laboratory equipment. You only have to share your childrens curiosity好奇心. 有讽刺意义的是，孩子就是天生的自然科学家，本能地渴望探索周围的世界。帮助他们 享受科学其实很容易，无需很多科学术语,也+必使用昂贵的试验设备。你仅仅需要分享孩 子的好奇心。I once visited a class of seven-year-olds七岁儿童 to talk about scien

4、ce as a career. The children asked me textbook questionsabout schooling 上学, salary, whether I liked my job. When I finished answering, we sat facing each other in silence. Finally I said, “Now that weve finished with your lists, have you got any questions of your own about science?” 有一次我给一个七岁孩子的班级讲了

5、讲科学家这个职业。孩子们问我的是一些书本问 题，如上学、工资，我是否喜欢自己的工作等。我回答完问题后，大家安静地坐在那里互相望 着对方。最后我就说既然你们已经问完了你们事先准备的问题，你们就科学方面是否有 自己的问题要问？”After a long pause停顿, a boy raised his hand. “Have you ever seen a grasshopper蚂蚱 eat? When I eat leaves like that, I will get stomachache. Why?”过了一会儿，一个男孩举起了手。“你见过妈蚱吃东西吗？我那样吃树叶就肚子痛，为 什么？”

6、This began a barrage of questions that lasted nearly two hours. “What makes tears?“ “Where do little spiders get all the stuff材料 to make their webs?” “Am I just a bag of blood? When I cut myself, I see blood.” 下子一大堆这样的问题就提了出来，时间持续了将近两个小时。“眼泪是什么做的？” “小蜘蛛从哪里弄到那么多东西来织自己的网？”“我是-个大血包吗？我划自己一下就能 看到血。” You

7、may not know the answers to your childs questions. Its all right to say，“I dont know but maybe we can find out弄清楚.” Then you can explore the questions together. 你也许不知道怎样回答孩子的问题。你完全可以说我不知道，但也许我们可以找到 答案。”然后你们可以一起探讨这些问题的答案。 2. Even if you know the answer to a childs question, resist the impulse to resp

8、ond quickly leaving no opening for discussion . That reinforces the misconception that science is merely a set of facts stored in the heads of adults. Science is about explaining. Science is not just facts but the meaning that people give to themby weaving information into a story about how nature p

9、robably operates. 二、即使你知道孩子所提问题的答案，还是要忍住急于回答的冲动，别让孩子没有时间思 考。那样就会加深孩子的错觉,认为科学仅仅是储存在大人头脑中的一系列事实。其实，科 学就是解释。科学不仅仅是事实，而是人们赋子它的内涵即各项信息汇总成为大自然 的有根据的运行实况。 The best way to respond to a childs question is to begin that process of story-making together. If she asks why its dark at night, try, “Lets think of w

10、hat is different about night that would make it darker than day.” If he wonders where bee live, say, Lets watch and maybe we can see where they go.” Always be ready with the answer. “Lets find out” 回答孩子问题的最佳方式就是开始描绘实况的过程。要是孩子问为什么晚上天是黑 的，可以说“让我们想一想晚上要是没有白天黑的话那和白天有什么区別呢？”如果孩子想知 道蜜蜂住在哪里，可以说“让我们观察一下，也许我

11、们能看到它们去哪儿。”时刻准备这样回答孩子,让我们找答案吧”3. Grown-ups are notorious for expecting quicker answers. Studies over the past three decades have shown that，after asking a question，adults typically wait only one second or less for a responseno time for a child to think. When adults increase their “wait time” to thre

12、e seconds or more，children respond with more logical，complete and creative answers. 成年人有一个不好的习惯就是希望很快得到问题的答案，过去30年的研究也表明了 这一点，当问了一个问题后，成年人一般等待回答的时间也就是秒钟其至更少，没有留出 时间让孩子进行思考。当成年人将“等待回答时间”增加到3秒或以上的时候，孩子就会给 出更合乎逻辑的、更完整的、也更有创造性的答案。I once conducted a lesson on air pressure by pushing two rubber toilet plu

13、ngers together until all the air was driven out and they were tightly suctioned. Two children had to tug them mightily to separate them. “How comewhy you need so much force to pull them apart” I asked. 我曾上过一堂有关气压的课程，将两个手压皮碗泵挤压在一起，挤出里面的空气，使之 紧紧地相互吸在一起。两个孩子用了很大的劲才将它们分开。我就问他们“为什么你们要用这么大的劲才能将它们分开呢？After

14、 several minutes，a boy named Ron said, “The air is trapped in there and it finds a hole and it all goes out. Thats what makes a popping sound”. He went on to demonstrate his misconception，but I didnt say anything yet. 几分钟以后，一个名叫任的孩子说“空气被挤压在里面，找到了一个洞，就跑光了。还发出了噗噗的声音。”他继续解释自己的错误概念，但我那时没有说什么。 Another pu

15、pil then revealed what shed been thinking: “No，its because all the air is out of the plunger”. She pushed it down on the floor until it stuck，showing that once the air was forced out of the cup，the air pressure was less on the inside than on the outside. 然后，另外一个学生给大家讲了她的看法。“不对，因为手压泵里面的空气被挤了出来。”她把手压泵

16、压向地面直到吸住了地板，并向大家显示，一旦里面的空气被挤了出来，里面的气压就会低于外面的气压。 Rather than telling children what to think，give them time to think for themselves. If a child gets the answer wrong，be patient. You can help when needed with a few leading questions. 不要给孩子规定去思考什么，给他们时间自己考虑问题。如果一个孩子将问题答案搞错了，也要有耐心。有必要的话你可以用一些引导性的问题启发他们。

17、Once you have a child engaged in a science discussion，dont jump in with “Thats right” or “Very good”. These verbal rewards work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior. But in conversing about science，quick praise can signal that the discussion is over. Instead, keep the ball rolling by sayi

18、ng，“Thats interesting” or “Id never thought of it that way before”，or coming up with more questions or ideas. 一旦孩子们对科学问题进行讨论，不要用“对！”或者好！”这样的评价打断他们。这些赞扬的话对鼓励他们在行为方面表现得好的方面的确有效果，而在探讨科学话题的过程中迅速的称赞会示意这场讨论的结束。反过来，要鼓励他们继续讨论，可以这样说“这个想法很有意思！”或者“我以前从来就没有这样想过或者，提出更多的问题和观点。 Never exhort a child to “Think!” It

19、doesnt make sensechildren are always thinking without your telling them to. 永远不要强迫孩子去“思考”。这样做没有任何意义即使你不说孩子们也经常会自己进行思考。 Avoid asking “why” question. Most children are accustomed to习惯于 hearing “why” when their behavior is criticized: “Why is your bedroom so messy?” “Why cant you behave” Instead，I use

20、“How come?”避免问“为什么？”这样的问题。在他们的行为表现方面受到批评的时候孩子们大都已经习惯了大人问他们“为什么？。“为什么你的卧室这么乱？”“你就不能规矩点？”相反，我 一般问“这是怎么回事？”5. Real-life impressions of nature are far more memorable than any lesson children can extract from a book or TV program. Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass , and the

21、yll understand why you want them to wash before dinner. Rather than explaining what mould is，grow some on a piece of bread. Rather than saying water evaporates，set a pan to boil and let them watch the water level drop. 对孩子们来说，从书本和电视节目上学到的课程一点也没有他们对自然的亲身体会那 么记忆深刻。让孩子们用放大镜看一下自己的手指头，他们就会明白为什么你让他们饭前 洗手。

22、不要给他们解释什么是霉菌，让面包上长出一些给他们看就行了。不要告诉他们水 可以蒸发，烧开一锅水让他们观察水位的下降。If you take your children to a “hands-on” science museum，dont manage their itinerary. Let them lead the way，and explore what interests them most. 如果带孩子去一个“自己动手”的科学博物馆,不用设想什么活动方案，让孩子在前面引 路，探索他最感兴趣的内容。6. Everyday activities can provide fascinat

23、ing lessons in science. Children can learn a great deal about physics and engineering simply by flying a kite . 每天的日常活动也可以提供令人神往的科学课程。简单地通过$飞风筝孩子们就可以 了解大抢的关于物理和工程方面的知识。 Try making your own with light-weight wood, string and paper. By the end of the afternoons “experiment”，your children will get a ba

24、sic lesson in scientific cause and effect科学因果关系. Theyll discover how wind direction and intensity shift at different altitudes . 试一试亲自动手,用轻木料、线和纸自己做风筝。当傍晚“试验”结束后，你的孩子们就 会了解一些基本的科学方面的因果关系原理。他们会发现，在不同的离度，风的方向和强度 是有变化的。 When buying toys，blocks of all kinds are great for construction projects 。 Choose t

25、oys with working parts . Even better，look for toys that children can safely take apart and put back together again. 购买玩具时，各式各样的积木是极为适合多种建玫项目的。也可以选择有不同部件的 玩具。最好找一些孩子们可以安全拆装的玩具。By sharing your childrens curiosity，you can give them a valuable lesson that extends far beyond the realm of experiment，in th

26、e face of difficulties面对困难时. 通过分享孩子的好奇心，你还能给他们提供超出科学实验领域之外,关于如何面对困难 的有价值的教诲。And they will see clearly that learning is not drudgery or something that happens only in school. Learning is something to be enjoyed every dayfor a lifetime. 他们也会淸楚地看到，学习不是苦差事，也不仅仅是学校里的事悄学习是每天的一种 享受生都是如此。Unit6Engineering工程学

27、Engineering is the profession that puts scientific knowledge to practical use. Engineers use principles of science to design structures, machines and products of all kinds. They look for better ways to use existing / potential resources and often develop new materials. Engineers have had a direct ro

28、le in the creation of most of modern technology the tools, materials, techniques and power sources that make our lives easier. 工程学是一门将科学知识运用于实践的专业。工程师运用科学原理设计建筑物、机器以及各种各样的产品。他们寻找更好的方法来使用现存的资源，同时也经常开发新材料。工程师在绝大部分现代科技的创新中发挥着直接的作用，例如，为使生活更轻松自如，我们靠他们才有了工具、材料、技术和能源等。 The field of engineering includes a w

29、ide variety of activities. For example, engineering projects range from the construction of huge dams to the design of tiny electronic circuits. Engineers may help produce guided missiles, industrial robots, or artificial limbs for the physically handicapped. They develop complex scientific equipmen

30、t to explore the reaches of outer space and the depths of the oceans. Engineers also plan our electric power and water supply systems, and do research to improve automobiles, television sets, and other consumer quality products. They may work to reduce environmental pollution, increase the worlds fo

31、od supply, and make transportation faster and safer.工程学领域包括有各种不同的活动。比如，工程项目涵盖内容可大到水坝的建设，小到细微的电子线路的设计。工程师可以帮助生产导弹、工业用机器人或为身体有残疾的人生产假肢。他们开发复杂的科学设备来勘探外层空间和海洋深处。工程师还为我们规划电力和供水系统，研究改善汽车、电视机以及其他消费品。他们致力于减少环境污染，增加世界粮食的供应，以及使运输更加快捷和安全。 The history of engineering is the record of human ingenuity through the

32、ages. Even in prehistoric times, people adapted basic engineering techniques from things that were available in nature. For example, sturdy sticks became levers to lift large rocks, and logs were used as rollers to move heavy loads. The development of agriculture and the growth of civilization broug

33、ht about a new wave of engineering efforts. People invented farming tools, designed elaborate irrigation networks, and built the first cities. The construction of the gigantic Egyptian pyramids at Giza during the 2500s B.C. was one of the greatest engineering feats of ancient times. In ancient Rome,

34、 engineers built large aqueducts and bridges and vast systems of roads. During the 200s B.C., the Chinese erected major sections of the monumental Great Wall of China.工程学的历史即是人类世世代代匠心的独运记录。甚至是在史前时期，人们就利用自然界里可获得的事物作为原始的工程手段。例如，结实的棍子用作撬起巨大岩石的杠杆，原木用作移动重物的滚筒。农业的发展和文明的进步带来了工程学研究的新浪潮。人们发明了农具，设计了精巧的灌溉网络，建造

35、了初期的城市。公元前26世纪，在吉扎建造的巨大的埃及金字塔是古代最伟大的工程建筑奇迹之一。在古罗马，工程师建造了巨大的水渠，桥梁和许许多多的公路系统。在公元前3世纪，中国人建立了雄伟的万里长城的主体部分。 Early engineers used such simple machines as the inclined plane, wedge, and wheel and axle. During the Middle Ages, a period in European history that lasted from the A.D. 400s to the 1500s, invento

36、rs developed machines to harness water, wind, and animal power. The growing interest in new types of machines and new sources of power to drive them helped bring about the Industrial Revolution of the 1700s and 1800s, during which, their role expanded rapidly. The practical steam engine developed by

37、 the Scottish engineer James Watt in the 1760s revolutionized transportation and industry by providing a cheap, efficient source of power. New iron-making techniques provided engineers with the material to improve machines and tools and to build bridges and ships. Many roads, railroads, and canals w

38、ere constructed to link the growing industrial cities.早期的工程师使用了有斜面的刨子、楔子、轮子和车轴这样简单的机械。在中世纪(欧洲历史中，从公元5世纪到16世纪这段时期)，发明家开发了利用水力、风力和动物之力的机械。对新型机械和驱动这些机械的动力源不断增长的兴趣促使他们引发了1 8和19世纪的工业革命。在工业革命时期，工程师的作用得到迅速扩展。由苏格兰的工程帅詹姆斯瓦特在1 8世纪60年代开发的实用蒸汽发动机提供了便宜且有效的动力源，引发了运输和工业的革命。新的炼铁技术为工程师提供了改善机械与工具，以及建造轮船和桥梁所需的材料。人们建造了

39、很多公路、铁道和运河来连接小断发展的工业城市。 Distinct branches of engineering began to develop during the Industrial Revolution. The term civil engineer was first used about 1750 by John Smeaton, a British engineer. Mechanical engineers emerged as specialists in industrial machinery, and mining and metallurgical enginee

40、rs were needed to supply metals and fuels. By the late 1800s, the development of electric power and advances in chemical processing had created the fields of electrical and chemical engineering. Professional schools began to be founded as the demand for engineers steadily increased. 在工业革命期间，工程学的不同分支

41、开始出现。1750年，英国工程师约翰斯密顿，首先使用土木工程师这一词汇。机械工程师是指工业机械方面的专家，而金属和燃料方面的供应则需要有采矿和冶金工程师。到19世纪末期，电力的发展和化学加工的进步创建了电机和化学工程学。由于对工程师的需求不断增加，人们开始建立职业学校。Since 1900, the number of engineers and of engineering specialties has expanded dramatically. Artificial hearts, airplanes, computers, lasers, nuclear energy, plasti

42、cs, space travel, and television are only a few of the scientific and technological breakthroughs that engineers have helped bring about in this century. Because science and technology are progressing and changing so rapidly, todays engineers must study throughout their careers to make sure that the

43、ir knowledge and expertise do not become obsolete. They face the challenging task of keeping pace with the latest advances while working to shape the technology of the future.自从1900年以来，工程师以及工程专业的数目大规模扩大:人工心脏、飞机、计算机、激光、核能、塑料、太空旅行和电视等只是工程师在本世纪所进行的科学技术创新的一小部分、因为科学技术在飞速发展和变化，工程师在从事其事业的过程中必须不断学习以确保们的知识和专

44、门技能不过时。在致力于未来技术发展的同时，他们面临着跟上最新技术的挑战。The field of engineers offers a broad range of job opportunities. Engineers may work in factories, offices, and government laboratories or at construction sites. Some engineers are involved in the research and development of new products. Others are responsible fo

45、r turning plans and specifications for new structure, machines or systems into reality. Still others use their background and training to sell and service technical equipment. Many engineers work on projects in teams that include scientists, technicians, and other engineers, however, some engineers

46、act as independent consultants who sell their services to people who need engineering assistance. Engineers may also hold teaching positions or move up into management positions in business.工程学领域提供厂大觉的工作机会。工程师可以在工厂、办公室、政府实验室，或者施工场地工作。有的工程师可能进行新产品的研发。有的工程师可能负责将新结构、新机械和新系统的设计及说明书付诸于实施.。还有一些其他的工程师运用他们的

47、知识背景和所受的训练来销售技术设备或进行技术设备维护。很多工程师与他人一起做项目，这个集体中包括科学家、技师和其他工程师等;但是也有一些工程师是作为独立的顾问，向那些需要技术支持的人出售他们的服务。工程师还可能任教职，或者从事企业的管理工作。Certain abilities and traits help qualify a person for an engineering career. Engineers must have technical aptitude and skill in mathematics and the sciences. They should be curi

48、ous about the “how” and “why” of natural and mechanical things and creative in finding new ways of doing things, able to analyze problems systematically and logically and to communicate well both orally and in writing, and willing to work within strict budgets and meet tight deadlines. In addition,

49、skill in directing and supervising other workers is an important part of many engineering jobs.成为工程事业的合格人才应具备一定的能力和特征。工程师必须有数学和科学领域的天资与技能。他们要对自然事物和机械事物的“如何”和为什么”等问题充满好奇心，能够创造性地发现开展工作的新方法。能够有步骤地、逻辑地分析问题，善于口头上和书面土的沟通，能够接受紧缩的预算和较紧的工期。另外，对于很多上工程任务，指挥和监督其他工作人员的技巧也是很重要的。 Unit7上锁的大陆 Years ago in American,

50、it was customary for families to leave their doors unlocked, day and night. In this essay, Greene regrets that people can no longer trust each other and have to resort to elaborate security system to protect themselves and their valuables.Although the author is writing his opinion, he uses many exam

51、ples to reinforce his ideas and to prove his thesis.几年前在美国，许多美国家庭的门通常都是日夜不上锁的。在本文中，格林遗憾地指出人们已经不再彼此信任，不得不求助于各种复杂的安全设备来保护自身及其贵重物品。作者在提出自己观点的同时，举出了大量的事例来证实和强调自己的观点；In the house where i grow up, it was our custom to leave the front door on the latch at night. I dont know if that was a local term or if i

52、s universal;on the latchmeant the door was closed but not locked . None of us carried keys ; the last one in for the evening would close up,and that was it.在我长大成人的家里，我们的习惯是晚上把前门闩上。我不知道这是个地区用语还是普遍的说法；“闩着门”的意思是关着门但却不上锁。我们都不带钥匙；晚上最后进来的人会把门关上，如此而已。Those days are over. In rural areas as well as in cities

53、, doors do not stay unlocked,even for part of an evening.那样的日子已经一去不复返了。现在不管是城市还是乡村，门不再是不上锁了，甚至天一黑门就要上锁。Suburbs and country areas are, in many ways, even more vulnerable than well-patrolled urban streets. Statistic show the crime rate rising more dramatically in those allegedly tranquil areas than in

54、 cities. At any rate, the era of leaving the front door on the latch is over.郊区及乡村地区在很多方面比巡视得很严密的城市街道还要容易出事。统计数字表明在那些据称是平静的地区，犯罪率的上升较之城市还要显著。不管怎么说，晚上闩着前门的日子已经结束了。It has been replaced by locks , security chains, electronic alarm system and trip wires hooked up to a police station or private guard fir

55、m. Many suburban families have sliding glass doors on their patios,with steel bars elegantly built in so no one can pry the doors open.门闩已经被锁，安全链、电子报警系统以及与警局或私人保镖公司相连的报警线所取代，许多郊区家庭在庭院里都装有滑动的玻璃门，很别致地装有暗藏的钢闩，这样就没人能橇开门了。It is not uncommon, in the most pleasant of homes, to see pasted on the windows dec

56、als announcing that the premises are under surveillance by this security force or that guard company.这很正常，在很多漂亮的家里，经常能见到窗户上张贴着图案显示本宅受某保安部队或某保镖公司的监护。The lock is a new symbol of American. Indeed ,a recent public-service advertisement by a large insurance company featured not actuarial charts but a pic

57、ture of a childs bicycle with the now-usual padlock attached to it.锁是美国的新的象征。确实最新的一家保险公司的公益广告显示的不是数据表格而是一幅画，画面上有一辆儿童自行车，其上挂着把现在常见的挂锁。The ad pointed out that,yes,it is the insurance companies that pay for stolen goods, but who is going to pay for what the new atmosphere of distrust and fear is doing

58、to our way of life?who is going to make the psychic payment for the transformation of American from the land of the free to the land of the lock？诚然，广告显示的是保险公司会为你失窃的东西负责，但是又有谁会补偿这种不信任和恐惧的气氛给我们生活方式带来的改变呢，谁来补偿美国由自由大陆转变为上锁的大陆所造成的心理损失呢？For that is what has happened.We have bcome so used to defending ours

59、elves against the new atmosphere of America life,so used to putting up barriers,that we have not had time to think about what it may mean.情况就是这样。我们已经非常习惯于保护自己不受美国生活新气氛的影响，习惯于围起屏障，却没有时间去考虑这一切意味着什么。For some reason we are statisfied when we think we are well protected; it does not occur to us to ask ou

60、rselves: Why has this happened? Why are we having to barricade ourslves against our neighbors and fellow citizens,and when,exactly,did this start to take over our lives? 出干某种原因，当我们受到良好的保护时，我们自会心满意足；却从没想过问问自己：为什么会这样，为什么一定要在我们自己与邻居和同胞之间设立屏障呢，而且，我们的生活受制于这一现象，究竟是从何时开始的呢?And it has taken over.If you work