《汽车实用英语》教学辅导

1、.：.；教学辅导第一部分 教学辅导阐明是中央广播电视大学人才培育方式改革和开放教育试点汽车专业维修方向(开放专科)的选修课。本课程的义务是结合汽车专业的实践需求，较系统的学习专业外语知识。要求同窗们以教材为主，构成性考核作业册为辅，结合实训、录像教材、直播课堂、网上资源等，全面、系统、多层次地学习文字教材。抓住重点，做到了解、领会，勿死记硬背，争取做到举一反三；留意各部分内容的融会贯穿，留意归纳总结，全书共分为三十课的内容，要求同窗们每学完一课的内容，本人亲身动手仔细进展本节小结，学会运用所学知识进展普通景象分析；注重构成性考核作业册和文字教材中复习思索题，做好自我检查，及时复习、稳定所学知识

2、。第二部分 各章主要内容第1课 History of Automobile本课主要引见了汽车的开展史。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1 词汇：automobile, vehicle, auto, motor vehicle, MPV, engine, internal combustion engine, fuel, gasoline, petrol, diesel, wheel, crankshaft, piston, cylinder, stroke, four-stroke engine, motorcycle, carburetor, assembly line, transportati

3、on, spark plug, front, rear, body2 句子：1The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide. It is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile.2An internal combustion en

4、gine is any engine that uses the explosive combustion of fuel to push a piston within a cylinder - the pistons movement turns a crankshaft that then turns the car wheels via a chain or a drive shaft. 二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1汽车开展史；2回答课文后问题。第2课 Introduction to Automobile 本课引见了汽车的根本构造、各个主要部件的任务

5、原理，以及汽车对社会的影响。详细要求如下： 一、重点掌握1 词汇：Chassis, electrical system, shaft, driven shaft, driven wheel, gear, piston engine, compression, ignition, spark ignition(SI), compression ignition(CI),suspension system, braking system, steering system, driving system, transmission, transmit, gearbox, final drive, d

6、ifferential, clutch, torque, power, neutral, neutral gear, reverse gear, spring, steering wheel, ABS, battery, hood, trunk deck, charge, wear, pressure, temperature, axle, frame, speed, maintain 3 句子：1The vehicle can be usually subdivided into several major categories: the body, the engine or power

7、source, the chassis and the electrical system. 2The main components of the transmission system are the clutch, gearbox, final drive, and differential.3Two types of brakes are used in modern cars: drum brakes and disc brakes. 4The major parts of electrical system in a car include the battery, the sta

8、rting system, the charging system, the ignition system, the lighting system, the auxiliary system and some electronic devices used on modern automobiles. .二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1汽车根本构造；2汽车与社会3. 回答课文后问题。第3课 Engine Fundamentals本课引见了发动机的根本术语、四冲程发动机的根本构造以及任务原理。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：Cycle, Top Dead

9、Center(TDC), Bottom Dead Center(BDC), filter, air filter, oil filter, fuel filter, pump, water pump, fuel pump, oil pump, oil, injection, nozzle, electronic, electrical, intake, exhaust, valve, compress, lubricate, cooling system, water jacket, coolant, antifreeze, volume, combustion chamber, air-fu

10、el mixture, swept volume, total capacity, multi-cylinder engine, clearance volume, compression ratio, emission control system, fuel tank, oil pan2 句子：1)This term is used to describe the movement of the piston from one extreme position to the other extreme position inside the engine cylinder, e.g. fr

11、om the highest to the lowest position it can reach, or vice-versa (lowest to highest position). 【第15页 1.2 stroke】2)The electronic control unit (ECU) controls the fuel injection nozzles to inject the small quantity of fuel into the intake ports to produce the air-fuel mixture that then flows into the

12、 cylinders where it is ignited and burns. 【第16页2.1 fuel system】3)The engine has many moving metal parts. If metal parts rub against each other, they will wear rapidly. To prevent this, engines have lubricating systems that flood all moving parts with a coating of lubricating oil. 【第17页2.3 lubricatin

13、g system】4)The second stroke causes an upward motion of the piston. The space above the piston is now sealed due to the inlet valve closing and the exhaust valve having already closed. This upward motion of the piston causes the petrol/air mixture to be compressed and the result is an increase in pr

14、essure and temperature of the mixture. 【第18页3.2 compression stroke】二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1发动机根本构造及任务过程2. 回答课文后问题第4课 Diesel Engine本课对柴油机进展了引见，主要包括柴油机的任务原理、柴油机的供油系统。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：Spray, inject, self-ignition, transmit, accelerate, coach, lorry, tank, low-pressure pipe, fuel filter, fuel l

15、ift pump, fuel injection pump, high-pressure pipe, fuel injector, fuel leak-off pipe, liter, filler neck, in-line pump, distributor Pump Assembly (DPA), camshaft 2.句子：1) The diesel engines are compression ignition engines. The diesel engine uses the heat of compression to ignite the fuel.2) One majo

16、r difference between a diesel engine and a petrol engine is that the diesel engine has a very high compression ratio.3) Compression ignition engines are efficient, last longer and are cheaper to maintain than petrol engines but are sometimes expensive, noisier and slower to accelerate.4) The main co

17、mponents of the fuel supply system for a diesel engine include a fuel storage tank, low-pressure pipes, various fuel filters, fuel lift pump, fuel injection pump, high-pressure pipes, fuel injectors and fuel leak-off pipes. The system is therefore a little more complicated than the fuel supply syste

18、m for a spark-ignition engine.5) Fuel filters are used to prevent the dust, abrasive particles and water reaching the fuel injection pump and injector, where they would cause a high rate of wear on the precision-machined components and lead to shorter life.二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1柴油机根本构造及任务过

19、程2. 回答课文后问题第6课 Cylinder Block and Cylinder Head 本课主要引见气缸体和气缸盖。详细要求如下： 一、重点掌握1.词汇：cylinder block, cylinder head, bearing, cooling passageway, cooling jacket, radiator, manufacturer, assembly, air-cooled engine, liquid-cooled engine, cast iron, aluminum, alloy, liner, in-line engine, valve mechanism,

20、manifold, heater hose, lubricant, gasket, seal, crankcase2.句子：1) The cylinder block is the foundation of the engineall other parts are attached to it. Its most important function is to provide a strong, unmovable mounting for engine components such as the crankshaft and cylinders and so on.2) Variou

21、s modern casting techniques are used to lighten the cylinder block. It is the heaviest part of the engine, and the more it can be safely lightened, the lighter the car. This means better fuel economy.3) Two kinds of cylinder liners, dry liner and wet liner, can be installed after the cylinder block

22、is cast.4) The cylinder heads on many engines also form the upper end of the combustion chambers for each cylinder. The piston head and piston rings form the lower end of the combustion chambers.5) Attached to the cylinder head are such components as valve mechanisms, spark plugs or injectors, exhau

23、st and inlet manifolds, temperature sensors, heater hose connectors, top radiator hose connector, and a rocker or camshaft cover.二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1气缸体、气缸盖根本构造和资料2. 回答课文后问题第7课 Piston, Connecting Rod, Crankshaft本课引见了活塞、连杆和曲轴。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：Connecting rod, bearing, piston head, piston

24、ring, piston pin, compression ring, oil ring, crankpin, forge, counterweight, flywheel, main journal, camshaft, keyway, Woodruff key, gear, sprocket, pulley, auxiliary, generator, coolant pump, power steering pump, flange, oil-thrower, machine, main bearing cap, bolt, bore 2.句子：1) The piston must be

25、 strong. But it must be light to reduce inertia loads on the bearings. For this reason, pistons for modern engines are made of aluminum alloy. This is a light metal.2) The piston rings maintain a sliding seal between the cylinder wall and the piston. The piston cannot be fitted tightly enough to for

26、m a good seal by itself. There must be some clearance so that the piston can slide without sticking.3) During manufacture, the rods and caps are individually matched to each other. They usually carry identifying numbers so that they will not be mixed up if the engine is disassembled.4) The crankshaf

27、t assembly includes the crankshaft, bearings, flywheel, harmonic balancer, timing gear, and front and rear seals.5) The crankshaft usually drives the camshaft from its front end and is usually machined to accommodate a keyway to retain a Woodruff key (half-moon shaped) and a gear or sprocket is loca

28、ted on this keyway which is employed to drive the camshaft.二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1活塞、连杆、曲轴根本构造和资料。2. 回答课文后问题第8课 Valve Mechanism of an Engine本课引见了发动机的配气系统。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：valve mechanism, valve train, valve seat, valve guide, cam, camshaft, overhead camshaft, DOHC, push rod, rocker arm, li

29、fter, valve, bushing, valve stem, valve face, valve float, valve bounce, time, timing gear, timing chain2.句子：1) There are two valves for each cylinder. One is the intake valve. The other is the exhaust valve. However, certain high-performance engines use four valves per cylinder, two intake valves a

30、nd two exhaust valves.2) The valve trains are divided into side camshaft type and overhead camshaft (OHC) type, seen in Fig.2, according to the location of the camshaft.3) In the OHC engine, the camshaft is mounted on or in the cylinder head. In this type there is no necessary to have the long push

31、rod. This method of operation is much more efficient because fewer moving parts are involved (no push rod).4) The intake and exhaust valves operate at different temperature. The intake valves run much cooler than the exhaust valves.5) For the valves to open and close in correct relation to the posit

32、ion of the crankshaft, the camshaft must be timed to the crankshaft. This means that the two shafts must be assembled so that the cams open the valves at a precise time in relation to the position of the piston and crankshaft.二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1配气机构的根本组成、构造。2. 回答课文后问题第9课 Engine Lubricat

33、ion System本课引见了发动机光滑系统。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：lubrication system, oil pan, oil pump, main oil gallery, oil filter, oil pressure relief valve, oil cooler, oil sensor, reservoir, gravity, positive displacement pump, gear-type pump, eccentric-rotor-type pump, full-flow filter, by-pass filter, dashboard, lif

34、ter2.句子：1The engine has many moving parts. These parts must be lubricated adequately in order for the engine to operate correctly. 2The lubrication system is designed to supply lubricant, the oil, to all the moving parts of the engine to separate their surfaces, reduce friction, and act as a coolant

35、 and detergent.3The lubrication system is composed of several parts. These include the oil pan, oil pump, main oil galleries, oil filters, oil pressure relief valves (regulator valves), oil cooler, and oil sensors. These parts are needed to make the lubrication system operate correctly.4The oil pump

36、 operates all the time when the engine is running. They are normally driven by the camshaft or crankshaft. A number of different types of pump are in use, the most popular being the gear-type pump and eccentric-rotor-type pump.5There are two types of oil filtering system. One is called full-flow sys

37、tem and one is called the by-pass system. Full-flow system filters all of the oil before it enters the engine.6By-pass system filters only a part of the oil during operation. Most modern filters fitted to the engines are full-flow type.二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1发动机光滑系统的功能和组成。2. 回答课文后问题第10课 Eng

38、ine Cooling System本课引见了发动机冷却系统。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：cooling system, varnish, sludge, air-cooling system, liquid(water)-cooling system, fin, convection, radiation, heat transfer, shroud, radiator, water pump, water jacket, fan, thermostat, hose, antifreeze, coolant, hot spot, recirculate, blade, motor2.

39、句子：1There are two types of engine cooling systems, air-cooling system and liquid (water)-cooling system. Most automotive engines are water-cooled. Most engines for airplanes, snowmobiles, motorcycles, power lawn mowers, and similar equipment are air-cooled.2Air-cooled engines are simple and cheap. A

40、ir-cooled engines have fins on the outer surfaces of the cylinders and cylinder heads. These fins are cast directly into the cylinders and heads (Fig.1).3The liquid-cooling system (Fig.2) includes several parts: the water pump, the water jacket, radiator, the fan, the thermostat and hoses.4Water jac

41、kets are designed to remove heat from the cylinder block on cylinder head.5The radiator is a heat exchanger that removes heat from the coolant passing through it.二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1发动机冷却系统的功能、类型和组成。2. 回答课文后问题第11课 Engine Ignition System本课引见了发动机点火系统。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：Voltage, volt, cylind

42、er order, jump across, current, spark plug gap, contact point, contact-breaker point, condenser, electronic ignition system, ignition switch, ignition coil, distributor, capacitor, negative side, positive side, primary winding, low-tension circuit, secondary winding, high-tension circuit, magnetic f

43、ield, arcing, freezing point, melting point, shorting-out, hexagon, spanner, electrode, insulation, porcelain, ignition timing, timing advanced, timing retarded, late burning, transistor, semiconductor, high-energy ignition system2.句子：1The ignition system is designed to produce an electrical high-vo

44、ltage spark (approximately 2000050000 volts) at each spark plug within the combustion chamber at a precise moment of time and in the correct cylinder order.2The conventional ignition system (Fig.1) consists of the battery, the ignition switch, the ignition coil, the distributor, the capacitor (conde

45、nser), the spark plug and wiring.3The ignition circuit can conveniently be divided into two parts. One part is known as the primary windings (low-tension circuit) and the other part is the secondary windings (high-tension circuit).4The spark plug must form a good seal inside the cylinder head to avo

46、id leakage of the high gas pressures during combustion and must be capable of operating consistently without the high-tension current shorting-out. 5In the engine, timing advanced and timing retarded also happen.二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1常规点火系统、电子点火系统以及任务原理。2. 回答课文后问题第12课 Engine Starting Syste

47、m本课引见了发动机起动系统。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：Solenoid, cable, pinion gear, mesh with, ring gear, amperage, direct current, engage with, inertia engaged motor, pre-engaged motor, heavy duty, loop, magnetic pole, rotor, armature, field winding, spin, series, brush, steering column, shift lever, in gear, instrument

48、 panel, cross-section, electro-chemical, nonrechargeable, charge, discharge, cell, positive plate, negative plate, electrolyte solution2.句子：1The starting system is a type of electrical circuit that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.2The typical starting system includes the battery, t

49、he starting motor and the solenoid switch, the starter switch (ignition switch), and the cables which connect these components.3The battery sends current to the starting motor when the driver turns the ignition switch to START.4The battery is a very important and necessary part of a vehicle. The fun

50、ction of the vehicles battery is to supply electrical energy to many systems and components within the vehicle.5二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1发动机起动系统的组成和任务原理。2. 回答课文后问题第13课 Engine Intake and Exhaust System本课引见了发动机进气和排气系统。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：Noise, gallon, contaminant, air filter, intake ducting, car

51、buretor, manifold, supercharger, exhaust soot, filtration, oil bath air filter, dry-type air filter, velocity, plug, pickup truck, turbocharge, muffler, catalytic converter, volumetric efficiency, catalyst, unleaded, tail pipe, hanger, rubber connector, baffled, chamber, perforated straight pipe, fi

52、berglass, exhaust back pressure2.句子：1In order to meet these requirements of the engine, the intake system is needed. The intake system mainly includes the air filter, intake ducting, the carburetor, and the intake manifold. Some engines have supercharger in the in take system.2The intake manifold is

53、 used to transfer or carry the air and/or fuel from the air filter to the intake valve. The intake manifold is designed to deliver the right amount of air and fuel to each cylinder under all driving conditions.3The exhaust system collects the high-temperature gases from each combustion chamber and s

54、ends them to the rear of the vehicle to be dispersed. An exhaust manifold, mufflers, and pipes are used to accomplish this.4A catalytic converter is also used. The exhaust gas flows from the exhaust manifold into an exhaust pipe and from there into the catalytic converter. 5The catalytic converter c

55、onverts the pollutants in the exhaust gas into water vapor and other harmless gases.6They are used to convert harmful pollutants such as HC, CO, and NOx into harmless gases, CO2, H2O, and N2.二、普通掌握 1课文后的词汇2阅读课文，根本了解。三、普通了解1发动机进气和排气系统组成和任务原理。2. 回答课文后问题第14课 Gasoline Engine Management System (EMS)本课引见了

56、汽油机管理系统。详细要求如下：一、重点掌握1.词汇：Embrace; chemical energy; kinetic energy; manifold injection; combustion chamber; spent gases; ingestion; cylinder charge control; induction air mass; throttle valve opening; accelerator pedal; mixture formation; injection duration; injection timing; ignition; mechanical su

57、percharging; exhaust gas turbochargers; turbine; impeller; contingent upon; air/fuel (A/F) ratio; stoichiometric ratio; specific fuel consumption; excess air; state-of- the-art; 3-way catalytic converter; spread; designation; rich mixture; lean mixture; residual gas; prime determinant; part throttle

58、; pumping loss; nitrous oxides; volumetric capacity; evaporative-emissions control system; exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) ; aperture; lobe; ramp; valve overlap; supercharging (or boost) ; pressure charging; lean-burn limit (LML) ; miss; degeneration; foster; intake tract; cold starting; post-start p

59、hase; warm-up phase; idle and part-load; on the heels of; precipitation; idle; spark duration; electrode gap2.句子：1Electronic engine management systems have advanced to become decisive factors in promoting fuel economy and enhancing the motor vehicles environmental compatibility.2Electronic engine ma

60、nagement systems have advanced to become decisive factors in promoting fuel economy and enhancing the motor vehicles environmental compatibility.3The engine management systems primary assignment is to furnish the torque requested by driver while at the same time ensuring maximum fuel economy and min