句子结构及介词

1、句子结构及介词1主语句子一般要有主语。在简单句中，主语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式短语）来充当。动名词、动词不定式作主语时通常用it作形式主语。名词作主语Englishisveryimportant.英语是很重要的。ThestudentsalllovetheirEnglishteacher.这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。代词作主语Theygotoschoolbybus.他们乘公共汽车上学。Mostofthestudentscomefromthecountryside大多数学生来自农村。动名词作主语WatchingTVtoomuchisbadforyoureyes.看电视太多对你的眼睛是有

2、害的。Itsnouseregrettingit.后悔是无用的。动词不定式（短语）作主语Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。Itisveryhardtogettosleep.入睡很难。谓语谓语必须由动词充当，但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词表动作）和连系动词（表状态），行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词作谓语Weshouldhelpeachother.我们应该互相帮助。Theyrespectoneanother.他们互相尊重（对方）。Allofthestudentslikethenovel.所有这些学生都

3、喜欢这本小说。Didyouseemanypeoplethere?你在那儿看见许多人了吗？不及物动词作谓语Helefthereyesterday.他昨天离开这儿。Youredrivingtoofast.你开车开得太快了。Theteachercamein,bookinhand.老师走进教室，手里拿着书。HewentabroadintheSeptemberof1988.他于1988年9月出国。连系动词表状态Heisanexcellentteacher.他是位优秀的教师。Hersonisafriendofours.她的儿子是我们的朋友。Oursisagreatcountry.我们的国家是一个伟大的国家

4、。Theboxitselfisnotsoheavy.箱子本身并不重。表语表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如：Theyarebrotherandsister.他们是兄妹。WhatIwanttosayisthis.我想说的就是这点。Herfatherissixty-five.她父亲65岁。Johniscaptainoftheteam.约翰是足球队的队长。Thepoorboywasmyself.那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。Theoneswhoreallywantitareourselves.真正想要它的是我们自己。Allyou

5、needdoistotakeataxifromtheairport你只需从机场打个的即可。Myfavouritesportisswimming.我最喜爱的运动是游泳。宾语宾语是行为动作的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。如：IlikeChinesefood.我喜欢中国菜。IboughtaticketforMilan.我买了一张去米兰的车票。Ienjoyedtalkingtoyou.我和你谈话很高兴。Haveyoufinisheddressing?你衣服穿好了吗？Hecertainlydidnotwanttojointhem.他确实不想

6、参加他们的活动。Wehopedthatallwouldcomewell.我们希望一切都会好转。Weexpectedthatyouwouldstayforafewdays.我们预计你会待几天的。定语定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词（短语）或句子充当。Hisfatherisadoctor.他父亲是一名医生。Mr.Greenhastwosons.格林先生有两个儿子。ThegirlunderthetreeisKate.在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。Themandownstairscouldnt

7、sleepwell.楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。Iboughtanewdictionary.我买了本新字典。Canyoufindouttheanswertothequestion?你能找到这个问题的答案吗？Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?你想要些喝的东西吗？Abarkingdogseldombites.吠狗很少咬人。Amangoingtodieisalwayskind-hearted.人之将死，其言也善。状语英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原因、结

8、果、伴随等。（1）时间状语Ioftengetupat5:30inthemorning我常常在早上5:30起床。Hearingthenews,theyfeltveryexcited.听到这个消息，他们感到很兴奋。Goalongthisstreetuntilyoureachtheend.沿着这条街走直到到达尽头为止。（2）地点状语PandasonlyliveinChina.熊猫仅生活在中国。Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas.你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。程度状语Ihavequitealotofworktodo.我有相当多的工作要做。目的状语Wellgotothebeach

9、forapicnicthisSunday.这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。Hetooksomechangefromhispockettobuyanewspaper他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。Shegotupearlysothatshecouldcatchthefirstbus她早早地起床，以便能够赶上这辆早班车。方式状语Weusuallygotoschoolonfoot.我们通常步行去上学。PleasedoitasItoldyou.请按我告诉你的去做。让步状语Thoughshehasalotofmoney,sheisunhappy.虽然她很有钱，而她并不幸福。Nomatterwhathappe

10、ns,Iwillneverloseheart.无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。条件状语Ifyoudontworkhard,youllfallbehindtheothers.假如你不努力学习，你将落后于别人。Givenmoreattention,theflowerswouldhavegrownbetter.如果给予更多的关心的话，这些花将长得更好。比较状语Yourwatchisnotthesameasmine.你的手表与我的不一样。Mikeisnotas(so)tallasJack.迈克不及杰克高。原因状语Wedidntgototheparkbecauseofthebadweather.由于天气

11、不好，我们没有去公园。Imgladtomeetyou.见到你我很高兴。结果状语Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.风是如此地猛烈，以致于我们寸步难行。Heleftearly,sothathecaughtthetrain他早早地离去，(结果)因此赶上了火车。伴随状语Thedoctorhurriedoff,withamedicineboxunderhisarm.这位医生匆匆离去，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyagroupofhisstudents.老师进到教室里来，后

12、面跟着一群学生。7宾语补足语宾语补足语主要用来补充说明宾语，与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如：Tomfoundtheclimbquiteeasy.汤姆觉得爬山很容易。Dontbesoformal.CallmeJim.不要这样正规，叫我吉姆好了。Imfinished.Letsgonow.我已干完，咱们走吧。Youmustkeepitclean.你要把它保持干净。Ihavethecarwaiting.我让汽车等着。Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们请人修理了机器。Whydontyouhaveyourhaircut?你为什么不理

13、发?Hehadhisfingercut.他的手指弄伤了。Ihadmywatchstolenyesterday.我的表昨天被人偷去了。Ihavealotofworktodo.我有许多工作要做。注意：后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call,name,think,make,choose等，后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有keep,find,get,think,make等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词（如feel,see,hear,notice,watch,observe,listento,lookat等），使役动词（如let,have,make等），动词不定式不带to。介词早、午、

14、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、帽n。将来时态in.以后，小处at大处in。有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善分。早、午、晚要用in例：inthemorning在早上intheafternoon在下午intheevening在晚上intheday在白天at黎明、午、夜、点与分例：atdawn,atdaybreak在黎明时候atnoon在中午atnight在夜间atmidnight在午夜以上短语都不用冠词atsixoclock在6点钟at7：30（seventhir

15、ty）在7点半athalfpasteleven在11点半atninefifteen在9点15分attenthirtya.m在上午10点30分也可以写成seventofive5点差7分（半小时以上）attheweekend在周末年、月、年月、季节、周即在某年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月”（但在某年某月某日则用on），在四季，在第几周等都要用in。例：in1986在1986年in1927在1927年inApril在四月inMarch在三月inDecember,19861986年12月inJuly,l9831983年7月inspring在春季insummer在夏季inautumn在秋季inwinte

16、r在冬季inthefistweekofthissemester这学期的第一周inthethirdweek在第三周阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in，即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用n。例：Dontreadindimlight.切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。Theyarereviewingtheirlessonsinthebrightlight.他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。Theyaresittingintheshadeofatree.他们坐在树阴下乘凉。aprisonerinirons带着镣铐的囚犯Hewentintheraintomeetmeatthestation他冒雨到车站去接我。

17、Thepoordressed（clothed）inragsinoldsociety.旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛。以及：inthebrightsunlight在明亮的阳光下amerchantindisguise乔装的商人thewomaninwhite（black,red,yellow）穿着白（黑、红、黄）色衣服的妇女inuniform穿着制服inmourning穿着丧服inbrownshoes穿着棕色鞋inhisshirtsleeves穿着衬衫将来时态in以后例:Theywillcomebackin10days.他们将10天以后回来。Illcomeroundinadayortwo.我一两天就回来。We

18、llbebackinnotime.我们一会儿就回来。Comeandseemeintwodaystime.两天后来看我。（从现在开始）After（从过去开始）小处at大处in例：LiandIarrivedatHeishancountysafeandsound,alliswell.Dontworry.李和我平安地到达黑山县，一切很好，勿念。Iliveinagreatcity（bigcity）,mysisterlivesatasmalltownwhilemyparentsliveatavillage.我住在大城市，我姐姐住在一个小城镇，而我的父母则住在农村。IminLiaoning,atAnshan

19、.我住在辽宁省鞍山市.有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in例：Theworkersarepavingaroadwithstone.工人们正用石子铺路。（有形）Theteacheriscorrectingthepaperwithanewpen.这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。（有形）TakingTigerMountainbyStrategyisagoodopera.智取威虎山是一出好戏。优形）Theproductisseparatedbydistillationintogasolineandgasoil.这种产品是用蒸馏分离出汽油和粗柴油。（表示方式、手段、方法无形）Ireallycante

20、xpressmyideainEnglishfreelyin-deed我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。（表示某种语言用in）IwroteanovelinRussian.我用俄语写了一本小说。（同上）Thekilometeristhebiggestunitoflengthinthemetricsystem公里是米制中最长的长度单位。（表示度、量、衡单位的用in）Thelengthismeasuredinmeter,kilometre,andcentimetre.长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。（同上）Thisboardwascastinbronzenotingold.这个牌匾是铜铸的，不

21、是金铸的。特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in特征或状态：例：TheDemocraticPartywastheninpower.那时民主党执政。Theyfoundthepatientinacoma.他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。Hehasnotbeeningoodhealthforsomeyears.他几年来身体一直不好。Manywhocameindespairwentawayinhope.许多人带着绝望情绪而来，却满怀希望而去。Thehousewasinruins.这房屋成了废墟。Thepoorgirlwasintears.这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。Herclotheswereinrags.她的衣服

22、穿破了。Hisshoeswereinholes.他的鞋穿出窟窿了。Ionlysaiditinfun.我说这话只是开玩笑的。Shespokeingriefratherthaninanger.与其说她讲得很气愤，不如说她讲得很伤心。还有一些短语也用in,女如injest诙谐地，injoke开玩笑地，inspite恶意地，infairness公正地，inrevenge报复，inmercy宽大，insorrow伤心地等。Hismindwasingreatconfusion.他脑子里很乱。Todayeverybodyisinhighspiritsandnooneisinlowebb.今天大家都兴高釆烈，

23、没有一个情绪低落的。Sheandherclassmatesareinflowerages.她和她的同学都正值妙龄。Thecampaignwasinfullswing.运动正值高潮中。方面：例：Weacceptedtheiteminprinciple.我们在原则上接受了这个条款。Theyareneverbackwardingivingtheirviews.他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。Thebackwardareahasachievedselfsufficientingrain.这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。Agoodteachermustbeanexampleinstudy.个好的教师必须是

24、学习的模范。方式:例：Allthespeechesweretakendowninshorthand.所有报告都用速记记录下来了。ThePartyhasalwayseducatedusinthespiritofpatriotismandinternationalism.党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。如下成语惯用in例：inall总计inadvance事前inplace适当地inaword总之invain无益地,白白地incase如果，万一，以防indetail详细地inconclusion总之inspiteof尽管inotherwords换句话说inreturn作为回报inthenam

25、eof以名义beinterestedin对感兴趣介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分介词at和to都可以表示方向;用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意;用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。试比较下列各句：A.Shecameatme.她向我扑过来。Shecametome.她向我走过来。A.JakeranatJohn.杰克向约翰扑过去。JakerantoJohn.杰克朝约翰跑去。A.Heshoutedattheoldman.他大声喝斥那老人。Heshoutedtotheoldman.他大声向那老人说。A.1heardhermutteringatXiaoL

26、i.我听见她在抱怨小李。IheardhermutteringtoXiaoLi.我听见她在同小李低声说话。A.Shetalkedatyoujustnow.她刚才还说你坏话呢。Shetalkedtoyoujustnow.她刚才还同你谈话呢.A.Shethrewaboneatthedog.她用一块骨头砸狗。Shethrewabonetothedog.她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。A.Hepresentedapistolatme.他用手枪对着我。Hepresentedapistoltome.他赠送我一支手枪。D.belowC.inD.by介词练习()、请填入适当的介词Mid-AutumnDayusuallyc

27、omesSeptemberorOctober.Thankyouverymuch_askingmetoMarysbirthdayparty_Sunday.Thefarmersareallbusygettingreadythenextyear.A:WouldyoulikeChineseteasugarandmilk,ChenHui?B:Ohno!IdlikeChineseteanothinginit,please.PleasedrawalineAandB._thewindow,Icouldseeabigtreelyingacrosstheground.MysisterhaslivedinFranc

28、e1982.Doyouknowwhatweareworking?Theyoftenclimbthehill.ProfessorZhanghasjustcomebackJapan.(二)、选择填空Afishcantlivewater.withatinwithoutToatonMrsGreenhaslivedLondontenyears.at,forin,sincein,foron,byChristmasDayis_December25.atonMyteacheroftenhelpsmemyEnglish,herhelp,Ihav

29、ecaughtuptheclass.with,under,withwith,with,withof,with,toin,under,withThereisabookstore（书店）theothersideofthestreet.inonforatThebasketisfullvegetables.aboutofwithonmywayhome,Imetanoldfriendofmine.InByOnAtThesunrisestheeastandgoesdownthewest.in,inon,onfrom,fromat,atThereisnohole（洞）thewall.oninatoverWe

30、laydownatreetorest.underoveraboveB.inC.byC.inD.byHeworeapairofglasses_hisnose.onoveraboveunderTheplanehasjustflownmyhead.onoveraboveatTherewillbeaclassmeetingFridayafternoon.atinonforThereisarailwaythesetwocities.betweenamonginatWewilllistentoatalkBritishhistory.atonwithbyIamsurehellbebackanhour.aft

31、erinfortoTheyhadlearnedonethousandEnglishwordstheendoflastterm.atB.inC.inD.byaboutHurryup,orwellbelateclass.atoftoforallthestars,thesunisthenearesttotheearth.OfInWithAmongTherearesomeflowersthehouse.infrontofinthefrontofonfrontofonthefrontofJheyear1980,at10a.m.onJune14thonJheyear1980h

32、eyear1980onJune14that10a.m.onJune14thintheyear1980Thereisabridgetheriver.onatbelowoverTheotherdaythemanjumpedtherivertosavethechild.inintoonoverThelittlegirlsawabeautifulbirdthetree.onintoC.inD.byatApoorboymecouldntgotoschoolintheolddays.aboutasonlikeHearrivedShanghaiJanuary510:00.in,on,inat,on,onin

33、,on,atin,on,byItisverykindyoutogivemethepresent.offorfromwithTheyweretalkingthefilmwhenImetthem.towithonaboutNothingistoodifficultifyouputyourheartit.inatintoto（三）、根据汉语，完成下列英语句子星期二上午老师生他的气了.Tuesdaymorningtheteacherwasangryhim.瞧!我的书和你的书不同.Look!Mybookisdifferentyours.去年秋天张小姐和一个有钱人结了婚.MissZhangwasmarri

34、edarichmanlastautumn.晚饭后父亲总是坐在椅子上读报.AftersupperFatheralwayssitsachair，readingnewspapers.我是用墨水写的信.Ihavewrittentheletterink.工作时不要讲话.Doyourworkspeaking.父亲要我用自己的话把故事重讲一遍Fatherwantedmetoretellthestorymyownwords.在老师的帮助下，他发现了自己的错误.thehelpoftheteachers,hefoundouthismistakes.我们都穿着蓝色的衣服，而他们都穿着黑色的衣服Weareallwhi

35、te,while（而）theyareallblack.前天我爷爷花了很多钱买书.Mygrandfatherspentalotofmoneybooksthedaybeforeyesterday.她握着我的手说:你是个好孩子Sheheldmethehandandsaid，Youareagoodboy.你买那本英汉词典花了多少钱?HowmuchdidyoupaytheEnglish-Chinesedictionary?除最后一个问题外，凯特回答了所有的问题.Kateansweredallthequestionsthelastone.（从）上海到昆明的火车要穿过多少隧道？Howmanytunnels（

36、隧道）doesthetrainfromShanghaitoKunminggo?雷锋总是先想到别人.LeiFengalwaysthoughtotherpeoplefirst.Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelighthappenedto.beputupgiveinbeturnedongooutEverymorningshewouldgivehimbreakfastbedandbringhimthepaperstoread.toatinbyYourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidntteachtherequi

37、redstandard，heendafterallinotherwordsatthesametimeWhydonttheybuildanewroadthatgoesthetown?tothroughoverroundproductionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.A.AsForWithThroughthisbookandtellmewhatyouthinkofit.A.LookthroughLookonLookintoLookupThedoctorwillbefree.A.10minuteslaterB.after10minutesin10minutes10minutesafterDidyouhavetroublethepostoffice?A.tohavefoundB.withfindingtofindinfindingIfyoukeepon,y