中考作文指导(共13页)

1、书面(shmin)表达话题(hut)：热点 身边(shnbin)考查：读题能力（审题-明确要求） 写完整句子的能力（词汇量水平、恰当地道表达的展示）考生的作文要从四个方面考察：内容(要点齐全并到位)结构(层次清晰合逻辑) 语言(简洁丰富且优美) 篇幅(长短适中字迹清) 对学生写作文段要求：语言通畅，语句连贯，层次清楚，意思正确，紧扣主题。 用词基本恰当，句子结构完整，语法正确，逻辑性强。能正确使用常用的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系。书写规范，能正确地使用大小写、字母和标点符号。写作 “ 四步曲 ”1. 认真审题、做到三定(人称、时态，要点)2. 确定结构、列出提纲(文章段落结构分布,过渡词汇和部分

2、词组句型)3. 认真写作、注意语法(语法、句型、结构)4. 仔细检查、认真修改(大小写、拼写笔误)第一步：审题审题主题是关键。写文章都不能离开主题。主题是文章所要表达的中心，是文章的灵魂主宰。如果审不清主题，就有可能出现“下笔千言，离题万里”的情况。在审清主题的基础上，还要根据题目要求注意罗列跟主题相关的要点，并审清文体。范文如“My Favorite Sport”这篇文章，中心词是Favorite (最喜爱的)。首先，圈定大范围是Sport (运动)；其次，关键还在于Favorite (最喜爱的)。如果只把所有的运动罗列一遍，就不能说是“最喜爱的”，就不切题了。第二步: 谋篇（列提纲）写文章

3、之前列提纲可以使杂乱无章的材料变得井然有序；列提纲可以使同学们的作文紧扣主题不跑题。列提纲时不必过于详细，可以根据题目要求，考虑你的文章分几段，或者分几个层次，每段的大意是什么，计划好文章的整体结构。提纲有时可以是短语或词组，做到明白即可。此外，还要分清主次与详略，做到该详则详，该略则略，详略得当。用适当的连词连接文段 My name is Tom. I am 15 years old. _ my appearances, I am tall _ I wear glasses. _ my personalities, I am shy _friendly. I have a happy fam

4、ily. There are 3 people in my family. I have lots of hobbies. _,I enjoy_singing _ collecting stamps. Now, I study in Class 22, Grade 3, Beijing National Day School. My favorite subject is math. _, I am interested in English, Chinese, physics _. I live far from school _ I usually get up at 6:00 and g

5、o to school by subway. _, I have a busy _wonderful life.补充哪些(nxi)词组可以使你的文章更精彩:表示(biosh)喜欢：like doing, enjoy doing, be fond of doing, prefer to do表示(biosh)兴趣和能力：be interested in sth, be good at doing, do well in sth., be able to do,选择：prefer A to B, prefer doing A to doing B, would rather do A than d

6、o B, Do A instead of doing B,其他：spend time doing, keep doing, cant help doing, make sb. adj/do, put this love to good use by doing 概括归纳in short,简言之 generally speaking,一般来说in conclusion, 最后（总结性观点） in general,一般说来in a word /in all,总之 in my opinion,在我看来以上短语一般都用于句首，且后面有逗号例句： HYPERLINK /in/ In HYPERLINK

7、/my/ my HYPERLINK /opinion/ opinion, we should put more money HYPERLINK /in/ in advertisement. 先后顺序First second third then/next after that finally/at last上述侧重时间或步骤方面的先后顺序，last but not least(更强调重要性)最后也是最重要的例如： HYPERLINK /last/ Last HYPERLINK /but/ but HYPERLINK /not/ not HYPERLINK /least/ least, we m

8、ust thank our host for his hospitality. HYPERLINK /最后/ 最后而且同样重要的,我们得感谢主人的热情好客。递进in addition，此外， Besides，此外，加之Moreover/furthermore, whats more，而且，以上三个一般用于句首，并且后常有逗号 HYPERLINK /what/ Whats HYPERLINK /more/ more, he is not a hard-working student. 更为甚者，他不是一个用功的学生。解释说明in fact 实际上，其实 as a matter of fact，事

9、实上，Actually，实际上， in other words，换句话说，that is to say，就是说以上通常都用于句首并用逗号和后面的句子分开 HYPERLINK /in/ In HYPERLINK /fact/ fact, execution is everything. HYPERLINK /实际/ 实际上，执行才最关键。 HYPERLINK /in/ In HYPERLINK /other/ other HYPERLINK /words/ words, she must give up singing. HYPERLINK /that/ That HYPERLINK /is/

10、is HYPERLINK /to/ to HYPERLINK /say/ say, our efforts should produce practical results. 就 HYPERLINK /是/ 是 HYPERLINK /说/ 说，我们的工作要扎实，效果要实实在在。转折对比butHowever，Or/otherwise，否则(fuz)Although与though为从句(cn j)中的连词，故运用(ynyng)时应该还有主句例如：They went swimming, HYPERLINK /although/ although it was raining. Instead相反(可

11、放句首也可放句末，区别请看例句)例如： HYPERLINK /instead/ Instead, he tries to help them. 或 He tries to help them instead.结果So+句子后没有逗号Therefore(因此)，+句子后有逗号as a result, 结果，例如： HYPERLINK /as/ As HYPERLINK /a/ a HYPERLINK /result/ result , no one knew who I was. so(后修饰形容词)that, such(后修饰名词)thatHis car is so expensive tha

12、t I cant afford it.He has such an expensive car that we cant believe that he can afford it.Logical connections between sentences:填上合理的连接词Your suggestion is thoughtful. _, it is practical. _, it is a good suggestion.The village used to be very poor. _, it has changed a lot since 1978.Red is attractiv

13、e. Many restaurants, _, have red furniture or walls.I didnt go to the party with them. _, I went to help an old lady with her housework.As a popular saying goes, “Time is money.” _, time is more precious than money.谋篇实例（列提纲）电脑游戏可使人放松，但有些同学沉迷于其中，贻误了学业，所以学校要以“Should you stop playing it?”作为征文的题目，来劝谏那些沉

14、迷于游戏的学生们。请你写一篇征文，内容包括：如实反映出周围同学玩游戏的情况，说明过度玩游戏的危害，并表明你的态度1.第三人称和第一人称 2.现在时3.要点开头：周围同学玩游戏的情况spenddoing, 第三人称，一般现在时正文：过度玩游戏的危害(学习,健康,时间,家人朋友等) sothat, be bad for，动名词结尾：你的态度或希望 I dont think, in my opinion第三步：落笔（写全文）写作时尽量做到一鼓作气，一气呵成。一定要切题，抓住要点。题目要求的内容一定要写进去，以保证内容的完整。写作时要注意语法正确、用词得当、语言地道。书写时要多套用句型，多用短句。第四

15、步：检查修改好文章是改出来的。要提高英语写作水平，除了准确遣词造句、严谨布局外，文章的修改(xigi)也是很重要的一步。文章写好后，要经过反复修改润色，才能措辞准确、句子流畅，结构严谨，因此修改文章是提高写作水平的有效方法。用词(yn c)方面代词(dic)的格和指代关系是否应用正确？名词的单复数正确与否？动词的搭配是否准确？形容词的比较级和最高级用得是否对？副词的位置是否恰当？句子方面句型结构是否完整？主谓人称是否一致？时态、语态、语气是否正确？连句运用是否自然恰当？ 篇章方面文章主题是否准确？文章内容是否充实，要点有无遗漏？文章的文体及所用的组织方法是否恰当？全文篇幅比例是否恰当？（前松后

16、紧？前紧后松？）细节方面单词拼写及大小写字母是否正确？标点的使用是否正确？ 作文备忘录1. 开头、结尾要简洁、完整2. 词汇丰富、语言优美。3. 有过渡性语言，如连词。4. 句式多样, 争取用复合句。5. 书写、标点了解“差作文”的种种“劣迹”， 以防万一！*不通顺， “三无”：无段落、无结构、无明显主题；*笑料多，出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；*不达意，词汇量小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；*乱堆砌，不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的 词语拼凑到一起。写作训练 “真题至上”：练习时写透真题，可以多角度作文，一文多写，提高对题目应对能力。另外，注意限时、限词数练习，形成对时间和词数的感觉。“句

17、型为王”：句子是表达完整含义的最小单位，“手中有句，写作不慌”。写作时 “自造句”和“模板句”搭配，自造句以简单句为主，注意句型多样化，展示驾驭长句子的能力。作文中必须有模板句，这是体现文采最简单的方式。“衔接(xinji)流畅”连句成文(chngwn)时，紧凑连贯是高分作文的共性。最简单的增加文章(wnzhng)连贯性的方法是加入衔接性的细节和各种连接词来体现文章逻辑，有意识地在作文中使用also, but so, first等连接词，会使文章更符合英文表达法。“但求无过”：写作中大量明显的拼写、语法错误是分数“毒药”。应对方法一是在考场“用熟不用生”，尽量使用自己熟悉的表达，不拿考试做生僻

18、表达的试验田；二是考前专门练习检查、总结易犯错误，比如作文中最常出现的拼写和动词形式错误。这样在考场上有针对性地查错，自然有的放矢，事半功倍。“细节决定成败”：人是情感动物，卷面整洁从某种意义上讲甚至比内容更重要。单词书写应避免“随手大写”，句子书写应重视标点符号，要避免“随手句号”。书写要整齐美观。英语作文万能句子 段首句1. 关于人们有不同的观点。一些人认为There are different opinions among people as to _ .Some people suggest that _.2. 俗话说（常言道），它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适

19、用。 There is an old saying_. Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，；其次，。更为糟糕的是。 Today, _, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, _ Second,_. What makes things worse is that_.4. 现在，很普遍，许多人喜欢，因为，另外（而且）。Nowad

20、ays，it is common to _. Many people like _ because _. Besides，_. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and _ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说），在他们看来， Peoples opinions about _ vary from person to person. Some people say that _.

21、To them,_. 7已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。( ) has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 8在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。( ) has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot o

22、f benefits but has created some serious problems as well9人类正面临着一个严重(ynzhng)的问题，这个问题(wnt)变得越来越严重。Man is now facing a big problem ( ) which is becoming more and more serious.1、“如今(rjn)，人们普遍认为.,但是我怀疑.。Nowadays，it is generally/commonly believed that., but I wonder that.2、“如同硬币的正反面，.也有积极的一面和消极的一面。Like a

23、coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to.3、“近来，.的问题已经成为人们注目的焦点。” Currently, the issue of .has been brought to public attention4、“随着.的快速增长，.在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要。Along with the rapid growth of .,.has become increasingly important in our daily5. We re often told that .But is t

24、his really the case ?我们经常被告知.但事实真是这样吗？6. People used to .however , things are quite different today .过去，人们习惯.但,今天的情况有很大的不同。7.some people think that .Others believe that the opposite is true . There is probably some truth in both sidesBut we must realize that .一些人认为.另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理。但是我们必须认识到.

25、8.Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution .认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。9. It is another new and bitter truth we must learn to face .这是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。10. In short , we must work hard to make the world a better place .简而言之，为了把世界变成更美好的地方，我们必须勤奋工作。11.Lost time is never found again.岁月既往，一去不

26、回。12.Everybody should have a dream.每个人都该有个梦想.13.Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望,做最坏的打算。14.Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。15.Lets look on the bright side.让我们往好处想吧。1. 重点句型1). Its adj for sb to do 做对某人来说2). so that 如此 以至于 too to do 太 而不能such that 如此(rc) 以至于3). notuntil 直到(

27、zhdo)才例: I didnt go to bed until my mother came back.4).The reason why + 句子(j zi) is that + 句子 的原因是The reason why he got angry was that she told him a lie. ( 他生气的原因是她对他说了谎。)5). That is why + 句子 那是的原因6). That is because + 句子 那是因为7). It is said that + 句子 据说It is reported that + 句子 据报道8). There is no d

28、oubt that + 句子 毫无疑问9). It goes without saying that + 句子 不言而喻，毫无疑问10). There is no need to do没必要做11). There is no point in doing 做某事毫无意义2. 提建议had better (not) do 最好(不)做how about / what about doing 怎么样?I think you should do 我认为你应该I suggest that you should do 我建议你做If I were you, I would do我要是你的话，我会做Its

29、 best to do 最好做Why not do / why dont you do? 为什么不3. 表示喜欢和感兴趣like / love doingenjoy doingbe fond of doing 喜欢做be keen on n/doing 喜欢做prefer to do A rather than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做Bbe interested in doing = show/ take great interest in n / doing 感兴趣4. .努力做try to do努力做strive to do 努力做try ones best to do= do one

30、s best to do 竭尽全力做make efforts to do = make every effort to do 尽力做do what sb can (do ) to do 尽力做spare no effort to do 不遗余力的做do what / everything sb. can to do 尽某人全力做5. 打算做 / 计划做intend / plan to do 打算做be going to do 打算/计划做decide to do 决定做determine to do决定做be determined to do决定做make up ones mind to do

31、下定决心做6. 表示(biosh)想/希望(xwng)want to do = would like to do 想做hope to do 希望(xwng)做expect to do 期待着做wish to do 希望做consider doing 考虑做7. 只加doing 作宾语的动词finish 完成/ practice 练习 / suggest建议 / consider 考虑 / mind 介意 / enjoy 喜欢doing固定搭配look forward to doing 盼望做keep on doing 坚持做dream of doing 梦想做cant help doing 情

32、不自禁地做keep / stop / prevent sb. from doing 阻止某人做be busy (in ) doing be busy with + 名词 忙于做spend time / money (in )doing spend time / money on + 名词 花费时间做have fun / have a good time / enjoy oneself doing 玩得开心have trouble / have problem / have difficulty (in) doing 或 with + 名词 做有困难 30个经典名言警句常用的名言警句1. Act

33、ions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩?2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难朋友才是真朋友?3. A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半?4. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成?5. All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马?6. Easier said than done. 说起来容易,做起来难?7. Easy come, easy go. 来得快,去得快?8. Every man ha

34、s his weak side. 人人都有缺点?9. Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母?10. Look before you leap. 三思而后行?11. Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人?12. A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人若无友,就如同生命中没有太阳?13. All things are difficult before they are easy. 万

35、事开头难?14. Always prepare for a rainy day. 未雨绸缪?15. As you sow, so shall you reap. 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆?16. I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort. 成功要靠三件事才能赢得:努力,努力,再努力?17. Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 有事(yu sh)莫推明天?

36、18. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧(sh nng shng qio)?19. Bad news has wings. 好事不出门,坏事(hui sh)传千里?20. Honesty is the best policy. 做人以诚信为本?21. You have to believe in yourself. Thats the secret of success. 你必须相信自己,这是成功的关键?22. Dont judge a man by his looks. 不可以貌取人?常用过渡语23. 表起始的过渡语:first of all, to begin wit

37、h, in my opinion, according to, so far, as far as等?24. 表时间的过渡语:first, at first, then, later, in the end, finally, afterwards, after that, since then, for the first time, at last, as soon as, the next moment, meanwhile, later on, soon, finally等?25. 表空间的过渡语:on the right/left, to the right/left of, on

38、one side of on the other side of, at the foot/top/end of, in the middle/centre of, next to, far from, in front of等?26. 表因果的过渡语:for, because of, one reason is that another reason is that, thus, so, as a result (of)等?27. 表转折的过渡语:but, yet, however, after all, in fact, while, on the contrary, instead of

39、, unlike, although, otherwise,nevertheless, in spite of, after all等?28. 表列举的过渡语:for example, such as, that is, like, as follows, in other words, and so on等?29. 表推进的过渡语:whats more, on one hand on the other hand, in addition to, as well, still, also, in other words, not onlybut also, besides, furtherm

40、ore, moreover等?30. 表总结的过渡语:in short, in a word, in general, in brief, in all, on the whole等?开头经典句子1. 不用说 It goes without saying that = (It is) needless to say (that) .= It is obvious that .例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2. 在各种之中， Among various kinds of , /= Of

41、all the , 例在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.3. 就我的看法；我认为In my opinion, = To my mind, .= As far as I am concerned, = I am of the opinion that .例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.就我的看法(kn f)打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健

42、康。4. 随着人口(rnku)的增加 With the increase/growth of the population, 随着(su zhe)科技的进步 With the advance of science and technology, 例：With the rapid development of Taiwans economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。5. 是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that 是重要的 It is import

43、ant/essential (for sb.) to do / that 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that 是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that 例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.我们应当保持公共场所清洁。6. 花费 spend on sth. / doing sth. 例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的

44、时间。We shouldnt spend too much time on something we arent interested in.7. how 引导的感叹句例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。At least it will prove how honest you are.8. 状语从句A) 如果你不，你就会 If you dont ., youll .例If you dont keep working hard, youll lose the chance.如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。B) 如此 ，以至于 so that 例：At that moment, I was s

45、o upset that I wanted to give up.当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。C) 每当我听到我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear , I cannot but feel excited.每当我做我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do , I cannot but feel sad.每当我想到我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of , I cannot but feel nervous.每当我遭遇我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with , I cannot but feel frightened.每当我看到

46、我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see , I cannot but feel surprised.例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。9. 宾语从句我认为， / 我认为不 I think / I dont think that 我想知道是否 I wonder w

47、hether 例：He doesnt think I should stop him joining the club.他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。10. Since + S + 过去式, S + 现在完成式.例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从(zcng)他上高中，他就一直很用功。No rose without a thorn. 玫瑰都有刺。（没有(mi yu)十全十美）Content is happiness. 知足常乐(zh z chng l)。Happiness is always a

48、round us.幸福都在我们周围。Love, give me happiness. There is still a long way for me to run. I believe that working hard will bring me a bright future; we will be the happiest people. 爱，给我幸福。 我还有很长的路要走。我坚信努力工作能给我带来光明的前途，我们将会是最幸福的人。Our happiness is from everything in life. 我们的幸福来自于生活中的每一件事。Our world is full o

49、f happiness. 世界上充满了幸福。Everybody is eager to happiness, The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are love parents.人人都渴望得到幸福，生活中，最高的幸福就是拥有对父母的爱。This is a small thing, but in my heart it is a big happiness.这虽然只是一件小事，但是在我的心里却是一个很大的幸福。Two brainstorming can usually think better than one and

50、 faster, too. 三个臭皮匠赛过诸葛亮。 Mothers love is like a circle, it has no beginning and no ending.母爱像一个圈，它没有起点也没有终点。Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 Time waits for no man. 时间不等人。It is easy to say things, but it is difficult to do them. / Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。No pains, no gains. 没有付出，就没有回报。 There are many beautiful flowers in the world, but in parents eyes, their children are the most beautiful of all.世界上有许多漂亮的花，但是在父母(fm)的眼里，他们的孩子是最漂亮的。 As the saying goes, you d