LessonFourteen

1、Lesson FourteenCommercial Law2022/7/261法律英语保险法Background 保险制度是近代资本主义发展的产物product，起始于海上保险marine insurance，后来又有了火灾保险fire insurance和人寿保险life insurance等。在保险法规方面，欧洲大陆国家发展较早，而英国到1906年才颁布了“海上保险法”。.美国没有全国统一的保险法,各州的保险法虽不完全相同，但一般都包括保险公司的成立、保险业的財务监督、投保人的利益保护等方面的内容。各州还设有专门管理保险业的行政部门。2022/7/262法律英语在现代美国社会中，保险种类也

2、异常繁多，除了常见的健康保险（Health Insurance)、人寿保险(Life Insurance)、海上保险(Marine Insurance)、火灾保险(Fire Insurance)、汽车保险(Automobile Insurance)、旅行意外保险（Travel Accident Insurance)等外，还有疾_病保险（Sickness Insurance)、残废保险(Disability Insurance)、失业保险（Unemployment Insurance), 罢工保险（Strike Insurance)、公务员保险（Government Employee Insur

3、ance)、家畜保险(Livestock Insurance)、雨水保险（Rain Insurance)、冰雹保险（Hail Insurance)等等。美国人的保险意识极强,特别是健康保险,几乎人人都有。这大概因为美国的医疗费用太昂责。2022/7/263法律英语BackgroundCommercial Law ：All the law which applies to the rights, relations and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising商品销售, trade and sal

4、es.In recent years this body of law has been codified in the Uniform Commercial Code统一商法典, which has been almost universally adopted by the states. (/)2022/7/264法律英语Commercial law 商法State law 州法律The National Conference of Commissioners委员；理事 on Uniform State Laws 统一各州法律全国代表大会The Uniform Commercial Co

5、de2022/7/265法律英语A set of statutes governing the conduct of business, sales, warranties保证, negotiable instruments商业票据, loans secured by personal property以个人财产担保的贷款 and other commercial matters, which has been adopted with minor variations by all states except Louisiana.(/)The Uniform Commercial Code

6、统一商法典2022/7/266法律英语General Provisions 总 则 Sales & Leases 销售与租赁Negotiable Instruments 商业票据Bank Deposit and Collections 银行存款和托收 Funds Transfers 资金过户Letters of Credit 信用证 2022/7/267法律英语Bulk Transfers 大宗转让 Warehouse Receipts, Bills of Lading and Other Documents of Title仓单、提单和其它所有权凭证 Investment Securitie

7、s 投资证券Secured Transactions 担保交易2022/7/268法律英语Part one Article 1, Section 8第一条，第八款 of the Constitution (commercial clause)The Congress shall have power to “regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes”国会有权“规制与外国的商业活动，州际商业活动，以及与印第安部落的商业活动。”2022/7/269

8、法律英语The brevity of this clause belies the factIts interpretation has played a significant role in shaping the concepts of federalism and the permissible uses of national power throughout our history.这一条款的简短性掩饰了一个事实，即:这一条款的解释在历史上联邦主义概念的形成和允许的国家权力的运用方面起了重要作用。2022/7/2610法律英语The federal governmentWas gr

9、anted neither a general police power nor the inherent right to act on any subject matter in order to promote the health, safety or welfare of the people throughout the nation.联邦政府既没有被赋予一般公共权力，也没有被赋予改善全国人民健康、安全或社会福利方面的天生的行为权利。The framer(法律)起草人 did grant Congress a power to regulate commerce. 宪法制定者们确实

10、赋予了国会规制商务活动的权力。2022/7/2611法律英语Federalism 联邦制度 The power over commerce 管理商业活动的权力 might include the power to promote the economic welfare of the citizens throughout the country.增加经济福利2022/7/2612法律英语The grant of power also may be viewed as committing this subject matter to交给；托付 Congress and removing so

11、me of the powers of the states to deal with local matters 给予国会权力也可以被看成是将这些事项交给国会，并取消州管理地方事务的某些权力。2022/7/2613法律英语It can been seen that Absent some further restriction upon the power, it might indeed be the functional equivalent of a generalized “police power” because much of the activity which takes

12、place within the country, and even within a single state, might be said to relate to economic issues and problems.人们可以发现，缺少对国会权力的进一步限制，这种权力可能就相当于一般化的“公共权力”，因为许多发生在美国甚至于某个州内的行为都可能与经济问题有关。2022/7/2614法律英语A broad reading of the clause would not only grant a sweeping power to the federal government but i

13、t would also restrict the ability of individual states to adopt laws which burden the forms of commerce which were committed to the control of the federal government. 对该条款的广义解释，不仅赋予了联邦政府广泛的权力，而且限制了各州采用涉及到由联邦政府控制的商务形式的法律的能力。2022/7/2615法律英语The history of the commerce clause adjudication 商务条款裁决的历史The d

14、evelopment of doctrines supporting a specific federal power支撑特定联邦权力原则的发展史The history of the concepts of federalism联邦制度概念的发展史2022/7/2616法律英语Today the Court will uphold the decisions of Congress支持国会决定So long as there is some rational argument for finding that the items that the Congress regulates fall

15、 within the commerce power.只要有合理的证据证明，国会管理的事项在商务权力的范围之内，最高法院将支持国会的决定。2022/7/2617法律英语Part TwoThe Supreme Court today interprets the commerce clause as a complete grant of power. 现在，联邦最高法院将商务条款解释为一种完全的授权。2022/7/2618法律英语The Tenth Amendment is no longer viewed as a reservation of certain subjects for st

16、ate regulation.宪法第10修正案不再被看作是对州就某些事项进行管制的保留。2022/7/2619法律英语Amendment XThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. 宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人民保留。X2022/7/2620法律英语Once the justice

17、s began to define the commerce power as an independent grant of power rather than in terms of the Tenth Amendment, the production-commerce and direct-indirect distinctions soon passed away消逝.一旦大法官们将商务权力界定为独立授权而不是第10修正案中的授权，生产-商业和直接-间接的区分很快就失去了意义。2022/7/2621法律英语The Court now will defer to the legisla

18、tures choice of economic rationale; the possible economic impact of an activity on commerce among the states will bring it within this power.最高法院将遵从立法机关对经济原理的选择；联邦政府一项行为对州际商务可能产生的经济影响，将使该行为在联邦政府的权力范围之内。2022/7/2622法律英语 The old concepts of physical connection to commerce and the “current of commerce”

19、theories have been discarded as inappropriate judicial restrictions on the commerce power.与商业有实质联系的概念“商业流”理论对商务权力形成不恰当的限制被抛弃2022/7/2623法律英语The Court has finally returned to Marshalls definition of commerce among the states as that which concerns more states than one.最高法院最终采纳了马歇尔的州际商业活动定义，即涉及到一个以上州的商

20、务活动是州际商务活动。John Marshall(1755 - 1835)2022/7/2624法律英语The justices will defer to the legislative choices in this area and uphold laws if there is a rational basis upon which Congress could find a relation between its regulation and commerce.如果国会有合理的根据，能够找出其法规与商业之间的关系，那么法官将遵从立法机关的在这一领域的选择，并支持该法律。2022/7

21、/2625法律英语Modern Commerce Power Tests现代商务权力检验标准The Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine现代授权原则Motive动机2022/7/2626法律英语Modern Commerce Power Tests现代商务权力检验标准1.国会能够就允许州际旅游和航运制定法律、条件和限制，；2.国会可以规制任何与商业有紧密或实质联系的行为，；3.如果 “必须且合适”，国会可以规制对商业本无影响的单一州的活动。2022/7/2627法律英语The Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine现代授权原则“

22、Delegation” to States or the Executive Branch向州政府或行政部门的授权Congress may pass laws that allow states to independently regulate interstate commerce国会可以通过法律允许州独立规制州际商务。2022/7/2628法律英语Such laws involve a federal adoption of varying structures for commerce rather than any unconstitutional delegation of the

23、 commerce power to the states. 这些法律涉及联邦采用各种贸易结构，而没有任何违反宪法地将商务权力授予各州的行为。2022/7/2629法律英语The political process in modern times现代政治进程 Has resulted in federal control of wide variety of intrastate州内 and multistate多州的 commercial matters; it has become impossible for the Congress to define with precision t

24、he scope and meaning of its commercial statutes.现代政治进程使得联邦控制了广泛的州内和州际事务，国会已无法准确定义商务法规的内涵和外延范围和意义。2022/7/2630法律英语The past half century has witnessed见证Increased congressional use of federal executive agencies to administer federal statutes and to promulgate regulations which effectuate legislative pol

25、icies.半个世纪以来，国会越来越多地运用联邦行政机构，由它们管理联邦法律、颁布履行立法政策的行政法规。2022/7/2631法律英语The Congress may delegate both rulemaking and administrative functions to the executive branch or agencies it establishes.国会可以授权它所建立的行政部门或机构制定行政法规和进行行政管理。2022/7/2632法律英语The Supreme Court will allow Congress to share its legislative

26、power with the executive branch by delegating aspects of that power to executive agencies.最高法院允许国会通过授权行政机构将部分立法权分配给行政部门。2022/7/2633法律英语Such legislative delegations will be upheld unless Congress abdicates one of its powers to the executive agency or fails to give legislative definition of the scope

27、of the agencys power. 这种立法性授权将得到最高法院的支持，除非国会将某项权力放弃给行政机关，或者没有就该行政机关的权力范围给出立法性界定。2022/7/2634法律英语If Congress were to grant a private group the power to control its competitors, 如果国会想授予一个私人集团控制其竞争者的权力，There might be a procedural problem regarding whether the persons regulated were deprived of due proce

28、ss by being subject to the will of entities with interests contrary to theirs.就会出现程序问题，涉及到那些被规制的人是否因为必须服从于与其利益对立的实体的意志而被剥夺了正当程序（权利）。2022/7/2635法律英语MotiveIf Congress is regulating an activity that may be deemed to come under the three-part test for the commerce power, the motive of the Congress in pa

29、ssing the regulation is irrelevant.如果国会管制的行为被认为是符合商务权力的三个标准，那么国会制定该法规的动机是无关紧要的。2022/7/2636法律英语Motive Congress may exercise its commerce power for clearly noncommercial reasons.国会可以出于明显的非商业理由行使其商务权力。健康法规刑法民权法2022/7/2637法律英语If There is a rational basis for finding a sufficient relationship between the

30、 regulation and commerce , the act is within the commerce power.如果有根据发现法规与商务活动之间存在足够联系，那么该法规就在商务权力范围之内。regulationcommerceThe law must be upheld2022/7/2638法律英语Part Three The legal profession, under the leadership of the American Law Institute, has suggested comprehensive codes of laws to be adopted b

31、y the states. 法律界人士在美国法学会的领导下，建议各州采纳综合的法典。2022/7/2639法律英语Uniform Commercial Code 统一各州法律全国代表大会美国法学会发起、并指导统一商法典的准备2022/7/2640法律英语In 1942, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC统一商法典) was designed as a joint project between the American Law Institute and the National Conference of commissioners. 全国代表大会It too

32、k ten years for the appointed editorial board编委会 and drafting committees起草委员会 to produce an official text正式文本.2022/7/2641法律英语All fifty states and the District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands have adopted the UCC in whole or in part.所有五十个州和哥伦比亚特区以及维尔京群岛全部或部分通过了统一商法典Louisiana has adopted only Artic

33、les 1,3,4 and 5.路易斯安那州通过了统一商法典的第一、三、四和第五条。Louisiana2022/7/2642法律英语General Provision 总则Sales 买卖Commercial Paper 商业票据Bank Deposit and Collections 银行存款和收款 Letters of Credit 信用证 Bulk Transfers 大宗转让 Documents of Title 所有权凭证 Investment Securities 投资证券Secured Transactions 担保交易Effective Date and Repealer 生效

34、日期和废止2022/7/2643法律英语UCCExpands and codifies the law merchant and common law in order to modernize , clarify, standardize, and liberalize the rules. 扩大商业习惯法和普通法，并将其编撰成法典，以促进其现代化，并阐述其法规，使之标准化、自由化。2022/7/2644法律英语The codes Also helps to clarify the legal relationship of the parties in modern commercial transactions.统一商法典还有助于明确现代商务交易中当事人间的法律关系。2022/7/2645法律英语UCCHelp determine the intentions of the parities to a commercial contrac