城市可再生能源政策

1、C O N T E N T S HYPERLINK l _bookmark0 About this study 03 HYPERLINK l _bookmark1 Abbreviations 08 HYPERLINK l _bookmark2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 101 HYPERLINK l _bookmark10 RENEWABLE ENERGY HYPERLINK l _bookmark10 AND CITIES 24 HYPERLINK l _bookmark12 Motivations and drivers of municipal action HYPERLINK

2、 l _bookmark12 on energy 28 HYPERLINK l _bookmark14 Municipal needs and capabilities 30 HYPERLINK l _bookmark15 The significance of cities in deploying HYPERLINK l _bookmark15 renewable energy 32 HYPERLINK l _bookmark16 Cities roles in energy generation and HYPERLINK l _bookmark16 procurement 33 HYP

3、ERLINK l _bookmark19 Cities roles in regulation and urban planning 36 HYPERLINK l _bookmark24 The role of cities in target setting, engagement HYPERLINK l _bookmark24 and capacity building 43 HYPERLINK l _bookmark26 Moving forward 45 HYPERLINK l _bookmark27 CHINESE CITIES:2 HYPERLINK l _bookmark27 C

4、HONGLI DISTRICT AND HYPERLINK l _bookmark27 TONGLI TOWN 46 HYPERLINK l _bookmark28 National context 47 HYPERLINK l _bookmark28 Background 47 HYPERLINK l _bookmark31 Renewable energy development in China 50 HYPERLINK l _bookmark35 Chinas energy sectoral organisation and HYPERLINK l _bookmark35 the ro

5、le of cities 55 HYPERLINK l _bookmark36 CASE STUDY 1: Chongli District 57 HYPERLINK l _bookmark36 Background 57 HYPERLINK l _bookmark39 Deploying renewable energy in Chongli 61 HYPERLINK l _bookmark42 CASE STUDY 2: Tongli Town 65 HYPERLINK l _bookmark42 Background 65 HYPERLINK l _bookmark43 Deployin

6、g renewable energy in Tongli 68 HYPERLINK l _bookmark46 Lessons learnt 74 3 HYPERLINK l _bookmark47 UGANDAN CITIES: HYPERLINK l _bookmark47 KASESE AND LUGAZI 76 HYPERLINK l _bookmark48 National context 77 HYPERLINK l _bookmark49 The context for renewable energy in Uganda 78 HYPERLINK l _bookmark50 U

7、gandas renewable energy potential 79 HYPERLINK l _bookmark51 Renewable energy and opportunities for HYPERLINK l _bookmark69 COSTA RICAN CITIES:4 HYPERLINK l _bookmark69 CENTRALISATION AND HYPERLINK l _bookmark69 PROMOTION OF E-MOBILITY 112 HYPERLINK l _bookmark70 National context 113 HYPERLINK l _bo

8、okmark75 Costa Ricas electricity sector and energy HYPERLINK l _bookmark75 institutions 118 HYPERLINK l _bookmark51 Ugandan cities 81 HYPERLINK l _bookmark78 Efforts to address new realities HYPERLINK l _bookmark78 122 HYPERLINK l _bookmark53 CASE STUDY 3: Kasese 83 HYPERLINK l _bookmark53 Backgroun

9、d 83 HYPERLINK l _bookmark54 Deploying renewable energy in Kasese 84 HYPERLINK l _bookmark81 Electric mobility as the next frontier HYPERLINK l _bookmark84 Decarbonising cities HYPERLINK l _bookmark86 Municipal engagement in carbon neutrality HYPERLINK l _bookmark81 129 HYPERLINK l _bookmark84 132 H

10、YPERLINK l _bookmark86 134 HYPERLINK l _bookmark59 CASE STUDY 4: Lugazi 93 HYPERLINK l _bookmark59 Background 93 HYPERLINK l _bookmark60 Deploying renewable energy in Lugazi 94 HYPERLINK l _bookmark65 Lessons learnt 101 HYPERLINK l _bookmark88 CASE STUDY 5: Municipal engagement in e-mobility HYPERLI

11、NK l _bookmark88 in Cartago and Grecia 137 HYPERLINK l _bookmark89 CASE STUDY 6: Guanacaste as a “decarbonisation” HYPERLINK l _bookmark89 hub 138 HYPERLINK l _bookmark91 Lessons learnt HYPERLINK l _bookmark91 1405 HYPERLINK l _bookmark92 WRAP-UP 142 HYPERLINK l _bookmark94 References 146 HYPERLINK

12、l _bookmark95 Photo Credits 156FIGURES HYPERLINK l _bookmark3 Figure ES 1 Motivations and drivers of municipal HYPERLINK l _bookmark3 decision making on energy 12 HYPERLINK l _bookmark4 Figure ES 2 Factors shaping city energy profiles _ 13 HYPERLINK l _bookmark5 Figure ES 3 Roles of municipal govern

13、ments in HYPERLINK l _bookmark5 the energy transition 15 HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 Figure ES 4 Key issues in the promotion of HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 renewable energy in Chinese cities 17 HYPERLINK l _bookmark7 Figure ES 5 Renewable energy benefits in HYPERLINK l _bookmark7 Ugandan cities 20 HYPERLINK l

14、 _bookmark8 Figure ES 6 Challenges in deploying renewable HYPERLINK l _bookmark8 energy in Ugandan cities 21 HYPERLINK l _bookmark9 Figure ES 7 Key issues in the promotion of renewable HYPERLINK l _bookmark9 energy in Costa Rican cities 22 HYPERLINK l _bookmark13 Figure 1.1Motivations and drivers of

15、 municipal HYPERLINK l _bookmark13 decision making on energy 29 HYPERLINK l _bookmark14 Figure 1.2Factors shaping city energy profiles 30 HYPERLINK l _bookmark15 Figure 1.3Roles of municipal governments in HYPERLINK l _bookmark49 Figure 3.1 Total primary energy supply in HYPERLINK l _bookmark49 Ugan

16、da (TJ), 2015 78 HYPERLINK l _bookmark50 Figure 3.2 Installed electricity generation HYPERLINK l _bookmark50 capacity (MW) in Uganda, 2018 79 HYPERLINK l _bookmark53 Figure 3.3 Kasese City, 2018 83 HYPERLINK l _bookmark54 Figure 3.4 Energy consumption in Kasese, HYPERLINK l _bookmark54 by source and

17、 sector, 2018 84 HYPERLINK l _bookmark59 Figure 3.5 Lugazi Municipality, 2018 93 HYPERLINK l _bookmark60 Figure 3.6 Main sources of energy used for HYPERLINK l _bookmark60 lighting in Lugazi, by number of HYPERLINK l _bookmark60 households, 2014 94 HYPERLINK l _bookmark63 Figure 3.7 Examples of sola

18、r products for sale HYPERLINK l _bookmark63 in Uganda 99 HYPERLINK l _bookmark65 Figure 3.8 Renewable energy benefits in HYPERLINK l _bookmark65 Ugandan cities 101 HYPERLINK l _bookmark66 Figure 3.9 Challenges in deploying renewable HYPERLINK l _bookmark66 energy in Ugandan cities 104 HYPERLINK l _b

19、ookmark15 the energy transition 32 HYPERLINK l _bookmark23 Figure 1.4 Electric bus adoption in Shenzhen, HYPERLINK l _bookmark68 Figure 3.10 Scaling up city-level renewable HYPERLINK l _bookmark68 energy deployment in Uganda HYPERLINK l _bookmark68 109 HYPERLINK l _bookmark23 China 42 HYPERLINK l _b

20、ookmark28 Figure 2.1Share of total primary energy HYPERLINK l _bookmark28 consumption in China, by fuel, 2018 _ 47 HYPERLINK l _bookmark29 Figure 2.2 Share of total final energy consumption HYPERLINK l _bookmark29 in China, by sector, 2017 48 HYPERLINK l _bookmark31 Figure 2.3 Administrative layers

21、of the Chinese HYPERLINK l _bookmark31 government 50 HYPERLINK l _bookmark32 Figure 2.4 Installed power capacity in China, HYPERLINK l _bookmark32 by energy source, 2018 51 HYPERLINK l _bookmark32 Figure 2.5 Cumulative renewable energy HYPERLINK l _bookmark32 installations in China, 20152019 51 HYPE

22、RLINK l _bookmark33 Figure 2.6 Share of renewable consumption HYPERLINK l _bookmark33 in China, by sector, 20132018 52 HYPERLINK l _bookmark36 Figure 2.7 Chongli District 57 HYPERLINK l _bookmark71 Figure 4.1 Costa Ricas provinces, cantones HYPERLINK l _bookmark71 and districts 114 HYPERLINK l _book

23、mark73 Figure 4.2 Key challenges to municipal policy HYPERLINK l _bookmark73 making in Costa Rica 116 HYPERLINK l _bookmark76 Figure 4.3 Main stakeholders in Costa Ricas HYPERLINK l _bookmark76 electricity system 119 HYPERLINK l _bookmark80 Figure 4.4 Enabling factors for e-mobility 127 HYPERLINK l

24、_bookmark81 Figure 4.5 The top ten fastest chargers for HYPERLINK l _bookmark81 EVs in 2019 129 HYPERLINK l _bookmark82 Figure 4.6 The most ambitious e-mobility project HYPERLINK l _bookmark82 in Costa Rica to date: Electric train HYPERLINK l _bookmark82 system of the Greater Metropolitan HYPERLINK

25、l _bookmark82 Area of San Jos 130 HYPERLINK l _bookmark42 Figure 2.8 Tongli Town 65 HYPERLINK l _bookmark43 Figure 2.9 Key stakeholders in Tongli Towns HYPERLINK l _bookmark43 renewables policy 68 HYPERLINK l _bookmark93 Figure 5.1 Factors and drivers motivating HYPERLINK l _bookmark93 municipal ene

26、rgy policies and cities HYPERLINK l _bookmark93 roles in the energy transition 143BOXES HYPERLINK l _bookmark11 Box 1.1 What is a city? 27 HYPERLINK l _bookmark16 Box 1.2 Municipal efforts to promote renewable HYPERLINK l _bookmark16 energy in Cape Town 33 HYPERLINK l _bookmark17 Box 1.3 Corporate s

27、ourcing of renewable energy_ 34 HYPERLINK l _bookmark18 Box 1.4 District heating and cooling pioneers 35 HYPERLINK l _bookmark19 Box 1.5 Examples of rooftop solar photovoltaic HYPERLINK l _bookmark19 in cities 36 HYPERLINK l _bookmark74 Box 4.1Municipalities as a “missed opportunity” HYPERLINK l _bo

28、okmark74 to advance development 117 HYPERLINK l _bookmark85 Box 4.2The importance of advocacy in HYPERLINK l _bookmark85 scaling up e-mobility in Costa Rica 133 HYPERLINK l _bookmark87 Box 4.3IFAMs new urban agenda 136 HYPERLINK l _bookmark90 Box 4.4An alliance to develop the hydrogen HYPERLINK l _b

29、ookmark90 economy in Costa Rica 139 HYPERLINK l _bookmark20 Box 1.6 Net metering across the world 37 HYPERLINK l _bookmark21 Box 1.7 Solar thermal ordinances in practice 38 HYPERLINK l _bookmark22 Box 1.8 C40 fossil fuel free streets declaration 40 HYPERLINK l _bookmark23 Box 1.9 Pioneering electric

30、 bus use in HYPERLINK l _bookmark23 Shenzhen (China) 42 HYPERLINK l _bookmark25 Box 1.10 Community choice in Athens, Ohio HYPERLINK l _bookmark25 (United States) 44 HYPERLINK l _bookmark30 Box 2.1 Administrative units in China: HYPERLINK l _bookmark30 province, city, district and county 49 HYPERLINK

31、 l _bookmark37 Box 2.2 Chongli district and the 2022 HYPERLINK l _bookmark37 Winter Olympics 58 HYPERLINK l _bookmark39 Box 2.3 The four-party co-ordination platform HYPERLINK l _bookmark39 of Zhangjiakou city 61 HYPERLINK l _bookmark40 Box 2.4 Deployment of renewable energy HYPERLINK l _bookmark40

32、heating solutions in Chongli 63 HYPERLINK l _bookmark41 Box 2.5 Investment in renewables-based projects HYPERLINK l _bookmark41 related to the Winter Olympics 64 HYPERLINK l _bookmark45 Box 2.6 Demonstration projects in Tongli Town: HYPERLINK l _bookmark45 SGCCs energy service centre and a HYPERLINK

33、 l _bookmark45 permanent venue for an international HYPERLINK l _bookmark45 energy transition forum 72 HYPERLINK l _bookmark51 Box 3.1 Irenas solar city simulator for Kasese City 81 HYPERLINK l _bookmark52 Box 3.2 Devolution of powers and city-level HYPERLINK l _bookmark52 governance in Uganda 82 HY

34、PERLINK l _bookmark56 Box 3.3 The champion district initiative (CDI), HYPERLINK l _bookmark56 20122016 87 HYPERLINK l _bookmark57 Box 3.4 Explaining SACCOs and CBOs 88 HYPERLINK l _bookmark50 Box 3.5 Supporting African municipalities in HYPERLINK l _bookmark50 sustainable energy transitions (SAMSET)

35、 _ 79 HYPERLINK l _bookmark62 Box 3.6 Solar street lighting in Uganda 97 HYPERLINK l _bookmark64 Box 3.7 Eco-fuel Africa (EFA) 100TABLES HYPERLINK l _bookmark34 Table 2.1 Feed-in tariffs and feed-in premiums, HYPERLINK l _bookmark34 by type, 2020 53 HYPERLINK l _bookmark38 Table 2.2 Installed and pl

36、anned solar and HYPERLINK l _bookmark38 onshore wind power generation in HYPERLINK l _bookmark38 Chongli District, 2018 59 HYPERLINK l _bookmark44 Table 2.3 Targets for renewables share of energy HYPERLINK l _bookmark44 consumption in Suzhou City, Tongli HYPERLINK l _bookmark44 Town and town centre,

37、 by 2020 69 HYPERLINK l _bookmark44 Table 2.4 Targets for renewable deployment, by HYPERLINK l _bookmark44 technology, in Suzhou City, by 2020 _ 69 HYPERLINK l _bookmark55 Table 3.1 Roles of stakeholders in Kaseses HYPERLINK l _bookmark55 renewable energy deployment 85 HYPERLINK l _bookmark58 Table

38、3.2 Features of solar loans offered by HYPERLINK l _bookmark58 Ugandas credit support facility based HYPERLINK l _bookmark58 on two examples 91 HYPERLINK l _bookmark61 Table 3.3 Roles of stakeholders in Lugazis HYPERLINK l _bookmark61 renewable energy deployment 95 HYPERLINK l _bookmark72 Table 4.1

39、Costa Rican provinces and main cities_ 115 HYPERLINK l _bookmark77 Table 4.2 Electricity generation in Costa Rica: HYPERLINK l _bookmark77 June 20142018 120 HYPERLINK l _bookmark79 Table 4.3 Transport and sustainable mobility in HYPERLINK l _bookmark79 the National Decarbonisation Plan 126 HYPERLINK

40、 l _bookmark83 Table 4.4 Efforts to promote electric vehicles 131 HYPERLINK l _bookmark84 Table 4.5 Efforts to connect e-mobility and HYPERLINK l _bookmark67 Box 3.8 Solar system costs in Uganda HYPERLINK l _bookmark67 108 HYPERLINK l _bookmark84 eco-tourism 132ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONSABPPAfrica B

41、iogas Partnership ProgrammeACESOLAR Costa Rican Solar Energy Association (Asociacin Costarricense de Energa Solar)ACOPECosta Rican Association of Energy Producers (Asociacin Costarricense de Productores de Energa)ARESEPPublic Authority for the Regulation of Public Services (Autoridad Reguladora de S

42、ervicios Pblicos) Costa RicaASOMOVECosta Rican Association of Electric Mobility (Asociacin Costarricense de Movilidad Elctrica)BCIECentral American Economic Integration Bank (Banco Centroamericano de Integracin Econmica)BEETAUganda National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency AllianceBSUBiogas So

43、lutions Uganda CBOscommunity-based organisations CDIChampion District Initiative Uganda CENCENational Centre for Energy Control (Centro Nacional de Control de la Energa) Costa RicaCIRCODUCentre for Integrated Research and Community Development UgandaCNFLNational Company of Power and Electricity (Com

44、paa Nacional de Fuerza y Luz) Costa RicaCNRECChina National Renewable Energy Centre CNYChinese yuan currency CO2carbon dioxide CONARE National Council of Rectors (ConsejoNacional de Rectores) Costa RicaCORCLIMA Commission for Resilience to Climate Change (Comisin para la Resistencia al Cambio Climti

45、co) Costa RicaCREECCentre for Research in Energy and Energy Conservation UgandaCREIAChinese Renewable Energy Industries AssociationCRUSACosta RicaUnited States Foundation for CooperationDDPDistrict Development Plan UgandaDECCDepartment of Energy and Climate Change UKDFIDDepartment for InternationalD

46、evelopment UKDWDDirectorate of Water Development Uganda EFAEco-Fuel Africa Uganda e-mobility electric-mobility EPSRCEngineering and Physical SciencesResearch Council UKERAElectricity Regulatory Authority UgandaERIEnergy Research Institute ChinaERTEnergy for Rural Transformation Uganda ESPHHeredia Pu

47、blic Services Company (Empresa de Servicios Pblicos de Heredia) Costa RicaEVelectric vehicleFIPsfeed-in premiumsFITsfeed-in tariffsFYPsfive-year plans ChinaGAMGrand Metropolitan Area Costa Rica GDPgross domestic product GHGgreenhouse gas GIZDeutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit Germ

48、anyGWgigawattGWthgigawatt thermalGWhgigawatt-hoursICECosta Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad)IFAMMunicipal Advisory Institute (Instituto de Fomento y Asesora Municipal) Costa RicaIEAInternational Energy Agency IMFInternational Monetary Fund INCOFER National Railroa

49、ds Institute (InstitutoCostarricense de Ferrocarriles) Costa RicaINSNational Insurance Institute (Instituto Nacional de Seguros) Costa RicaJASECCartago Electric Service Administrative Board (Junta Administrativa del Servicio Elctrico de Cartago) Costa RicaKAISTKorea Advanced Institute Science and Te

50、chnologyKDRESKasese District Renewable Energy Strategy UgandaKfWKreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau kgkilogramme kmkilometre8ABBREVIATIONSkm2square kilometreKRWRepublic of Korea won currency kWkilowatt kWhkilowatt-hours LCOElevelised cost of electricity m2square metreMEEMinistry of Ecology and Environment

51、 ChinaMEMDMinistry of Energy and MineralDevelopment UgandaMIDEPLAN Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy (Ministerio de Planificacin Nacional y Poltica Econmica) Costa RicaMIITMinistry of Industry and Information Technology ChinaMINAEMinistry of Environment, and Energy (Ministerio de Amb

52、iente y Energa) Costa RicaMIRENEMMinistry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining (Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energa y Minas) Costa RicaMoHURDMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development ChinaMOUMemorandum of Understanding MWmegawatt NDCNationally Determined Contribution NDPNational Develo

53、pment Plan Uganda NDRCNational Development and ReformCommission ChinaNEANational Energy Administration China NEMANational Environment Management Authority UgandaNGOnon-governmental organisationPENState of the Nation Programme (Programa Estado de la Nacin) Costa RicaPSFUPrivate Sector Foundation Ugan

54、da PMparticulate matter PVphotovoltaic R&Dresearch and development RErenewable energy REARural Electrification Agency Uganda REFiTRenewable Energy Feed-in Tariff Uganda RETsrenewable energy technologies SACCOs Savings and Credit-CooperativeOrganisations UgandaSAMSETSupporting African Municipalities

55、in Sustainable Energy TransitionsSE4AllSustainable Energy for AllSENNational Electricty System (Sistema Elctrico Nacional) Costa RicaSEPSEEnergy Planning Secretariat (Secretara de Planificacin del Subsector Energa) Costa RicaSIEPACCentral American ElectricalInterconnection System (Sistema de Interco

56、nexin Elctrica de Amrica Central) Costa RicaSGCCState Grid Corporation of ChinaSHSsolar home systemSOPECSoutheast Ohio Public Energy Council United StatesSWHsolar water heatingtcetonnes of coal equivalenttoetonnes of oil equivalent ToUTime of Use TWhterawatt-hoursUECCCUganda Energy Credit Capitalisa

57、tion CompanyUGXUganda shilling currency UIAUganda Investment Authority UNUnited Nations UNBSUganda National Bureau of Standards UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientificand Cultural OrganisationUNGLNational Union of Local Governments (Unin Nacional de Gobiernos Locales) Costa RicaUNREEEAUganda Na

58、tional Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency AllianceUSDUS dollar currencyUSEAUganda Solar Energy AssociationUSMIDUganda Support to MunicipalInfrastructure Development Programme VATs value added taxes WHOWorld Health Organization WWFWorld Wide Fund for Nature WWF-UCO World Wide Fund for Nature Ugan

59、daCountry Office9EXECUTIVE SUMMARYUrban areas across the world are home to an ever- increasing share of the global population. As of 2018, cities were home to 55% of the total population, up from 30% in 1950. By 2050, the United Nations (UN) expects that 68% of the worlds population will reside in c

60、ities (UNDESA, 2018). The UN projects that the fastest growth will occur in low- and lower middle income countries in Asia and Africa.KampalaCities are engines of the economy, accounting for more than 80% of global gross domestic product (GDP). Energy is the lifeblood of cities, powering transport,