医学微生物学课件：真菌学基础和病原性真菌

1、真菌学基础和病原性真菌 Basic mycology and pathogenic fungi真菌 fungus, fungi真菌 fungus, fungi真菌 fungus, fungiKingdom FungiZygomycota (接合菌门)Basidiomycota (担子菌门)Ascomycota (子囊菌门)Chytridiomycota (壶菌门)The Fungi Kingdom1) fungi lack chlorophyll2) fungi are not photosyntheticcannot produce their own food3) they never r

2、eproduce by seeds4) most fungi have cell walls made of chitinReasons Fungi Are Different From PlantscellulosePlant cell walls are made of what?most are saprophytessome are parasitesSaprophyte-feeds on dead/decaying organisms1) Eukaryotic 2) Heterotrophs 3) Most of them are multicellular4) They canno

3、t move on their ownCommon Characteristics of FungiSizeA. MorphologySec. 1 Biological characteristicsA. MorphologyUnicellular: Yeast (酵母)Multicellular: Filamentous fungi (丝状真菌) / Mold (霉菌) Dimorphic (双相性) fungiSec. 1 Biological characteristicsThey are fungi which can exist as filamentous form or as y

4、east. At room temperature, it grows as a mold.At body temperature, it grows as a yeast.Several species are potential pathogens, such as Candida albicans.Dimorphic fungiYeastCryptococcus neoformans新生隐球菌Yeast Candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌 Moldhypha（菌丝）+ spore（孢子）Hypha and mycelium 菌丝和菌丝体Mycelium vegetative

5、aerial reproductive Spore Sexual Asexual Conidium (分生孢子) Thallospore (叶状孢子) Sporangiospore (孢子囊孢子)Conidium (分生孢子)SporeConidium (分生孢子)Spore厚膜孢子关节孢子Thallospore (叶状孢子)Spore芽生孢子Thallospore (叶状孢子)SporeSporangiospore (孢子囊孢子)Spore MoldHypha Sporeunicellular fungiyeast multicellular fungi (mold)hyphasporemy

6、celiumvegetative aerial reproductive sexual asexual thallosporeconidiumsporangiosporeDimorphic fungiB. Structure and chemical component1.Mucus （capsule）2.Cell wallPolysaccharides 3.Cell membraneErgosterol（麦角固醇） target4.Septa （隔膜）5.Cell nucleus，organelles Asexual reproduction Yeast:BuddingFissionC. R

7、eproduction C. albicans Asexual reproduction Yeast:BuddingFission Mold:Sporulation SeptaHypha fragmentC. Reproduction Asexual Sexual C. Reproductionhypha(n)haploid(2n)diploidmating strainmating strainFUSION ofgametangiasporangiumsporesMEIOSISZygomycete (Bread Mold)Sabouraud medium (沙保培养基)Colonies Ye

8、ast type Yeast-like type Filamentous D. CultureYeast type colony of C. neoformansYeast-like type colony of C. albicansFilamentous colony of moldFilamentous colony of A. flavus (黄曲霉菌)ResistanceDry, UVChemical disinfectors, commonly antibioticsSensitivityWet heatLarkmycin (灰黄霉素)Nystain B (制霉菌素B)Amphot

9、ericin B(两性霉素B)Miconazole (咪康唑) E. ResistanceImportance of fungi to humansFood productionbreadbeer, wineMedicine productionantibioticsSec. 2 Mycotic infection, pathogenesis and immunityA. Infectious source Endogenous ExogenousB. PathogenesisPathogenic mycosisSuperficialSubcutaneousEndemic (dimorphic

10、, systemic mycosis) Opportunistic mycosisMycotic hypersensitivity MycotoxicosisMycotoxins and cancers节菱孢菌3-硝基丙酸镰刀霉菌雪腐镰刀菌烯醇Anti mycotic immunityBarrier of skin and mucus membrane Normal floraMacrophages Sec. 4 Pathogenic mycotic infectionA. Superficial mycotic infection（浅部真菌感染）Cutaneous mycosis（皮肤感染真

11、菌） Subcutaneous mycosis（皮下组织感染真菌） Cutaneous mycosis -皮肤癣菌 -角层癣菌Tinea（癣）Tinea (癣-表皮癣菌属)运动员足Athletes foot(皮肤癣菌)黄癣（毛癣菌属）Yellow tinea白癣（小孢子菌属）White tinea花斑癣（糠秕孢马拉色菌）Tinea versicolorSubcutaneous mycosis -孢子丝菌 -着色真菌Wound infectionSubcutaneous mycosis申克孢子丝菌Dimorphic fungi申克孢子丝菌病Sporotrichum schenckii infec

12、tion着色霉菌病Chromomycosis Assays for tineaSkin /hair/nailsMicroscopy: hypha, spore10%KOH/NaOH,heatCulture of superficial mycosisSpecimens+70% ethanol/2%carbolic acid dipped in about 2-3min washing with steriled NS Sabourauds agar2-3W Colonies : morphology and color Microscopy: hypha and spore B. System

13、ic mycosis （深部真菌感染）Dimorphic fungiOpportunistic fungiCandida albicans (白假丝酵母菌)Cryptococcus neoformans (新生隐球菌)Asperillas (曲霉)Mucor (毛霉)Pneumocystits carinii (卡氏肺孢菌)1. Candida albicans (白假丝酵母菌,白色念珠菌)Pseudomycelium1. Candida albicans (白假丝酵母菌,白色念珠菌)Unicellular yeast type fungusNormal floraskin/month/upp

14、er respiratory tract /intestine/vaginaResistance PathogenesisPathogenic factorsGlucoprotein on cell wallBudding tube (芽管)Pseudohyphae (假菌丝)Toxin, hydrolyzase (水解酶)Diseases Cutaneous and mucosal candidiasis -thrush (鹅口疮)/皮肤糜烂/阴道炎Systemic candidiasis -pneumonia/bronchitis(支气管炎) /enteritis/septicemiaCN

15、S infection-meningitis(脑膜炎)/brain abscess(脑脓肿)Pathogenesis鹅口疮Candidiasis皮肤念珠菌病念珠菌性龟头炎皮肤念珠菌病（皮肤皱褶处）CandidiasisPseudomyceliumSpecimens Gram stainPseudomyceliumAssays for candidiasisAssays for candidiasisAssays for candidiasis2. Cryptococcus neoformans(新生隐球菌)Unicellular fungusIn nature- feces of peace

16、bird, soil2. Cryptococcus neoformans(新生隐球菌)Unicellular fungusIn nature- feces of peace bird, soilNormal flora-superficial, month, intestineOpportunistic fungusCNS infection , systemic infection, lesions in skin, lungs or other organs Pathogenic factorCapsule EnzymesSuperficial cryptococcosis皮肤新生隐球菌病

17、 Assay for C. neoformansCSFSputum Ink negative stain3. Asperillas (曲霉菌)Ubiquitous3. Asperillas (曲霉菌)Ubiquitous3. Asperillas (曲霉菌)UbiquitousAspergillosis (曲霉病)LungSystemic Toxicosis and cancersAflatoxin AF-liver cancerAflatoxin AF(黄曲霉素)4. Mucor (毛霉菌)UbiquitousMucormycosis (毛霉病)NoseEarBrain Intestine

18、Mucormycosis (毛霉病)2009年02月12日,香港玛丽医院证实出现数宗血癌及淋巴癌患者肠道受毛霉菌感染的罕有个案。其中一名患急性血癌的六岁男童在化疗后腹部肿胀，做手术时发现其肠脏发黑溃烂，最后因严重感染死亡。5. Pneumocystits carinii (卡氏肺孢菌)Ubiquitous Latent infection in healthy peoplePCP in immunodeficiency patientsYeast Unicellular, spherical to ellipsoid (315m) fungal cells that are usually r

19、eproduced by budding.Mold Hyphal or mycelial colony or form of growth.Summary Two particular componentsPolysaccharides ErgosterolForms Unicelluar or multicelluar fungi-hypha or sporePathogenic fungi causeTinea, Cutaneous and Subcutaneous mycosisMycotoxicosisOpportunistic fungi causeSuperficial and systemic infection, mycotic hypersensitivity Diagnosis Smear and microscopy, Sabourauds agarKey wordsMycology fungus (fungi)yeastmoldhypha (hyphae)sporedimorphic fungiSabour