英语诗歌修辞手法简介Figures_of_speech(课堂PPT)课件(PPT 68页)

1、Figures of speechIn Poetry1第1页，共68页。 DefinitionFigures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.2第2页，共68页。the chief functions of figures of speech to embellish, to emph

2、asize or to clarify. to give tone or atmosphere to discourse, to provide vivid examples to stimulate thought to give life to inanimate objects, to amuse, or to ornament.3第3页，共68页。Words are either literal or figurativeLiteral 原意Words used in their original meanings are used literally. Figurative 比喻义W

3、ords used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the readers or listeners mind are used figuratively. 4第4页，共68页。colourfulIn “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers in “a c

4、olourful life” or “a colourful career” the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour. 5第5页，共68页。Figures of Speech (2)simile metaphor personification metonymy SynecdocheAntonomasiaeuphemismHyperbolelitotes AntithesisParadox12. Oxymoron13. EpigramApostrophe rhe

5、torical question 16. Irony17. Sarcasm18. Satire19. Ridicule20. Innuendo21. Parody 22. Climax23. Anti-climax24. Alliteration 25. Assonance26. Onomatopoeia 27. Transferred epithet28. Pun29. Parallelism 30. Repetition6第6页，共68页。Major figures of speech in poetrySimile 直喻Simile is a figure of speech which

6、 makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.Metaphor 暗喻A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.7第7页，共68页。Examples she has a face that

7、s as round as the moon.Time flies like an arrow.You run like a rabbit.Life is a yo-yo . Its a series of ups and downs.All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players; 8第8页，共68页。Her lips were red, her looks were free, Her locks were yellow as gold. Her skin was white as leprosy, The

8、Nightmare Life-in-Death was she, Who thicks mans blood with cold.她的唇色鲜红，她的表情不羁。她的枷锁黄如金。 她的皮肤白如麻风。 梦魇般的死中生命是她的存在，用冰冷浓稠了的血液。9第9页，共68页。The Waning MoonBy Percy ByssheShelleyAnd like a dying lady, lean and pale,Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil,Out of her chamber, led by the insaneAnd feeble wan

9、derings of her fading brain,The moon arose up in the murky east,A white and shapeless mass.有如苍白、清癯、垂危的女郎，薄纱掩面，步履踉跄，精神恍惚，漫游出闺房神魂颠倒，气吁吁游荡，月儿升起在朦胧的东方，模模糊糊，一片白茫茫。 10第10页，共68页。Mixed metaphorsOne danger in using metaphors is the possibility of beginning with one comparison and ending with anotherThis is c

10、alled a mixed metaphor（混合隐喻；多重隐喻）11第11页，共68页。AllegoryAllegory: a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. An allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point

11、across. 12第12页，共68页。Because I could not stop for Deathby Emily Dickinson Because I could not stop for DeathHe kindly stopped for meThe Carriage held but just Ourselves-And Immortality.因为我不能停下来等待死神他便好心地停下来等我那辆车上只载我们两个以及永生。我们慢慢驱车他不慌不忙我也把我的劳与闲统统丢掉一边，为了他的礼让离那时已是几个世纪却仿佛过了还不到一天，我首次猜测到，马头在朝向永恒奔窜。Weslowly d

12、rove-He knew no hasteAnd I had put awayMy labor and my Leisure too,For His Civility-Since then-tis Centuries-and yetFeels shorter than the DayI first surmised the HorsesHeadsWere toward Eternity-13第13页，共68页。Hyperbole:Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point,

13、 to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects. 14第14页，共68页。She was scared to death.I told you a thousand times that you shouldnt behave like that.Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. ( A Pope)Her beauty made the bright world dim. (Shelly )I have a sea of trouble.15第15页，共68页。When I hear

14、your nameMy compulsion is to blast down every wall when I hear your nameId painted on all the houses,There wouldnt be a wellI hadnt leaned intoTo shout your name thereMy compulsion isTo teach the birds to sing it,To teach the fish to drink itGod will sentence me to repeating it endlessly and forever

15、.16第16页，共68页。personificationBy definition, personification is a figure of speech which attributes human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas. It is closely related to metaphor and is sometimes called personal metaphor . 17第17页，共68页。There are three chief kinds of personifications: 1) That

16、 produced by the use of adjectives. the blushing rose; the thirsty ground 2) That produced by the use of verbs. the kettle sings; the waves danced 3) That produced by the use of nouns. the smiles of spring; the whisper of leaves18第18页，共68页。e.g.The wind whistle through the trees.Thunder roared and a

17、pouring rain started. I watched the moonlight dancing on the ripples of the lake. The ancient mansion spoke to me of bygone days.The gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my anger.19第19页，共68页。The Windby James StephensThe wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the

18、withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his handAnd said that hed kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.20第20页，共68页。Metonymy借代The substitution of a noun for another closely associated noun. The substituted noun derives（获得 ） its meaning in the context it is used by the association pr

19、oduced in the readers mind. 21第21页，共68页。Example of metonymyIn contemporary English when we speak of a statement from the “White House” we understand that this is not a talking building, but an official communication with the authority of the President of the United States who lives in the White Hous

20、e. 22第22页，共68页。A. Names of persons 1. John Bull: 2. Uncle Sam: 3. Ivan:4. John Doe:England, or the English peopleThe United States of Americathe Russian people ordinary American citizenThe alarm went out for a John Doe who stole the diamonds from the store.警察发出命令，搜捕一个从商店里偷盗钻石的家伙。B. Animals 1. Britis

21、h Lion: 2. the bear:England or the English governmentThe former Soviet union or the Soviet governmentC. Parts of the bodygray hair: old ageHer heart ruled her headUse your brains.feelings or emotionswisdom, intelligence, reason23第23页，共68页。D. Professions 1. the bar: 2. the bench: 3. the veil: 4. the

22、press:He has been called to the bar.He has been appointed to the bench.She took the veil at 20.Hes meeting the press this morning. What has the press to say to this?the legal profession;position (office) of judge or magistrate;vocation of a nun;newspapers; newspaper reporters;E. Locations of governm

23、ent, of business or industrial enterprises 1. Downing Street: 2. The White House: 3. Capitol Hill:4. the Pentagon:5. Kremlin: 6. Fleet Street: 7. Wall Street: 8. Madison Avenue:9. Hollywood: the British government or cabinetthe President or Executive branch of the U.S. governmentthe Legislative bran

24、ch of the U.S.government.the U.S.military establishmentthe government of the former Soviet Unionthe British pressU.S. financial circlesAmerican advertising industryAmerican film-making industry24第24页，共68页。euphemism委婉语Words or phrases that substitute an agreeable or inoffensive term for a more direct

25、 one that might embarrass or suggest something unpleasant Profane(非宗教的;世俗的)words and expressions are generally taken from three areas: religion, toilets, and sex. 25第25页，共68页。religionGod gosh/gollyJesus jeezDevil Old Nick26第26页，共68页。Toiletsmens room / womens room the little boys room / the little gi

26、rls room restroom BathroomWash my handsthe head, (sailors terminology术语)latrine (common military term)27第27页，共68页。sexSleep with someoneShagBonkExchanging bodily fluidsGetting laid28第28页，共68页。deathPassed awayPassed onDepartedKicked the bucketPushing up daisiesSleeping with the fishes(掉水里淹死)29第29页，共68

27、页。ironyStating one thing while meaning the exact opposite. or the person could be trying to be rude, even though the words used are seemingly polite etc.30第30页，共68页。Example of ironyYour friend turns up in ripped（撕裂的） jeans. With a smirk（傻笑；假笑）, you say, I see you have put on your best clothes!31第31页

28、，共68页。understatement含蓄陈述The opposite of hyperboleStating an idea in words that are less strong than anticipated（预期的）. to make something appear smaller or less important than it really is. 32第32页，共68页。Example of understatementIt does seem to be raining a little.Theres a few cars out today, arent ther

29、e?33第33页，共68页。sarcasmSarcasm is a form of irony that is widely used in English especially when people are being humorous. Generally the sarcastic speaker or writer means the exact opposite of the word they use, often intending to be rude or to laugh at the person the words are addressed（针对） to.34第34

30、页，共68页。Example of sarcasmI love being married. Its so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of your lifeId insult you, but youre not bright enough to notice. Not all men are annoying. Some are dead. 35第35页，共68页。Synecdoche（提喻 ： 是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一

31、种修辞手段。提喻又称举偶法。）A figure by which a more comprehensive term is used for a less comprehensive or vice vers; as whole for part or part for whole, genus（类，种；属） for species or species for genus, etc.36第36页，共68页。Example of synedocheAll hands were summoned to the quarter-deck(后甲板), where hands is used to d

32、escribe sailors .37第37页，共68页。Antithesis（对比）A direct contrast in which two sets of figures are set in opposition to one another. 38第38页，共68页。Example of antithesis“And so, my fellow Americans, ask not, what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.”J F Kennedys Inaugural Addre

33、ss Winston Churchill, in which he challenges the Luftwaffe (the German air force): “You do your worst - and we will do our best.”To err is human, to forgive divine（神圣的；非凡的）.39第39页，共68页。Parallelism（排比）Parallelism refers to the figure of speech that expresses relevant ideas in the same or similar gram

34、matical structures. It helps make a sentence brief, smooth and coherent(连贯的)and give it rhythm, balance and force. 40第40页，共68页。Example of parallelismTo have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death u

35、s do part.41第41页，共68页。Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）Ancient Greek : Oxus = sharp Moros = dull Oxymoron = a sharp dullness or a foolish wise. .a self contradicting phrase. 42第42页，共68页。oxymoronA rhetorical figure by which contradictory or incongruous(不一致的)terms are conjoined(结合；连结)so as to give point to the statemen

36、t or expression; an expression, in its superficial or literal meaning self-contradictory or absurd, but involving a point. (Now often loosely(宽松地)or erroneously(错误地；) used as if merely = a contradiction in terms, an incongruous conjunction.)43第43页，共68页。Example of oxymoronPretty uglyCivil warMobile h

37、omeDry iceWhite goldOld newsOriginal copyVoice mailHalf nakedFinal draftAlmost perfectOpen secretWorking holidayMinor crisisAct naturallyOnly choice44第44页，共68页。Pun(双关语；俏皮话)A play on wordsthe humorous use of a word, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a

38、way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words. 45第45页，共68页。Example of punSeven days without water makes one weak.Whats wrong with this fish? Long time no sea.What do lawyers do when they die? Lie still.Try our sweet corn. You will smile from ear to ear(笑得合不拢嘴).46第46页，共6

39、8页。Example of punOld photographers never die, they just have flash backs.That new mystery novel has a killer start to it.I wondered why the baseball was getting bigger. Then it hit me.The hospital lab is recruiting. Theyre looking for new blood.47第47页，共68页。Clich（陈词滥调，老生常谈）A clich is a hackneyed（陈腐的；

40、平庸的）phrase or expression. The phrase may once have been fresh or striking（显著突出的）, but it has become tired through over-use. 48第48页，共68页。Example of clichNo pain, no gainEvery coin has two sidesLast, but not least, avoid clichs like the plague（瘟疫）. 49第49页，共68页。Paradox（自相矛盾，悖论）Paradox is a figure of sp

41、eech in which a statement appears to be self-contradictory, but contains something of a truth.Paradox is used for emphasis or stylistic effect. 50第50页，共68页。Example of paradoxThe child is father to the man.Cowards（懦夫） die many times before their death.51第51页，共68页。Zenos paradox(芝诺,希腊哲学家)The Tortoise c

42、hallenged Achilles to a race, claiming that he would win as long as Achilles gave him a small head start（先行一点点). Achilles laughed at this, for of course he was a mighty warrior and swift of foot, whereas the Tortoise was heavy and slow.52第52页，共68页。Zenos paradox“How big a head start do you need?” he

43、asked the Tortoise with a smile.“Ten meters,” the latter replied.Achilles laughed louder than ever.“You will surely lose, my friend, in that case,” he told the Tortoise, “but let us race, if you wish it.”53第53页，共68页。Zenos paradoxOn the contrary,” said the Tortoise, “I will win, and I can prove it to

44、 you by a simple argument.”54第54页，共68页。Zenos paradox“Go on then,” Achilles replied, with less confidence than he felt before.He knew he was the superior athlete, but he also knew the Tortoise had the sharper wits（智慧), and he had lost many a bewildering(使人困惑的) argument with him before this.55第55页，共68

45、页。Zenos paradox“Suppose,” began the Tortoise, “that you give me a 10-meter head start.Would you say that you could cover that 10 meters between us very quickly?”“Very quickly,” Achilles affirmed(断言；肯定）.“And in that time, how far should I have gone, do you think?”56第56页，共68页。Zenos paradox“Perhaps a m

46、eter no more,” said Achilles after a moments thought.“Very well,” replied the Tortoise, “so now there is a meter between us. And you would catch up that distance very quickly?”“Very quickly indeed!”57第57页，共68页。Zenos paradox“And yet, in that time I shall have gone a little way farther, so that now you must catch that distance up, yes?”Ye-es,” said Achilles slowly.“And while you are doing so, I shall have gone a l