2013年空气源热泵在北美的状况浅析PPT讲稿

1、Air Source Heat Pumps: Recent Development in USAOmar Abdelaziz, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOverview Historical and Statistical TrendsPending Standard IHP (RTU, Residential)Gas Engine Driven Heat PumpsIEA Cold Climate HP annex (Annex 41)Alternative Lower Global Warming Potential RefrigerantsDRAFT -

2、 NOT FOR PUBLIC RELEASEHistorical trends: Main Heating System Used in New Single-Family HomesNationalSource: Characteristics of New Single-Family Houses CompletedRegional StatisticsCensus Regions and DivisionsBuilding America Climate RegionsSource: /geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf Source: /consumption/residen

3、tial/maps.cfm NortheastSource: Characteristics of New Single-Family Houses CompletedMidwestSource: Characteristics of New Single-Family Houses CompletedSouthSource: Characteristics of New Single-Family Houses CompletedWestSource: Characteristics of New Single-Family Houses CompletedShipment-Weighted

4、 Average EfficiencySource: 2011-06-06 Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer Products: Residential Central Air Conditioners, Heat Pumps, and Furnaces, Chapter 3Market overviewUSA Historical Residential Heating Equipment ShipmentsHeat Pumps in USAAHRI database include 2439

5、 models with (3 COPseasonal 3.8110 highest heating efficiency high sales modelsHeating and cooling seasonal performance factors dont correlateCapacity degradation at low ambient conditions is detrimental in the heating season performance evaluationThere exist 180 Energy Star HP on the marketHeat Pum

6、p Water HeatersAHRI database: 29 models2.0 EF 2.45212 First hour rating (liters) 318151 Storage Capacity (liters) 303Mostly “wrap around tank” with few external condenser Energy Star database: 37 models2.0 EF 2.51212 First hour rating 318151 Storage Capacity (liters) 303Canadian Market OverviewForth

7、 Quarter 2012 versus 2011Commercial AC shipments showed the highest product sector gain increasing by 26%Air handling unit shipments also showed an increase of 17%Ductless splits shipments decreased by 24%Chiller bookings decreased by 12%, Residential furnace shipments decreased by 9%Unit heater shi

8、pments decreased by 4%Residential AC shipments decreased by 1%Annual ShipmentsCanadian Market BreakdownSource: Groff, G., North American Heat Pump Market Overview 2011; Pending heat pump Minimum Efficiency StandardPending Heat Pump Minimum Efficiency StandardSource: DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, 10 CFR Part

9、 430, Conservation Standards for Residential Furnaces and Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps, Direct final rule, Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 123 / Monday, June 27, 2011 / Rules and RegulationsPending Heat Pump Minimum Efficiency StandardProduct classNational standards Southeaste

10、rn Region standardsSouthwestern Region standardsOff mode electric power consumptionSplit-system heat pumpsSEER = 14HSPF = 8.2SEER = 14HSPF = 8.2SEER = 14HSPF = 8.233 WSingle-package heat pumpsSEER = 14HSPF = 8.0SEER = 14HSPF = 8.0SEER = 14HSPF = 8.033 WSmall-duct, high-velocity systemsSEER = 13HSPF

11、= 7.7SEER = 13HSPF = 7.7SEER = 13HSPF = 7.730 WSpace-constrained productsheat pumpsSEER = 12HSPF = 7.4SEER = 12HSPF = 7.4SEER = 12HSPF = 7.430 WSource: DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY, 10 CFR Part 430, Conservation Standards for Residential Furnaces and Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps, Dire

12、ct final rule, Federal Register /Vol. 76, No. 210, Monday, October 31, 2011Integrated Heat Pump technologyBackground Combine HVAC & WH services (46%) into an integrated highly efficient system to effectively use waste heat when applicable 46.3%Current R&D EffortsKey Issues: Balance of charge and flo

13、w control among operational modes (SC, SH, WH and combined SC+WH and SH+WH) Determination of optimal component speed ranges for different modes Distinctive Characteristics: Efficient high-capacity water heating Variable capacity control for maximum part load efficiency Multiple patents and patent ap

14、plications covering proprietary design aspects Standard Method of Test (MOT) for IHPIn order to achieve an instantly recognizable, authoritative document, a test standard was requested of ASHRAE, who in turn established a Standard Project Committee to develop Standard 206.The SPC206 Committee is mad

15、e up of 15 voting members, representing manufactures, testing laboratories, electric utilities, and a university; AHRI is a non-voting memberComprehensive review conducted and documented of all existing standards for water heating and space conditioning, national and international. ORNL/TM-2010/321P

16、ublic comment period concluded on April 29th 2013Gas engine driven heat pumpsBackground Reduce peak powerYear-long utilization of natural gas resourcesImproving primary energy efficiency by augmenting indoor heating using engine waste heatPotential for desiccant regeneration using engine waste heat;

17、 higher efficiency separate sensible and latent coolingSuccess Commercial Rooftop Heating COP at 47F = 1.4Cooling COP at 95F 1.1Residential Multi-Function Fuel-Fired Heat PumpNatural gas engine-driven compressor1.5 kW power generationWaste heat recovery for space heating and water heatingSmart contr

18、oller to achieve optimal efficiency ($)Goals:Cooling source COP of 1.3, heating source COP of 1.5Reduce water heating energy consumption by 80%Reduce primary energy consumption by 30% Reduce peak power demand by 85%IEA HPP Annex 41 Cold Climate Heat PumpsImproving Low Ambient Temperature Performance

19、 of Air-Source Heat PumpsHPP Annex 41 Cold Climate Heat Pumps: Improving low ambient temperature performance of air-source heat pumpsIdentify technology solutions leading to successful (efficient & reliable) heat pump systems for residential and small commercial buildings in cold climate locationsAi

20、r-source heat pumps are the primary system focus; Participants may also include ground-source systems if they chooseParticipants:Japan: Prof. Masafumi Katsuta, Waseda University, team leaderU.S.: Omar Abdelaziz, Van Baxter, Jerry Groff ORNLProf. Eckhard Groll - Purdue UniversityOthers welcome!Projec

21、t timeline: June 2012 September 2015ObjectivesIdentify potential equipment & system options for detailed evaluationDetermine energy savings potential over range of cold climate locationsDevelop final Annex report comparing various design options for cold climate heat pump applications on common basi

22、sTask 1. Thorough review of prior RD&D activities related to cold climates HPTask 2. Detailed design of HP system and components with seasonal performance assessment studiesTask 3. Annual performance simulations of selected system concept(s) Task 4. Country reports, Annex final report including sugg

23、estions for further R&D ActivitiesUS Projects Cold Climate Heat Pump PurduePrimary sponsor Department of DefenseProf. Eckhard Groll, Prof. William Hutzel, Prof. Stefan BertschStephen Caskey, Derek Kultgen, Tobias Menzi DoD manages over 300,000 buildingsProject objective optimize ASHP for cold climat

24、esSystem approach: two-compressorsLo-capacity: VS scroll - 36 cm3/rev, estimated displ.Hi-capacity: Tandem scroll 102.3 cm3/rev, rated displ.17.5 kW (5 ton) nominal design capacity32Simulation ResultsDemonstration project plannedField DemonstrationTwo identical heat pumpsOne calendar year80 person b

25、arracks buildingTwo HVAC systems per half: 244 m2 (2,626 ft2)Camp Atterbury, Columbus IndianaCold Climate Heat Pump ORNLTask 1: technology review & potential market analysisTasks 2-3: system developmentPerformance Target: 25% max capacity loss at -25C OD vs. nominal rated capacity at 8.3CModeling of

26、 VC cycles (multi-stage compression, ejector cycles, etc.) to identify preferred cycle options - underwayOptimize design and heat pump sizing to minimize performance degradationEngage manufacturer partner(s) (Collaboration with Emerson Climate Technologies and other OEMs)Investigate options to reduc

27、e equipment costsBuild lab test prototype based on preferred cycle option and conduct tests to refine design and verify analytical modelsBuild field test prototype and test in cold region of USAnalyses SummaryCapacity and Efficiency at -25C vs. Nominal rated values at 8.3 CSmaller capacity degradati

28、on less resistance heatSmaller COP degradation higher average efficiency in the entire rangePreliminary market assessment for cold climate heat pumpsGeographical Market Primary market: 34.14% of the U.S. housing stock resides in the cold climate region 39 million homesPopulation shift: only 30% of n

29、ew housing projectsSecondary market: 31% of the U.S. housing stock was located in the mixed-humid climateCompetition Electric FurnaceFuel SwitchingGas FurnaceOil furnaceOtherRegional standards (northern region)90% AFUE8.2 HSPF for split HPs8.0 HSPF for packaged HPs83% AFUE for oil furnacesPotential

30、Market for the CCHP US National ImpactAlternative Lower GWP refrigerants HP applicationsAHRI Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerants Evaluation ProgramA cooperative research program to evaluate the performance of alternative refrigerants Refrigerant suppliersEquipment manufacturersOther research and academ

31、ic institute20 approved reports, 6 relevant to heat pumps, 15 publicly available on AHRI website/ahri+low_gwp+alternative+refrigerants+evaluation+program.aspx Current R410A alternatives are A2L refrigerantsCurrent R134a alternatives range from A1 to A3Drop in testing Residential Heat PumpAlternative

32、 refrigerant: R32/R152a (95%/5%)Compared to R410AHas higher volumetric capacity and lower HX pressure drop Has higher efficiency compared to R410A at high temperature lift conditions and slightly lower efficiency for small temperature lift applications Has higher or similar system capacity Results i

33、n 11 17 K higher compressor discharge temperaturesTio et al. System Drop-in Test of R-32/R-152a (95/5) in a 5-ton Air Source Heat PumpR32 Drop in testing Residential Heat PumpSplit System Heat PumpR-32 charge = 77% that of R-410AR32 showed lower steady-state cooling efficiencies and higher heating e

34、fficiencies R32 SEER was comparable to R410A while the HSPF was higher Multi-split Heat PumpR32 charge = 83% that of R410AR32 cooling capacity EER, IEER are 2.9%, 6.4%, 9.5% higher than R410A respectivelyR32 heating capacities are 2.4 - 4.8% higher than R410ATravis Crawford, Dutch Uselton, System Dr

35、op-in Test of Refrigerant R-32 in Split System Heat PumpHideki Tsujii, Hiroyuki Imada, System Drop-In Test of Refrigerant R-32 in a VRF Multi-split Heat PumpR32 result in significantly higher compressor discharge temperaturesSoft Optimized Heat Pump Test using R32System modificationsSince R32 has 50

36、% more volumetric capacity, charge and flow control devices were changed:R32 was initially designed at 3.74 kg, 70% of R410A chargeCharge was further reduced to 3.71 kg to obtain 4-6C subcooling.Indoor TXV was changed to a 3T TXV and OD orifice was changed to 0.049”Performance comparison to R410A ba

37、seline systemCharge is 30% lower Flow rate is 33% lowerA-test Capacity is 4% higher B-test Capacity is 2% higherCOP is 1-2% higher for all test conditionsDischarge temperature is higher; largest change is 8 K at H1 conditionHao Li, Bob By, Soft-optimized System Test of Refrigerant R-32 in 3-ton Spli

38、t System Heat PumpSoft Optimized Heat Pump Test using R1234yfSystem modificationsReplaced compressor with an R134a refrigeration scroll compressorIncreased HX circuits Replaced R410 TXVs with R134a TXVsAdded a suction line HXPerformance comparison to R410A baseline systemLower capacities and efficie

39、ncies in heating and cooling modesHigher mass flow rates Lower system pressuresLower compressor discharge temperaturesWorst LCCP: 2.1% higher lifetime emissionDutch Uselton, System Soft-Optimized Test Of Refrigerant HFO-1234yf (R-1234yf) in a Split System Heat PumpDrop in testing Compressors Source: /App_Content/ahri/files/RESEARCH/AREP_Final_Reports/AHRI%20Low-GWP%20AREP-Rpt-011.pdf ASHRAE MTG.Low GWPScopeCoordinate technical activities to help transition the HVAC&R industry to sustainable lower GWP alternative refrigerantsFoster participation from relevant inst