FreeKaoYan专业术语表演示教学

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。FreeKaoYan专业术语表-专业术语表A-B-A设计A-B-AdesignExperimentaldesigninwhichparticipantsfirstexperiencethebaselinecondition(A),thenexperiencetheexperimentaltreatment(B),andthenreturntothebaseline(A).变态心理学AbnormalpsychologyTheareaofpsychologicalinvestigationconcerned

2、withunderstandingthenatureofindividualpatholoiesofmind,mood,andbehavior.绝对阈限AbsolutethresholdTheminimumamountofphysicalenergyneededtoproduceareliablesensoryexperience;operationallydefinedasthestimuluslevelatwhichasensorysignalisdetectedhalfthetime.顺应Accommodation1.Theprocessbywhichtheciliarymusclesc

3、hangethethicknessofthelensoftheeyetopermitvariablefocusingonnearanddistantobjects.2.AccordingtoPiaget,theprocessofrestructuringormodifyingcognitivestructuressothatnewinformationcanfitintothemmoreeasily;thisprocessworksintandemwithassimilation.习得AcquisitionThestageinaclassicalconditioningexperimentdu

4、ringwhichtheconditionalresponseisfirstelicitedbytheconditionedstimulus.动作电位ActionpotentialThenerveimpulseactivatedinneuronthattravelsdowntheaxonandcausesneurotransmitterstobereleasedintoasynapse.急性应激AcutestressAtransientstateofarousalwithtypicallyclearonsetandoffsetpatterns.成瘾AddictionAconditioninwh

5、ichthebodyrequiresadruginordertofunctionwithoutphsysicalandpsychologicalreactionstoitsabsence;oftentheoutcomeoftoleranceanddependence.年龄歧视AgeismPrejudiceagainstolderpeople,similartoracismandsexisminitsnegtivestereotypes.攻击AggressionBehaviorsthatcausepsychologicalorphysicalharmtoanotherindividual.广场恐

6、怖症AgoraphobiaAnextremefearofbeinginpublicplacesoropenspacesfromwhichexcapemaybedifficultorembarrassing.艾滋病AIDSAcronymforacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome,asyndromecausedbyavirusthatdamagestheimmunesystemandweakensthebodysabilitytofightinfection.算法AlgorithmAstep-by-stepprocedurethatalwaysprovidestheri

7、ghtanswerforaparticulartypeofproblem.全或无定律All-or-nonelawTherulethatthesizeoftheactionpotentialisunaffectedbyincreasesintheintensityofstimulationbeyondthethresholdlevel.利他主义AltruismProsocialbehaviorsapersoncarriesoutwithoutconsideringhisorherownsafetyorinterests.阿尔茨海默病症AlzheimersdiseaseAchronicorgani

8、cbrainsyndromecharacterizedbygraduallossofmemory,declineinintellectualability,thedeteriorationofpersonality.无轴突细胞AmacrinecellsCellsthatintegrateinformationacrosstheretina;ratherthansendingsignalstowardthebrain,amachrinecellslinkbipolarcellstootherbipolarcellsandganglioncellstootherganglioncells.模糊性A

9、mbiguityAperceptualobjectthatmayhavemorethanOneinterpretation.遗忘症AmnesiaAfailureofmemorycausedbyphysicalinjury,disease,druguse,orpsycholoticaltrauma.杏仁核AmygdalaThepartoflimbicsystemthatcontrolsemotion,aggression,andtheinformationofemotionalmemory.分析心理学AnalyticpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatviewsth

10、epersonasaconstellationofcompensatoryinternalforcesinadynamicbalance.锚定启发法AnchoringheuristicAninsufficientadjustmentupordownfromanoriginalstartingvaluewhenjudgingtheprobablevalueofsomeeventoroutcome.动物认知AnimalcognitionThecognitivecapabilitiesofnonhumananimals;researcherstracethedevelopmentofcognitiv

11、ecapabiliesacrossspeciesandthecontinuityofcapabilitiesfromnonhumantohumananimals.厌食症进食障碍AnorexianervosaAneatingdisorderinwhichanindividualweighslessthan85percentofherorhisexpectedweightbutstillcontrolseatingbecauseofaself-perceptionofobesity.应激预应付AnticipatorycopingEffortsmadeinadvanceofapotentiallys

12、tressfuleventtoovercome,reduce,ortoleratetheimbalancebetweenperceiveddemandsandaveailableresources.焦虑AnxietyAnintenseemotionalresponsecausedbythepreconsciousrecognitionthatarepressedconflctisabouttoemergeintoconsciousness.焦虑障碍AnxietydisordersMentaldisordersmarkedbyphysiologicalarousal,feelingsoftens

13、ion,andintenseapprehensionwithoutapparentreason.似动ApparentmotionAmovementillusioninwhichoneormorestationarylightsgoingonandoffinsuccessionareperceivedasasinglemovinglight;thesimplestformofapparentmotionisthephiphenomenon.原型ArchetypeAuniversal,inherited,primitive,andsymbolicrepresentationofaparticula

14、rexperienceorobject.同化AssimilationAccordingtoPiaget,theprocesswherebynewcognitiveelementsarefittedinwitholdelementsormodifiedtofitmoreeasily;thisprocessworkdsintandemwithaccommodation.联合皮层AssociationcortexThepartsofthecerebralcortexinwhichmanyhigh-levelbrainprocessesoccur.依恋AttachmentEmotionalrelati

15、onshipbetweenachildandtheRegularcaregiver.注意AttentionAstateoffocusedawarenessonasubsetoftheavailableperceptualinformation.态度AttitudeThelearned,relativelystabletendencytorespondtopeople,concepts,andeventsinaevaluativeway.归因理论AttributiontheoryAsocial-cognitiveapproachtodestributingthewaysthesocialperc

16、eiverusesinformationtogeneratecausalexplanations.归因AttributionsJudgmentsaboutthecausesofoutcomes.听众设计AudiencedesignTheprocessofshapingamessagedependingontheaudienceforwhichitisintended.听皮层AuditorycortexTheareaofthetemporallobesthatreceivesandprocessesauditoryinformation.听神经AuditorynerveThenervethatc

17、arriesimpulsesfromthecochleatothecochlearnucleusofthebrain.自动过程AutomaticprocessesProcessesthatdonotrequireattention;theycanoftenbeperformedalongwithothertaskswithoutinterference.自主神经系统Autonomicnervoussystem(ANS)Thesubdivisionoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatcontrolsthebodysinvoluntarymotorresponsesby

18、connectingthesensoryreceptorstothecentralnervoussystem(CNS)andtheCNStothesmoothmuscle,cardiacmuscle,andglands.可用性启发法AvailabilityheuristicAjudgmentbasedontheinformationreadilyavialableinmemory.厌恶疗法AversiontherapyAtypeofbehavioraltherapyusedtotreatindividualsattractedtoharmfulstimuli;anattractivestimu

19、lusispairedwithnoxiousstimulusinordertoelecitanegativereactiontothetargetstimulus.轴突AxonTheextendedfiberofaneuronthroughwhichnerveimpulsestravelfromthesomatotheterminalbuttons.基础水平BasiclevelThelevelofcategorizationthatcanberetrievedfrommemorymostquicklyandusedmostefficiently.基底膜BasilarmembraneAmembr

20、aneinthecochleathat,whensetintomotion,stimulateshaircellsthatproducetheneuraleffectsofauditorystimulation.行为BehaviorTheactionbywhichandorganismadjuststoitsenvironment.行为分析BahavioranalysisTheareaofpsychologythatfocusesontheenvironmentaldeterminantsoflearningandbehavior.行为矫正BehaviormodificationThesyst

21、ematicuseofprinciplesoflearningtoincreasethefrequencyofdesiredbehaviorsand/ordecreasethefrequencyofproblembehaviors.行为治疗BehaviortherapySeebehaviormodification.行为确认BehavioralconfirmationTheprocessbywhichpeoplebehaveinwaysthatelicitfromothersspecificexpectedreactionsandthenusethosereactionstoconfirmth

22、eirbeliefs.行为数据BehavioraldataObservationalreportsaboutthebehavioroforganismsandtheconditionsunderwhichthebehavioroccursorchanges.行为测量BehavioralmeasuresOvertactionsandreactionsthatareobservedandrecorded,exclusiveofself-reportedbehavior.行为复现BehavioralrehearsalProceduresusedtoestablishandstrengthenbasi

23、cskills;asusedinsocial-skillstrainingprograms,requirestheclienttorehearseadesirablebehaviorsequencementally.行为主义BehaviorismAscientificapproachthatlimitsthestudyofpsychologytomeasurableorobservablebehavior.行为主义观点BehavioristperspectiveThepsychologicalperspectiveprimarilyconcernedwithobservablebehavior

24、thatcanbeobjectivelyrecordedandwiththerelationshopsofobservablebehaviortoenvironmentalstimuli.信念偏差效应Belief-biaseffectAsituationthatoccurswhenapersonspriorknowledge,attitudes,orvaluesdisortthereasoningprocessbyinfluencingthepersontoacceptinvalidarguments.被试间设计Between-subjectsdesignAresearchdesigninwh

25、ichdifferentgroupsofparticipantsarerandomlyassignedtoexperimentalconditionsortocontrolconditions.生物反馈BiofeedbackAself-regulatorytechniquebywhichanindividualacquiresvoluntarycontrolovernonconsciousbiologicalprocesses.学习的生物制约性BiologicalconstraintsonlearningAnylimitationsonanorganismscapacitytolearntha

26、tarecausedbytheinheritedsensory,response,orcognitivecapabilitiesofmembersofagivenspecies.生物学观点BiologicalperspectiveTheapproachtoidentifyingcausesofbehaviorthatfocusesonthefunctioningofthegenes,thebrain,thenervoussystem,andtheendocrinesystem.生物医学治疗BiomedicaltherapiesTreatmentsforpsychologicaldisorder

27、sthatalterbrainfunctioningwithchemicalorphysicalinterventionssuchasdrugtherapy,surgery,orelectro-convulsivetherapy.生物心理社会模式BiopsychosocialmodelAmodelofhealthandillnessthatsuggeststhatlinksamongthenervoussystem,theimmunesystem,behavioralstyles,cognitiveprocessing,andenvironmentalfactorscanputpeopleat

28、riskforillness.双极细胞BipolarcellsNervecellsinthevisualsystemthatcombineimpulsesfrommanyreceptorsandtransmittheresultstoganglioncells.双相障碍BipolardisorderAmooddisordercharacterizedbyalternatingperiodsofdepressionandmania.阻断BlockingAphenomenoninwhichandorganismdoesnotlearnanewstimulusthatsignalsanuncondi

29、tionedstimulus,becausethenewstimulusinpresentedstimulaneouslywithastimulusthatisalreadyeffectiveasasignal.躯体形象BodyimageThesubjectiveexperienceoftheappearanceofonesbody.自上而下的加工Bottom-upprocessingPerceptualanalysesbasedonthesensorydataavailableintheenvironment;resultsofanalysesarepassedupwardtowardmor

30、eabstractrepresentations.脑干BrainstemThebrainstructurethatregulatesthebodysbasiclifeprocesses.明度BrightnessThedimensionofcolorspacethatcapturestheintensityoflight.布洛卡区BrocasareaTheregionofthebrainthattranslatesthoughtsintospeechorsign.暴食性进食障碍BulimianervosaAneatingdisordercharacterizedbybingeeatingfoll

31、owedbymeasurestopurgethebodyoftheexcesscalories.旁观者介入BystanderinterventionWillingnesstoassistapersoninneedofhelp.坎农巴德情绪理论Cannon-BardtheoryofemotionAtheorystatingthatanEmotionalstimulusproducestwoco-occurringreactions-arousalandexperienceofemotion-thatdonotcauseeachother.个案研究CasestudyIntensiveobserva

32、tionofaparticularindividualorsmallgroupofindividuals.宣泄CatharsisTheprocessofexpressingstronglyfeltbutusuallyrepressedemotions.中枢神经系统Centralnervoussystem(CNS)Thepartofthenervoussystemconsistingofthebrainandspinalcord.中心化CentrationAthoughtpatterncommonduringthebeginningofthepreoperationalstageofcognit

33、ivedevelopment;characterizedbythechildsinabilitytotakemorethanoneperceptualfactorintoaccountatthesametime.小脑CerebellumTheregionofthebrainattachedtothebrainstemthatcontrolsmotorcoordination,posture,andbalanceaswellastheabilitytolearncontrolofbodymovements.大脑皮层CerebralcontexTheoutersurfaceofthecerebru

34、m.大脑两半球CerebralhemispheresThetwohalvesofthecerebrum,connectedbythecorpuscallosum.大脑CerebrumTheregionofthebrainthatregulateshighercognitiveandemotionalfunctions.儿童指向语言Child-directedspeechAspecialformofspeechwithanexaggeratedandhigh-pitchedintonationthatadultsusetospeaktoinfantsandyoungchildren.慢性应激Ch

35、ronicstressAcontinuousstateofarousalinwhichanindividualperceivesdemandsasgreaterthantheinnerandouterresourcesavailablefordealingwiththem.生理年龄ChronologicalageThenumberofmonthsoryearssinceanindividualsbirth.组块ChunkingTheprocessoftakingsingleitemsofinformationandrecordingthemonthebasisofsimilarityorsom

36、eotherorganizingprinciple.生物节律CircadianrhythmAconsistentpatternofcyclicalbodyactivities,usuallylasing25to25hoursanddeterminedbyaninternalbiologicalclock.经典条件作用ClassicalconditioningAtypeoflearninginwhichabehavior(conditionedresponse)comestobeelicitedbyastimulus(conditionedstimulus)thathasacquireditsp

37、owerthroughanassociationwithabiologicallysignificantstimulus(unconditionedstimulus).来访者ClientThetermusedbyclinicianswhothinkofpsychologicaldisordersasproblemsinliving,andnotasmentalillnesses,todescribethosebeingtreated.来访者中心疗法Client-centeredtherapyAhumanisticapproachtotreatmentthatemphasizesthehealt

38、hypsychologicalgrowthoftheindividual;basedontheassumptionthatallpeoplesharethebasictendencyofhumannaturetowardself-actualization.临床生态学ClinicalecologyAfieldofpsychologythatrelatesdisorderssuchasanxietyanddepressiontoenvironmentalirritantsandsourcesoftrauma.临床心理学家ClinicalpsychologistAnindividualwhohas

39、earnedadoctorateinpsychologyandwhosetrainingisintheassessmentandtreatmentofpsychologicalproblems.临床社会工作者ClinicalsocialworkerAmentalhealthprofessionalwhosespecializedtrainingprepareshimorhertoconsiderthesocialcontextofpeoplesproblems.封闭性ClosureAperceptualorganizingprocessthatleadsindividualstoseeinco

40、mpletefiguresascomplete.耳蜗CochleaTheprimaryorganofhearing;afluid-filledcoiledtubelocatedintheinnerear.认知CognitionProcessesofknowing,includingattending,remembering,andreasoning;alsothecontentoftheprocesses,suchasconceptsandmemories.认知评价CognitiveappraisalWithrespecttoemotions,theprocessthroughwhichphy

41、siologicalarousalisinterpretedwithrespecttocircumstancesintheparticularsettinginwhichitisbeingexperienced;also,therecognitionandevaluationofastressortoassessthedemand,thesizeofthethreat,theresourcesavailablefordealingwithit,andappropriatecopingstrategies.情绪的认知评价理论CognitiveappraisaltheoryofemotionAth

42、eorystatingthattheexperienceofemotionisthejointeffectofphysiologicalarousalandcognitiveappraisal,whichservestodeterminehowanambiguousinnerstateofarousalwillbelabeled.认知行为矫正法CognitivebehaviormodificationAtherapeuticapproachthatcombinesthecognitiveemphasisontheroleofthoughtsandattitudesinfluencingmoti

43、vationsandresponsewiththebehavioralemphasisonchangingperformancethroughmodificationofreinforcementcontingencies.认知发展CognitivedevelopmentThedevelopmentofprocessesofknowing,includingimagining,perceiving,reasoning,andproblemsolving.认知失调CognitivedissonanceThetheorythatthetension-producingeffectsofincong

44、rouscognitivesmotivateindividualstoreducesuchtension.认知地图CognitivemapAmentalrepressentationofphysicalspace.认知观点CognitiveperspectiveTheperspectiveonpsychologythatstresseshumanthoughtandtheprocessesofknowing,suchasattending,thinking,remembering,expecting,solvingproblems,fantasizing,andconsciousness.认知

45、过程CognitiveprocessesHighermentalprocesses,suchasperception,memory,language,problemsolving,andabstractthinking.认知心理学CognitivepsychologyThestudyofhigherementalprocessessuchasattention,languageuse,memory,perception,problemsolving,andthinking.认知科学CognitivescienceAtypeofpsychotherapeutictreatmentthatatte

46、mptstochangefeelingsandbehaviorsbychangingthewayaclientthinksaboutorperceivessignificantlifeexperiences.集体无意识CollectiveunconsciousThepartofanindividualsunconsciousthatisinherited,evolotionarilydeveloped,andcommontoallmembersofthespecies.共病ComorbidityTheexperienceofmorethanonedisorderatthesametime.互补

47、色ComplementarycolorsColorsoppositeeachotheronthecolorcircle;whenadditivelymixed,theycreatethesensationofwhitelight.依从ComplianceAchangeinbehaviorconsistentwithacommunicationsourcesdirectrequests.概念ConceptsMentalrepresentationsofkindsofcategoriesofitemsorideas.条件性强化物ConditionedreinforcersInclassicalco

48、nditional,formerlyneutralstimulithathavebecomereinforcers.条件反应Conditionedresponse(CR)Inclassicalconditioning,aresponseelicitedbysomepreviouslyneutralstimulusthatoccursasaresultofpairingtheneutralstimuluswithanunconditionedstimulus.条件刺激Conditionedstimulus(CS)Inclassicalconditioning,apreviouslyneutral

49、stimulusthatcomesthatcomestoelicitaconditionedresponse.锥体细胞ConesPhotoreceptorsconcentratedinthecenteroftheretinathatareresponsibleforvisualexperienceundernormalviewingconditionsandforallexperiencesofcolor.从众ConformityThetendencyforpeopletoadoptthebehaviors,attitudes,andvaluesofothermembersofreferenc

50、egroup.混淆变量ConfoundingvariableAstimulusotherthanthevariableanexperimenterexplicitlyintroducesintoaresearchsettingthataffectsaparticipantsbehavior.意识ConsciousnessAstateofawarenessofinternaleventsandoftheexternalenvironment.共识效度ConsensualvalidationThemutualaffirmationofconsciousviewsofreality.守恒Conser

51、vationAccordingtoPiaget,theunderstandingthatpsysicalpropertiesdonotchangewhennothingisaddedortakenaway,eventhoughappearancesmaychange.一致性矛盾ConsistencyparadoxTheobservationthatpersonalityretingsacrosstimeandamongdifferentobserversareconsistent,whilebehaviorretingsacrosssituationsarenotconsistent.接触性安

52、慰ContactcomfortComfortderivedfromaninfantsphysicalcontactwiththemotherorcaregiver.接触假设ContacthypothesisTheideathatdirectcontactbetweenhostilegroupsalonewillreduceprejudice.发现的背景ContextofdiscoveryTheinitialphaseofresearch,inwhichobservations,beliefs,information,andgeneralknowledgeleadtoanewideaoradif

53、ferentwayofthinkingaboutsomephenomenon.验证的背景ContextofjustificationTheresearchphaseinwhichevidenceisbroughttobearonhypothese.背景区辩性ContextualdistinctivenessTheassumptionthattheserialpositioneffectcanbealteredbythecontextandthedistinctivenessoftheexperiencebeingrecalled.意外事件管理ContingencymanagementAgene

54、raltreatmentstrategyinvolvingchangingbehaviorbymodifyingitsconsequences.控制程序ControlproceduresConsistentproceduresforgivinginstructions,scoringresponses,andholdingallothervariablesconstantexceptthosebeingsystematicallyvaried.控制过程ControlledprocessesProcessesthatrequireattention;itisoftendifficulttocar

55、ryoutmorethanonecontrolledprocessatatime.视轴辐合ConvergenceThedegreetowhichtheeyesturninwardtofixateonanobject.应对CopingTheprocessofdealingwithinternalorexternaldemandsthatareperceivedtobethreateningoroverwhelming.胼胝体CorpuscallosumThemassofnervefibersconnectingthetwohemispheresofthecerebrum.相关系数Correlat

56、ioncoefficient(r)Astatisticthatindicatesthedegreeofrelationshopbetweentwovariables.相关法CorrelationalmethodsResearchmethodologiesthatdeterminetowhatextenttwovariables,traits,orattrbutesarerelated.咨询心理学家CounselingpsychologistPsychologistwhospecializesinprovidingguidanceinareassuchasvocationalselection,

57、schoolproblems,drugabuse,andmatrialconflict.反条件作用CounterconditioningAtechniqueusedintherapytosubstituteanewresponseforamaladaptiveonebymeansofconditioningprocedures.反移情CountertransferenceCircumstancesinwhichapsychoanalystdevelopspersonalfeelingsaboutaclientbecauseofperceivedsimilarityoftheclienttosi

58、gnificantpeopleinthetherapistslife.协变原理CovariationprincipleAtheorythatsuggeststhatpeopleattributeabehaviortoacausalfactorifthatfactorwaspresentwheneverthebehavioroccuredbutwasabsentwheneveritdidnotoccur.创造力CreativityTheabilitytogenerateideasorproductsthatarebothnovelandappropriatetothecircumstances.

59、效标效度CriterionvalidityThedegreetowhichtestscoresindicatearesultonaspecificmeasurethatisconsistentwithsomeothercriterionofthecharacteristicbeingassessed;alsonknownaspredictivevalidity.横断设计Cross-sectionaldesignAresearchmethodinwhichgroupsofparticipantsofdifferentchronologicalagesareobservedandcompareda

60、tagiventime.晶态智力CrystallizedintelligenceThefacetofintelligenceinvolvingtheknowledgeapersonhasalreadyacquiredandtheabilitytoaccessthatknowledge;measuresbyvocabulary,arithmetic,andgeneralinformationtests.文化观点CulturalperspectiveThepsychologicalperspectivethatfocusesoncross-culturaldifferencesinthecause