高三非谓语动词复习教案学案一体化

1、高三非谓语动词复习教案学案一体化江苏地区石庄高级中学2006届高三非谓语动词复习教案学案一体化2006届高三非谓语动词复习（教师版）一、概述1、基本形式的变化：不定式：时态主动态被动态一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavebuilttohavebeenbuilt例1:Johnsaidthathehadruninordertocatchthebus.（般式的主动态）例2：Hehatedtobemisunderstoodbyothers.（一般式的被动态）例3：Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.（进行式）例4：Heintend

2、edtohavetoldyouthat.（完成式主动态）例5：Thisworkofartseemedtohavebeencreatedseveralcenturiesago.完（成式的被动态）V-ing形式：时态主动态被动态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone不及物动词没有被动式动名词例1：Iamsureofhiscomingintime.一（般式主动态）（=Iamsurethathewillcomeintime）例2：Heisproudofbeingselectedasmonitor.（一般式被动态）（=Heisproudthatheiss

3、electedasmonitor.）例3：Imconfidentofhishavingpassedtheexam.（完成式主动态）（=Iamconfidentthathehavepassedtheexam.）例4：Hecomplainedofhavingbeencheatedbyothers.（完成式被动态）现在分词例1：Hesatinachair,readinganovel.（一般式主动态）例2：Beingexhaustedbywork,hefellasleepquickly.（一般式被动态）例3：Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentplaying.（完成式主动态

4、）例4：Allthishavingbeensettled,hewenthome.（完成式被动态）2、所做成分项目/成分主语表语宾语宾补定语状语动词的ing形式现在分词动名词不定式过去分词二、基本知识（一）动词不定式在句中充当的成分（1）作主语。例如：Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Tomakemoneyisnottheonlypurposeofourlife.赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的在很多情况下，常用it来充当动词不定式的形式主语。例如：ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishverywell.对我们来说学好英语是非常

5、重要的。（2）作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire（happen，seem）例如：Hemanagedtopasstheexam他成功地通过了考试。Hepromisedtobehereatnine他答应9点钟到这儿。Ididntexpecttoseeyouhere我没有料到在这儿见到你。在某些复合宾语中，用it做形式宾语

6、，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：Heconsidereditbettertoleavenow他认为最好现在就离开。Ifounditimpossibletofinishtheworkontime我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。（3）作定语（常置于名词之后）。由only,last,next序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语;不定式还可用作名词代词的的宾语（ability,anything,attempt,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportu

7、nity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something）例如:Sheisalwaysthefirststudenttoarriveatschool.Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice.他总是最后一个离开办公室。Idontthinkheisthebestmantodothejob我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。Ihavenodesiretotravel.Youllfindsomethingtointerestyouhere.注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应

8、有必要的介词。例如：Ihaventdecidedwhichhoteltostayat.Ifoundnoonetoplaywith.（4）作状语例如：丨walkedslowlyontheiceinordernottofalldown.（不至于跌倒）（表目的）Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.（表结果）Hetriedonlytofail.（结果没有成功）Shewashappytohearthenews.（表原因）不定式常用于修饰下列形容词:able,afraid,angry,anxious,apt,careful,careless,certain,

9、clever,considerate,delighted,difficult,eager,easy,fit,frightened,happy,interesting,likely,lucky,quick,ready,reluctant,right,sorry,surprised,sure,thoughtful,thoughtless,unable,unwilling,wrongetc.例如：Frenchisdifficulttolearn.法语难学。Imsorrytointerruptyou,butIhaveto.（5）作独立副词成分。例如：Tospeakfrankly,Idontlikeyo

10、urattitude.（6）与疑问词连用。疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：Whentostarthasnotbeendecided什么时候出发还没有定。Theproblemishowtogetthereontime.问题是怎样才能准时到达哪儿。注：在有些动词后常用疑问词+动词不定式的结构。这类动词有：know,ask,tell,show,wonder,consider,understand,learn,instruct,guess,see,explain,discover,im

11、agine,think,hear等。例如：Hedidntknowwhattodonext.IhaventdecidedwhethertogotoJapan.我没有决定是否到日本去。不定式的复合结构由for+名词或代词+动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。例如：ItisnecessaryforyoutofinishtheworkbeforeFriday你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。Hisideaisforustotravelindifferentcars他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。由of引出的不定式复合结构，经常与以下形容词连用：bold,brave,carel

12、ess,civil,clever,courageous,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,rash,right,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong,wise等。例如：Itskindofyoutosayso.Itsbraveofyoutogointotheburningbuildingtosavethebaby你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿不带to的动词不定式在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let,make,have,hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。例如

13、：Theteacheroftenmakesmerewritethecomposition老师常常让我把作文重写。将该句转换成被动语态：Iamoftenmadebytheteachertorewritethecomposition.Iheardhersaythatshewasfedup.在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：hadbetter,wouldrather,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,donothingbut等。例如：Idbettergonow,orIllmissthetrain.Theycannotbutaccepthisadvice.我只好接受他的建议。在exc

14、ept,but之前有动词do作实义动词，贝except,but后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。例如：Wehavenochoicebuttowait.我们除了等待别无选择(我们只好等待)。Thereisnochoicebuttogothere.Thereisnothingtodobutto(to可省略)readabook.在why,whynot结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带o例如：Whyarguewithhim?Whynotsendthosebooksback?为什么不把那些书送回去？动名词在句中充当的成分作主语例如：Askingforhelpissometimesn

15、ecessary.请求帮助有时是必要的。Eatingtoomuchisnotgoodforyourhealth吃得太多对你的健康不利。Teachingofferssomethingbesidesmoneyandpower.作补语、表语例如：Seeingisbelieving.Wecallsuchanactcheating.我们称这样的行为为作弊/欺骗行为。作以下及物动词及词组的的宾语mind,finish,enjoy,suggest,permit,appreciate,consider,miss,dislike,keep(on),avoid,permit,imagine,risk,escape

16、,admit,stand(忍受)，allow,forbid,excuse,等等。短语动词：giveup,putoff,lookforwardto,feellike,insiston,objectto,preventfrom,setabout,canthelp,be/getusedto等；短语：beworthdoing,benogooddoing,benousedoing,bebusydoing等例如：Themotherdidagreetolettheboyriskswimmingacrosstherivei冒险游过河Hiswifedoesntallowsmokinginsidetheroomb

17、utallowshimtosmokeoutsidetheroom.他的妻子不允许在室内抽烟，但是允许他在室外抽。Alloftheminsistedonmystayingwiththemafewdayslonger.他们所有的人都坚持要我再跟他们多呆几天时间。Imlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Beingillforafewdays,shedoesntfeellikeeatinganything不想吃任何东西另在want,need,require等动词后，常用动名词的主动形式表示被动的意思(主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系)。例如：Myhairneeds

18、cutting.(=Myhairneedstobecut.)作定语。它与被修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,通常只表示用途或与所修饰的名词有关的动作。例如：Thefactorybuiltaswimmingpoollastyear游泳池Ourteacherusesaverygoodteachingmethod教学方法作同位语。例如：Hishobby,makingmodelairplanes,isveryinteresting.动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构由物主代词或名词所有格+动名词构成。如果不是在句子开头,这种结构常可以由名词的普通格或人称代词宾格+动名词构成,在句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：

19、Doyoumindmyclosingthedoor?Doyoumindmeclosingthedoor?Myclosingthedoormadehimangry.IcantstandLaoChangstalkinglikethataboutothercomrades.动名词的某些固定结构Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore.等名词+doingsth.Itisnousecrying哭没有用。Itisnogoodobjecting.反对也没有用。Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain设法解释是浪费时间

20、。Itis+useless+doingsthItisuselessspeaking.光说没用。Thereisno+v-ing“是不可能的”。例如：Thereisnoknowinghowoldsheis.(=Itisimpossibletoknowhowoldsheis.)Thereisnotellingwhereshesgone.(=Itisimpossible/difficulttoknowwhereshesgone.)makeapointof+doing“认为是必要的”例如：OurfamilymakeapointofgoingtochurcheverySunday.(=Ourfamilym

21、akeitaruletogotochurcheverySunday.)beonthepointof+doing濒临，将要”例如：Hewasonthepointofleaving.on(upon)+doing“一就”例如：Onhearingthenews,Ichangedmyplans.(=AssoonasIheardthenews,Ichangedmyplans.)go+doing(大部分指运动和游戏)例如：Hewentshopping/hiking/swimming/fishingetc.动名词短语常用在以下结构中havedifficulty(in)+doingsthhavetrouble(

22、in)+doingsthhavefun(in)+doingsth/haveagoodtime(in)+doingsth/haveahardtime(in)+doingsth例如：Wehavegreatdifficulty(in)solvingtheproblem.我们解决这个问题有困难。feellike+名词“想要”=wouldliketo+原形动词例如：Doyoufeellikegoingtoamovie?你想看电影吗？Idontfeellikereadingtonight今晩我不想读书。分词在句中充当的成分作定语。作定语的分词如果是单个分词，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语则放在所修饰的

23、名词后面。在用作定语时，分词在意思上接近一个定语从句。例如：Theboringsnowmadetheboredboysgohome.(=Thesnowwasboring,sotheboysweeboredandwenthome.)Chinaisadevelopingsocialistcountry.发展中的社会主义国家Themanwritingtheobituary(讣告)ismyfriend.(=Themanwhoiswritingtheobituaryismyfriend.)Thebrokenglassscatteredontheground.破杯注：现在分词与过去分词都可作定语，但现在分

24、词表达的是正在进行的事情，有主动意义；而过去分词表示的是已完成的事情，有被动意义。作表语、宾语补足语。能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有see,hear,keep,find,notice,watch,think,want,smell,observe等。例如：Thestoryisboring.Ifoundhimreadinganovel.在读小说(现在分词作宾语补足语)Ifoundhimsurroundedbyagroupofchildren群孩子包围着(过去分词作宾语补足语)作状语。分词作状语可以表示时间,原因,条件,结果,伴随情况。例如：Havingreadalltherequiredpapers

25、,heansweredthequestionsfluently.-时间Beingshortofmoney,Idecidedtoapplyforthework.-原因Seriouslyinjured,Allenwasrushedtothehospital.原因Ifgoingtherebyplane,wellhavetopaytwiceasmuch.-条件Unlessaskedtoanswerquestions,thepupilswerenotsupposedtotalkinMrsSmithsclass条件Thefarmerusedanewinsecticide,thusraisingtheave

26、rageyieldby15%.二结果Hesatinarockingchair,watchingTV.-伴随分词的特殊结构独立主格有时分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，这时分词须带上自身的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中多作伴随状语。亦可用来表示时间、原因、条件等。例如：Thatbeingthecase,wedbettermakesomechangesintheplan.Weatherpermitting,wewillgoout.=ifweatherpermitsTheteacherhavingfinishedthelesson,thestudentslefttheclassroom

27、.with或without+名词或代词+分词”的复合结构常用作补充说明或表示伴随情况。例如：Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.某些固定结构generally/franklyspeaking,judgingfrom/by中，分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这种结构只限于为数很少的几个动词。例如：Judgingbyhisdress,hecomesfromawealthyfamily从他的衣着判断Franklyspeaking,Idontlikehimatall.坦率地说catch+宾语+doing例如：丨caughtthemstealingmyapples.我抓住他们

28、偷我的苹果。Ifshecatchesmereadingherdiary,shellbefurious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的注：有些现在分词可以作介词用：女Concerning,considering,regarding,respectinc等o例如：Consideringhisage,heistalL考虑了他的年龄Ihavenothingtosayconcerninghisspeech关于他的演讲三、非谓语动词比较1做主语宾语：-般来说，不定式和动名词成份相同时，表示客观性、一般性行为多用动名词表示，而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。Lookingafterchildren

29、isherjob照看小孩Tocleantheclassroomishisjobtoday打扫教室Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketoswimtodaybecauseIdontfeelwell.注意(1):begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。Whenwecamein,theywerebeginningtohavesupper.Afterhisexplanation,Ibegantounderstandit/realizethatIwaswrong.有些词后面既可以接不定式.亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：rememb

30、er,forget,regret接动名词，表示完成意义(=havingdone),接不定式，表示将来意义：PleaseremembertobringmethebookIwantnexttime.Irememberseeingher(=havingseenher)somewherebefore.Dontforgettowritetomesoon.Ineverforgetvisiting(=havingvisited)themforthefirsttime.Iregretmissingthatgoodfilmlastweek.(后悔干事)Iregretnottaking(nothavingtake

31、n)youradvice.IregrettosayIcanttakeyouradvice.還憾=匕6sorry)mean：meantodo=wanttodo打算，想要；meandoing：意味着，就是Iamsorry,Ididntmeantohurtyourfeeling,sImeanttocallonyou,butIwassobusy.Learningaforeignlanguagedoesntmeanjustworkinginclass.stop：stoptodd亭下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语:stopdoing亭止干,动名词作宾语。Aftersometime,theystoppe

32、dwalkingandhadarest.Afterwalkingsometime,theystoppedtohavearest.try：trytodo,努力，试图干事；trydoing：试着干事Hesearchedeverywhereandtriedtofindhiskey.Hecametothecityfromthecountrysideandtriedtofindajob.Themotherisoutandtheboyhadtotrycookingforhimself.Theytriedtosucceedandtrieddoingtheirexperimentsagainandagain.

33、want,need,require接动名词表示被动意义，主语与动名词之间为动宾关系。Thebikerequiresrepairing.Theseyoungtreesrequirelookingafter.Thematterneedsthinkingover.(=tobethoughtover)AMr.Wangwantstoseeyou.Youdontneedtoleavesoearly.goon:goontodo继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。goondoing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。Afterasmoke,hewentontellingusthatinterestin

34、gstory.Afterwritingthecompositionhewentontoworkouthismathsproblems.动词advise,allow,permit,forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时用动词不定式。Doctorsadvisegivingupsmokingtobenefitoneshealth.放弃Thedoctoradvisedhimtogiveupsmokingsoastoimprovehishealth.放弃Shedoesntallow(permit)smokinginherroom抽烟considertohavedone/considerdoin

35、g(consider.tobe)beusedtodoing/beusedtodocanthelpdoing/todo做宾补：不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为，以及将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为，亦可表示-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态，及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义,不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。WhenIcamein,Isawherdancinghappily.IoftenhearhersingsongsinEnglishinherroom.Theyhadthelightsburningallnightlong.IsawL

36、iPingpassbyandenterthenextroomjustnow.Themotherwillhavethedoctorexaminehersonagain.TomorrowIllhavemyhaircut.WhenIgothomeIfoundthewindowbrokenandthethiefgoneawayalready.Whentheyreturnedtotheirhometown,afteranabsenceoftwentyyears,theyfoundeverythingchanged.做表语：不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容，且可以和主语颠倒，意思仍然通顺，回窗hat的问题

37、。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别，分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态，不能和主语颠倒，可以回答how的问题。Herjobiscleaningoffices.(Whatisherjob?)(=Cleaningofficesisherjob.)Ourjobtodayistocleantheoffice.(=Tocleantheofficeisourjobtoday.)Thenewsisveryexciting.(Howisthenews?)Theyareverytiredafteralongwalk.Thedoorislockednow.Thechildrenarewelldressedt

38、hesedays.做定语：不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义,现在分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义；过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。此外,不定式做定语时只能后置,不可前置，而单个分词做定语可前置，分词短语做定语则须后置。动名词做定语，须前置，且要重读，它表明先行词的用途。而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。aswimmingboy=aboywhoisswimmingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingtheboilingwater=thewaterthatisboilingdrinkingwater=waterfordri

39、nkingTodayIhavealettertowrite.Pleasefindamantohelpus.ItisagoodchancetopracticeyourspokenEnglish练习你的口语IlikereadingbookswrittenbyLuXun.ThewomanstandingoverthereisourEnglishteacher站在那边的Thehousetobebuilt(=whichwillbebuilt/whichistobebuilt)nextyearwillbeournewlibrary.Thehousebeingbuilt(=whichisbeingbuilt

40、)nowwillbeournewlibrary.Thehousebuilt(=whichwasbuilt)lastyearisournewlibrarynow.做状语：不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语，且多放在句末；分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语，多置于句首，做伴随状语，多放在后面。分词用于odoing结构中作目的状语。.目的状语：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。不定式前还可加止order,soas来加强说话的口气。但soastc通常不用于句首。TheSmithshavegonetoLondontospendtheirholid

41、ays.Icamehere(inorder/soas)tohearthereport.Inorderto不用soasto)seebetter,wetookfrontseats.时间状语：分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，用现在分词的完成体形式。过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。Arriving(=Whenhearrived)atthebusstop,hefoundhissisterthere.Waiting(=WhenIwa

42、swaiting)toseethedoctor,Imetwithafriendofmine.Having(=Whenwehave)madefullpreparations,wearereadyforanexamination.Having(=Whenhehad)finishedhishomework,hewenttobed.Afterfinishinghishomework,hewenttobed.Seen(=Whenthetownisseen)fromthehill,thetownlooksmorebeautiful.Locked(=Whenhewaslooked)upintheroom,h

43、efoundhimselfisolatedfromtheouterworld.Whenaskedtomakeaspeech,hesaidhewasgladtodoso当请他作演讲时Oncerecovered,hewillgoallouttodohiswork旦康复.原因状语：不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后，这些形容词通常是happy,sorry,fortunate,angry,glad,ashamed,discouraged,delighted,frightened,shocked等。分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。般位于句首。Iamsorrytohearthatyouarenotwel

44、l.rmverysorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.让你久等了Wearegreatlydelightedtohaveanativeasourguide.Being(=Sincehewas)illalllastyear,helivedinasanatorium.Therebeingnoenoughmoney,hecouldntbuythedictionarythathewanted.由于没有钱Having(=Sincetheyhad)beenaskedtostay,theycouldntpossiblyleaverightaway.Moved(=Ashewasmove

45、d)bytheheroicdeedsofthePLAman,heburstintotears.条件状语：通常用分词来表示，相当于条件状语从句。般位于句首。Turning(=Ifyouturn)totheleft，youwillseethepostoffice.United(=Ifweareunited),westand;divided(=ifwearedivided),wefall.Given(=Ifhehadbeengiven)moretime,hewouldbeabletodobetter.结果状语从句：不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+asto,such+名词+asto,too

46、to,enoughto和onlyto等结构。现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.Iworkedlateintothenight,onlytofindIhadnotfinishedhalfofthejob.Hewassofriendlyastobealwayshelpfultohisneighbors.Hisissuchasadstoryastoarouseoutsympathy.Iranfasterthanever,reachingtheschoolyardquiteoutofbreath.Themandiedyoung,lea

47、vingnothingbutdebt.让步状语：通常由过去分词来表示，而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。Thoughwounded,thesoldiermanagedtogettothevillagesafely.Thoughwarnedofthedanger,hestillwentskatingonthethinice.伴随或方式状语：分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾,表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。Chinesebusinessmen,taxidriversandstudentstalkwiththemusingEnglish.Shecamerunningtowardsus.The

48、ywalkedalongthestreets,talkingandlaughing.Hewentintothehouse,followedbysomechildren.Hecontinuedtowalkupanddown,lostinthought.四、关于therebe的非谓语形式therebe非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语1）作动词宾语时，通常用theretobe结构，而不用therebeing。能这样用的及物动词为：expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等，如：Wedontwanttheretobeanycomradeslagging

49、behind我们不希望有任何同志掉队。Theyhatetheretobelongqueueseverywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。Wehavenoobjectiontotherebeingameetinghere我们并不反对在这里开会。2）作状语多用therebeing结构，但若置于介词for之后要用theretobeTherebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodobymyself.由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。（原因状语）Itstooearlyfortheretobeanybodyup.太早了，还不会有人起床。（作程度状语）Therehavingbeenno

50、rainforalongtime,thegroundwasverydry因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。（原因状语）3）作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用or引导则要用theretobe.Itisnotuncommonfortheretobeproblemsofcommunicationbetweenoldandyoung老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。Therebeingakindergartenoncampusisagreatconveniencetofemaleteachers校园内有儿园对女教师十分方便。2006届高三非谓语动词复习（学生版）、概述2、基本形式的变化：不定式

51、：时态主动态被动态般式进行式完成式例1：Johnsaidthathehadruninordertocatchthebus.例2：Hehatedtobemisunderstoodbyothers.例3：Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.例4：Heintendedtohavetoldyouthat.例5：Thisworkofartseemedtohavebeencreatedseveralcenturiesago.V-ing形式：时态主动态被动态般式完成式不及物动词没有被动式动名词TOC o 1-5 h z例1：Iamsureofhiscomingintime

52、.（=）例2：Heisproudofbeingselectedasmonitor.（=）例3：Imconfidentofhishavingpassedtheexam.（=）例4：Hecomplainedofhavingbeencheatedbyothers.现在分词例1：Hesatinachair,（read）anovel.例2：（exhaust）bywork,hefellasleepquickly.例3：（finish）hishomework,hewentplaying例4:Allthis(settle),hewenthome.2、所做成分项目/成分主语表语宾语宾补定语状语动词的ing形式现

53、在分词动名词不定式过去分词二、基本知识()动词不定式在句中充当的成分作主语。例如:Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.赚钱不是我们生活的唯一目的在很多情况下，常用t来充当动词不定式的形式主语。例如：对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire(hap

54、pen，seem)例如：他成功地通过了考试。他答应9点钟到这儿。我没有料到在这儿见到你。在某些复合宾语中，常t做形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：他认为最好现在就离开。我发现准时完成这项工作是不可能的。作定语(常置于名词之后)。由only,last,next序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语;不定式还可用作名词代词的的宾语(ability,anything,attempt,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,p

55、lan,promise,reason,right,something)例d:Sheisalwaysthefirststudenttoarriveatschool.他总是最后个离开办公室。我想他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。Ihavenodesiretotravel.Youllfindsomethingtointerestyouhere.注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。例如：Ihaventdecidedwhichhoteltostayat.Ifoundnoonetoplaywith.作状语例如：Iwalkedslowly

56、ontheiceinorder.(不至于跌倒)(表目的)Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.(表结果)Hetried.结果没有成功Shewashappytohearthenews.(表原因)不定式常用于修饰下列形容词:able,afraid,angry,anxious,apt,careful,careless,certain,clever,considerate,delighted,difficult,eager,easy,fit,frightened,happy,interesting,likely,lucky,quick,ready,relu

57、ctant,right,sorry,surprised,sure,thoughtful,thoughtless,unable,unwilling,wrongetc.例如：法语难学。Imsorrytointerruptyou,butIhaveto.作独立副词成分。例如：Tospeakfrankly,Idontlikeyourattitude.与疑问词连用。疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等后加动词不定式，构成不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：什么时候出发还没有定。问题是怎样才能及时到达哪儿。注：在有些动词后常用疑问词+动词不定式的结构

58、。这类动词有：know,ask,tell,show,wonder,consider,understand,learn,guess,see,explain,discover,imagine,think,hear等。例如：Hedidntknowwhattodonext.我没有决定是否到日本去。不定式的复合结构由for+名词或代词+动词不定式构成的复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、状语等。例如：你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。由of引出的不定式复合结构，常与以下形容词连用：bold,brave,careless,civil,cleverfoolish,good,

59、honest,kind,nice,rash,right,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong,wise等。例如：Itskindofyoutosayso.togointotheburningbuildingtosavethebaby!你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿不带to的动词不定式在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略to的动词不定式，如let,make,have,hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。例如：老师常常让我把作文重写。将该句转换成被动语态：在下列结构后常用不带to的动词不定式：hadbetter,

60、wouldrather,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,donothingbut等。例如：Idbettergonow,orIllmissthetrain.我只好接受他的建议。在except,but之前有动词do作实义动词，贝except,but后一般接不带to的动词不定式，反之则接带to的动词不定式。例如：我们除了等待别无选择(我们只好等待)。Thereisnochoicebuttogothere.Thereisnothingtodobutto(to可省略)readabook.在why,whynot结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式不带o例如：Whyarguewithhim?为什么不