曼昆经济学原理18.ppt

1、6 THE ECONOMICS OF LABOR MARKETS市场经济学The Economics of Labor Markets劳动市场经济学Chapter 18The Markets for Factors of Production生产要素市场Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services.生产要素是指用于生产物品与劳务的投入。The Market for the Factors of ProductionThe demand for a factor of production is a

2、 derived demand.A firms demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market.生产要素市场生产要素的需求是 派生需求。企业的生产要素需求，是从它向另一个市场供给物品的决策派生出来的。The Demand for Labor劳动需求Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand.与经济中

3、的其它市场一样，劳动市场也是由供求力量支配的。Figure 1 The Versatility of Supply and DemandQuantity ofApples0Price ofApplesDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantity ofApple Pickers0Wage ofApplePickers(a) The Market for Apples(b) The Market for Apple PickersPQLW图1. 供给与需求的多样化(a) 苹果市场(b) 摘苹果工人市场苹果的数量工人数量QLPW00苹果的价格摘苹果工人的工资需求需求供给供给The

4、 Demand For Labor劳动需求Most labor services, rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputs into the production of other goods.大多数劳动服务不是作为最终产品供消费者享用的，而是投入到其它物品的生产中。The Production Function and The Marginal Product of LaborThe production function illustrates the relationship b

5、etween the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good.生产函数与劳动的边际产量生产函数 说明用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。Table 1 How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to HireCopyright2004 South-Western表1. 竞争性企业如何决定雇佣工人的数量Figure 2 The Production Function生产函数00501001502002503003500123456Quantity o

6、f Apple Pickers 摘苹果工人数量Quantity of Apples苹果数量 1 2 3 45The Production Function and The Marginal Product of LaborThe marginal product of labor is the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor.MPL = Q/LMPL = (Q2 Q1)/(L2 L1)生产函数与劳动的边际产量劳动的边际产量增加的一个单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。MPL = Q/LMPL = (Q2

7、 Q1)/(L2 L1)The Production Function and the Marginal Product of LaborDiminishing Marginal Product of LaborAs the number of workers increases, the marginal product of labor declines. As more and more workers are hired, each additional worker contributes less to production than the prior one.The produ

8、ction function becomes flatter as the number of workers rises.This property is called diminishing marginal product.生产函数与劳动的边际产量边际产量递减随着工人数量增加，劳动的边际产量递减。 随着雇佣的工人越来越多，每个增加的工人对苹果产量的贡献越来越小。生产函数随着工人数量增加而变得越来越平坦。这种性质被称为边际产量递减。.Figure 2 The Production Function生产函数00501001502002503003500123456Quantity of Ap

9、ple Pickers 摘苹果工人数量Quantity of Apples苹果数量 1 2 3 45The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Demand for LaborThe value of the marginal product is the marginal product of the input multiplied by the market price of the output.VMPL = MPL X P 劳动边际产量值与劳动需求边际产量值一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的价格。VMPL = MPL X P Th

10、e Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Demand for LaborThe value of the marginal product (also known as marginal revenue product) is measured in dollars.It diminishes as the number of workers rises because the market price of the good is constant.劳动的边际产量值边际产量值（也被称为边际收益产量）以美元计算。如果产品价格不变，边际产

11、量值随着雇佣工人数量的增加而递减。The Value of the Marginal Product and the Demand for LaborTo maximize profit, the competitive, profit-maximizing firm hires workers up to the point where the value of marginal product of labor equals the wage. VMPL = Wage边际产量值与劳动需求为了实现利润最大化，一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业雇佣工人人数到劳动的边际产量值等于工资这一点上。

12、边际产量值 = 工资The Value of the Marginal Product and the Demand for Labor边际产量值与劳动需求The value-of-marginal-product curve is the labor demand curve for a competitive, profit-maximizing firm.对一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业来说，边际产量值曲线就是劳动需求曲线。Figure 3 The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor0Quantity ofApple Pickers0Valu

13、e of theMarginalProductValue of marginal product(demand curve for labor)MarketwageProfit-maximizing quantity图3. 劳动的边际产量值0摘苹果工人数量0边际产量值边际产量值（劳动需求曲线）市场工资利润最大化产量FYIInput Demand and Output SupplyWhen a competitive firm hires labor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product equals the wag

14、e, it also produces up to the point at which the price equals the marginal cost.参考资料：投入需求与产量供给当一个竞争性企业雇佣的劳动量到边际产量值等于工资的一点时，它的产量也就达到价格等于边际成本的一点。What Causes the Labor Demand Curve to Shift?什么引起劳动需求曲线移动？Output Price 产品价格Technological Change 技术变革Supply of Other factors 其他要素的供给The Supply of LaborThe labo

15、r supply curve reflects how workers decisions about the labor-leisure tradeoff respond to changes in opportunity cost.An upward-sloping labor supply curve means that an increase in the wages induces workers to increase the quantity of labor they supply.劳动供给劳动供给曲线反映了工人如何根据机会成本的变动作出劳动闲暇权衡取舍的决策。向上倾斜的劳动

16、供给曲线意味着，工资上升使工人增加他们供给的劳动量。Figure 4 Equilibrium in a Labor Market 劳动市场的均衡Supply 供给Wage (price of labor)工资（劳动的价格）Quantity of Labor劳动量0What Causes the Labor Supply Curve to Shift?什么引起劳动供给曲线移动？Changes in Tastes 嗜好变动Changes in Alternative Opportunities 可供选择机会的改变Immigration 移民Equilibrium in the Labor Mark

17、et劳动市场的均衡The wage adjusts to balance the supply and demand for labor. 工资调整使劳动的供求平衡。The wage equals the value of the marginal product of labor. 工资等于劳动的边际产量值。Figure 4 Equilibrium in a Labor MarketCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupplyDemandEquilibriumwage

18、, WEquilibriumemployment, L均衡就业量, L图4. 劳动市场的均衡供给工资 (劳动的价格)劳动量0需求均衡工资, WEquilibrium in the Labor Market劳动市场的均衡Labor supply and labor demand determine the equilibrium wage. 劳动供给和需求共同决定了均衡工资。Shifts in the supply or demand curve for labor cause the equilibrium wage to change. 劳动供给或劳动需求曲线的移动引起均衡工资变动。Figu

19、re 5 A Shift in Labor SupplyCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupply, SDemand2. . . . reducesthe wage . . .3. . . . and raises employment.1. An increase inlabor supply . . .SWLWL图5. 劳动供给的移动工资(劳动的价格)W10劳动量L1供给, S1 需求2. 工资 下降3. 以及就业增加。1. 劳动供给增加S2 W2 L2A Shi

20、ft in Labor SupplyAn increase in the supply of labor :Results in a surplus of labor.Puts downward pressure on wages.Makes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.Results in diminishing marginal product.Lowers the value of the marginal product.Gives a new equilibrium. 劳动供给的移动劳动供给移动 :导致劳动过剩；引起工资下

21、降的压力；使企业多雇佣工人有利可图；导致工人的边际产量递减；降低了边际产量值；达到新的均衡。Figure 6 A Shift in Labor DemandCopyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson LearningWage(price oflabor)0Quantity ofLaborSupplyDemand, D2. . . . increasesthe wage . . .3. . . . and increases employment.DWLWL1. An increase inlabor demand . . .图6. 劳动需求的移动工资(劳动的价格）W1

22、0劳动量L1供给需求, D12. 工资上升3. 以及就业增加1. 劳动需求增加D2 W2 L2 Shifts in Labor DemandAn increase in the demand for labor :Makes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.Puts upward pressure on wages.Raises the value of the marginal product.Gives a new equilibrium. 劳动需求的移动劳动需求的移动 :使企业雇佣更多工人有利可图了；引起工资上升的压力；提高了边际

23、产量值；得到新的均衡。Table 2 Productivity and Wage Growth in the United States.Copyright2004 South-Western表2. 美国的生产率与工资增长Productivity and Wage Growth around the World世界各国与地区的生产率与工资增长Three Determinants of ProductivityPhysical CapitalWhen workers work with a larger quantity of equipment and structures, they pro

24、duce more.Human CapitalWhen workers are more educated, they produce more.Technological KnowledgeWhen workers have access to more sophisticated technologies, they produce more.生产率的三个决定因素物质资本当工人用于工作的设备和建筑物越多时，他们生产的就越多。人力资本当工人受教育越多时，他们生产的就越多。技术知识当工人使用越先进的技术时，他们生产的就越多。Other Factors of Production: Land a

25、nd CapitalCapital refers to the stock of equipment and structures used for production.The economys capital represents the accumulation of goods produced in the past that are being used in the present to produce new goods and services.其它生产要素: 土地和资本资本 是指生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物的存量。经济中的资本表现在正用于生产新物品和劳务的过去生产的物品的积

26、累。Other Factors of Production: Land and CapitalPrices of Land and CapitalThe purchase price is what a person pays to own a factor of production indefinitely.The rental price is what a person pays to use a factor of production for a limited period of time.其它生产要素: 土地和资本土地和资本的价格购买价格 是一个人为了无限期地拥有那些生产要素而

27、支付的价格。租赁价格 是一个人为了在一个有限时期内使用那些生产要素而支付的价格。Equilibrium in Markets for Land and CapitalThe rental price of land and the rental price of capital are determined by supply and demand. The firm increases the quantity hired until the value of the factors marginal product equals the factors price.土地和资本市场的均衡土地

28、与资本的租赁价格是由供给和需求决定的。 企业会一直增加租用量，直到要素的边际产量值等于要素的价格时为止。Figure 7 The Markets for Land and CapitalQuantity ofLand0RentalPrice ofLandDemandSupplyDemandSupplyQuantity ofCapital0RentalPrice ofCapitalQP(a) The Market for Land(b) The Market for CapitalPQ图7. 土地和资本市场土地量资本量QQPP00土地的租赁价格资本的租赁价格需求需求供给供给(a) 土地市场(b)

29、 资本市场Equilibrium in Markets for Land and CapitalEach factors rental price must equal the value of their marginal product. They each earn the value of their marginal contribution to the production process.土地和资本市场的均衡每种要素的租赁价格 一定等于那种要素的边际产量值。每种要素各自赚到了它们对生产过程的边际贡献的价值。Linkages Among the Factors of Produc

30、tionFactors of production are used together.The marginal product of any one factor depends on the quantities of all factors that are available.生产要素之间的联系 在大多数情况下，生产要素组合在一起使用。任何一种要素的边际产量依赖于其它要素的可获得量。Linkages Among the Factors of Production生产要素之间的联系A change in the supply of one factor alters the earnin

31、gs of all the factors.任何一种生产要素的变化都会改变所有要素的收入。Linkages Among the Factors of Production生产要素之间的联系A change in earnings of any factor can be found by analyzing the impact of the event on the value of the marginal product of that factor.通过分析某个事件对那种要素边际产量值的影响来找出任何一种要素收入的变化。SummaryThe economys income is distributed in the markets for the factors of production.The three most important factors of production are labor, land, and capital.The demand for a factor, such as labor, is a derived demand that comes from firms that u