advE 2-4 _Inaugural_Address final 新版张汉熙高级英语第二册第二课

1、Lesson FourInaugural Address J. F. Kennedy How much do you know about the presidential election system in U.S.A.?quadrennial (四年一次的）The Election Day is the Tuesday between November 2nd and 8th (the last one: Nov. 4th 2008;the next one : Nov 6th, 2012） Election 全国选举总统就职仪式Each state has its own electo

2、rsEach state starts to conduct popular elections to choose their slate名单 of electors有权选举的人: indirect election system. Each party has its own electoral college(选举委员会）The electors from Each State make up the Electoral College“The major political parties will officially hold its presidential nominating

3、 conventions, in which the “Electoral College” votes for the President. Normally, the candidate for president receiving the majority(50%) of the electoral votes is the elected president. In fact only the candidates nominated by the two major parties, the Republican and the Democratic, have the chanc

4、es to win a Presidential election. American presidential election system The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the USA, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP (Grand Old Party). The par

5、tys platform 党纲，宣言 generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S. political spectrum. American conservatism of the Republican Party is not wholly based upon rejection of the political ideology of liberalism, as many principles of American conservatism are based upon classical liberalism. Rathe

6、r, the Republican Partys conservatism is largely based upon its support of classical liberal principles against the modern liberalism of the Democratic Party that is considered American liberalism in contemporary American political discourse. In the 112th Congress, elected in 2010, the Republican Pa

7、rty holds a majority of seats in the House of Representatives众议院, and a minority of seats in the Senate参议院. The party holds the majority of governorships, as well as the majority of state legislatures. The Democratic Party: founded: 1828 (modern), 1792 (historical) The partys socially liberal and pr

8、ogressive platform党纲 is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous operation in the United States, and is one of the oldest political parties in the world. Barack Obama is the 15th Democrat to hold the office of President of the U

9、nited States. As of the 112th Congress following the 2010 elections, the Democratic Party currently holds a minority of seats in the House of Representatives, but holds a majority of seats in the Senate. It currently holds a minority of state governorships, as well as a minority of state legislature

10、s.The first one on April 30, 1789, George Washington. Since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan, 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address.Inauguration day and presidential oathBorn: May 29, 1917,

11、in Brookline, Massachusetts Died: November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas His father: Joseph P. Kennedy, a financier, who later became ambassador to UK.Married: Jacqueline Lee Bouvier buvie (1929-1994), on September 12, 1953 Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Graduated from Harvard College (1940) Polit

12、ical Party: Democrat Career: Author; officer, U.S. Navy, 1941-45; newspaper correspondent; member of U.S. House of Representatives, 1947-53; United States Senator, 1953-61; President of the United States, 1961-63John Fitzgerald Kennedy John Kennedy, the 35th (任) president of the United states, was t

13、he first Roman Catholic to become president of the United Stated. 肯尼迪：第35任、第44届、第34位总统John F. Kennedy美国总统届、任、位的区分美国大选常常涉及到美国总统的“届”、“任”和“位”这三个含义不同的概念。 关于“届”，美国宪法规定，总统选举4年一次，总统任满4年为一届。如果总统在任期内因故未能满任，另由他人接任，这两位总统为同一届总统。 关于“位”，指担任过总统的实际人数。美国从开始选举总统至今，不论是连选连任，还是先后几次当选，不重复计算，有几位算几位。 关于“任”，是指担任总统职位的次数。一人担任

14、几届总统职务，仍为一任。但一人在不连续的几届总统选举中先后几次当选，当选几次就算几任。美国总统一般按“任”算。Grover Cleveland曾分别任第25届、第27届总统，故算两任，实只一位。如此计算下来，比尔克林顿为第52届和53届、第42任和第41位美国总统。Many thought that his Roman catholic background would handicap him. He faced the religion issue frankly. He decided his firm belief in the separation of Church and sta

15、te.John F. KennedyKennedys four television debates with Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon (37th), were a highlight of the 1960 campaign. He was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. He was shot in the neck and head by a 24-year-old man. He died half hour later. Within two hours,

16、vice-president Johnson took the oath as president. A state funeral was held for him.John F. KennedyJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy contributions: His most important act was his successful demand on Oct.22. 1962 that the Soviet Union dismantle its missile bases in Cuba. He established a quarantine检疫 of arms

17、shipments to Cuba and continued surveillance by air.contributions:Confrontation with the Soviet Union He made the steel industry rescind取消，废止 a price rise.contributions:He backed a civil rightsb a mental health programc arbitration of railroad disputesd expanded medical care for the aged e astronaut

18、 flights and satellite orbitingStrange coincidences between President Lincoln and President Kennedy Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846.John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946.Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860.John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.Lincoln and

19、Kennedy The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters.Both were particularly concerned with civil rights.Both wives lost their children while living in the White House.Both Presidents were shot on a Friday.Both were shot in the head.Lincoln and Kennedy Lincolns secretary was named Kennedy

20、.Kennedys secretary was named Lincoln.Both were assassinated by Southerners.Both were succeeded by Southerners.Both successors were named Johnson.Lincoln and Kennedy Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808.Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.John Wilkes Booth, acc

21、used of assassinating Lincoln, was born in 1839.Lee Harvey Oswald, accused of assassinating Kennedy, was born in 1939.Lincoln and Kennedy Both assassins were known by their three names.Both names comprise fifteen letters.Booth ran from the theatre and was caught in a warehouse.Oswald ran from a ware

22、house and was caught in a theatre.Booth and Oswald were both assassinated before their trials. What are the usual features of an inaugural address? addressed to listeners home and abroad, friends and foes.covering such fields as domestic and foreign policies, political, social, economic, scientific

23、issues, etc. based mostly on appeal to emotions rather than reason: more emotive than informativepersuade, explain, and convince people The social background Cold war marks the situation in 1960s. The world is mainly divided into two hostile camps. 1) socialist camp - headed by the Soviet Union2) ca

24、pitalist camp - headed by the USThe camps opposed each other politically.Detailed study of the text:Para1 opening paragraphimportance / significance of his election as president of the US1.1 observe 1.2 celebrate1.3 renewal try to feel the semantic nuances: There was renewed fighting yesterday.In De

25、cember 1989 Syria renewed diplomatic relations with Egypt. = resumeLarrys landlord threatened not to renew his lease.a renewed interest in public transport systems.1.4 swear swear, swore, sworn They swore at them and ran off. I have sworn an oath to defend her.Be sworn in: When someone is sworn in,

26、they formally promise to fulfil the duties of a new job or appointment. Soon after the New Year, the new Congress will come to Washington to be sworn in.1.5 The solemn presidential oath: running as follows:“ I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United Sta

27、tes, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the United States.” United States Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 8 “我庄严宣誓（或郑重声明），我一定忠实执行合众国总统职务，竭尽全力贯 彻、保护和捍卫合众国宪法。” 1.6 before you and Almighty God God or Bible-related words are frequently on the

28、 lips of the political figures, intended to add sacredness and solemnity to their cause and win favor of the popularly religious Americans. This tradition may be traced back to George Washington, who placed his hand on a Bible and swore the oath on April 30, 1789.1.7 prescribedagoPrescribe: Governme

29、nt schools must work for a prescribed number of days each year.Quarter: one of four equal parts of something. 四分之一；四等分 a quarter past 10 oclock 10点过15分 a quarter of a century 25年 Nearly a century and three-quarters ago: 约一又四分之三个世纪以前 （1789-1961, 172年）American constitution was created in 1787, and rat

30、ified in 1788. The first presidential oath was taken by George Washington on April 30, 1789. Dominating rhetorical device in parg.1: antithesisend - the end of Eisenhowers presidential termbeginning - the beginning of Kennedys presidential termrenewal the continuation of presidency and office of pre

31、sidentchange - the change from Eisenhower to KennedyParg. 22.1 the world is different now In what way is the world different? 1) poverty-relief power; 2) power to kill all human beings, such as nuclear weapons all based on advanced sci-tech, a double-bladed sword, in the cold-war era. By the way, do

32、 you think “to abolish all forms of human poverty” is factual or mostly propaganda or exaggeration? Why? 2.2 mortal hands transferred epithet: mortal “man”, not mortal “hands” synecdoche: hands, man mortal: religious sense All common men are mortal beings who, unlike the faultless immortals or gods,

33、 are susceptible to committing mistakes. 2.3 at issue, and why “still at issue”? still to be decided, in disputeThe point at issue is whether you are willing to go abroad or not .That is not the point at issue.At issue: Fierce fight on the ideological theatre; arms race; vying to win the third world

34、2.3.1 generosity charity vs obligation and responsibility civil servants vs condescending masters2.4 from the hands of God Page.52, 3 all men are created equal 天赋人权思想 vs 君权神授 natural rights divine rights of kingsPara.2 Main idea: the general situation of this worldtopic sentence The world is very di

35、fferent.Parg. 33.1 heirs An heir is someone who has the right to inherit a persons money, property, or title when that person dies. .the heir to the throne.3.2 that first revolution the war of independence (1775-1783 We must always bear in mind the beliefs and ideals our ancestors fought and die for

36、. We must be prepared, if necessary, to fight and die for them today. 3.3 let the word go forth: let me declare that Biblical style. Notice also the use of an alliterative phrase “friend and foe”. “Then said Ahaziah the son of Ahab unto Jehoshaphat, Let my servants go with thy servants in the ships.

37、 But Jehoshaphat would not. ” 亚哈的儿子亚哈谢对约沙法说，容我的仆人和你的仆人坐船同去吧。约沙法却不肯。 “那去召米该雅的使者对米该雅说。众先知一口同音地都向王说吉言，你不如与他们说一样的话，也说吉言。”And the messenger that was gone to call Micaiah spake unto him, saying, Behold now, the words of the prophets declare good unto the king with one mouth: let thy word, I pray thee, be

38、like the word of one of them, and speak that which is good. 3.4 torch Metaphor, meaning “inspiration and ideals”. Denoting: dutyrevolutionresponsibility of keeping human rights the privilege and also the burden of leading the nation is passed to a new generation, as in a relay race接力赛. 3.5 tempered

39、by war 1) To temper something means to make it less extreme. For others, especially the young and foolish, the state will temper justice with mercy. He had to learn to temper his enthusiasm. 2) to bring (metal) to the required degree of hardness and elasticity by heating and the cooling 使（金属）回火; 锻炼

40、The Americans of the 20th century fought two world wars, so they were tempered.3.6 disciplined by a hard and bitter peace discipline: If you discipline yourself to do something, you train yourself to behave and work in a strictly controlled and regular way. Im very good at disciplining myself自律. rec

41、eived training that developed self control and character hard and bitter peace: peace but cold war, hence “hard and bitter”. Balance of terror.恐怖平衡 经受过战火的锻炼，经历过冷峻的和平的考验 3.7 heritagebravery, rebellion, pursuit of liberty, equality and fraternity all the qualities, traditions or features of life that

42、have been continued over many years and passed on from one generation to another, used especially to refer to things that are of historical importance or that have had a strong influence on society.3.8 slow undoing of human rights undoing: slackening, reversing, or even abolishing to see or allow th

43、e gradual abolishing of human rights 1) If you undo something that is closed, tied, or held together, or if you undo the thing holding it, you loosen or remove the thing holding it. I managed secretly to undo a corner of the parcel. 2) To undo something that has been done means to reverse its effect

44、. She knew it would be difficult to undo the damage that had been done. 3.9 be committed to sth/ doing sth: promise or pledge to do or support sth Allan has been committed to staying there for a long time. If you commit yourself to something, you say that you will definitely do it. If you commit you

45、rself to someone, you decide that you want to have a long-term relationship with them. You dont have to commit to anything over the phone. committed: He said the government remained committed to peace. .a committed socialist.Para.3 general policy of the US, to carry on previous tenets human rightsPa

46、rg. 44.1 wish sb well; wish sb ill If you wish someone something such as luck or happiness, you express the hope that they will be lucky or happy. I wish you both a very good journey. Goodbye, Hanu. I wish you well.4.2 assure He hastened to assure me that there was nothing traumatic to report. Gover

47、nment officials recently assured Hindus of protection. = reassure a man with an assured future page 75 Last nights resounding victory over Birmingham City has virtually assured them of promotion. Ways must be found to assure our children a decent start in life. = guarantee “I can assure you”, “ let

48、me assure you”: I can assure you that the animals are well cared for.4.3 survival and the success of liberty alliteration1. the survival and the success of free democratic countries.2. the newly independent third world countriesPara.4: strong determinationKennedy puts the US to the leader, so he say

49、s in order to keep human rights, we shallPara 5. transition Inverted order to show emphasis. A one sentence paragraph that functions as a transition from the general to the specific. In the following paragraphs he will be addressing different specific groups of nations. This much we promise to do an

50、d we promise to do more.Para. 6 the specific policy toward his friends and would-be friends6.1 alliesBritain, Canada, New Zealand, Australia,/ West European countriesa country that has a treaty or an agreement to help and support another country, esp. during a war.WWI:WWII: Allies vs NATO vs Warsaw

51、Pact 北约 华约6.2 cultural and spiritual origins1. speak the same language /belong to the some language family2. have the same or similar religious belief: Christianity 6.3 uniteddivided antithesis United we can do everything.Divided we can do nothing. the importance of unity and solidarity6.4 a host of

52、 A host of things is a lot of them. A host of problems may delay the opening of the Channel Tunnel. = multitude6.5 venture A venture is a project or activity which is new, exciting, and difficult because it involves the risk of failure. .his latest writing venture. .a Russian-American joint venture.

53、 venture to do sth: Dont ask, he said, whenever Ginny ventured to raise the subject. So youre Leos girlfriend? he ventured.6.6 powerful challenge (if we are) at odds and split asunder: 1) powerful challenge: perhaps Kennedy is here referring to what he thinks to be a strong threat posed by the socia

54、list camp. 2) If someone is at odds with someone else, or if two people are at odds, they are disagreeing or quarrelling with each other. He was at odds with his Prime Minister. An adviser said there was no reason why the two countries should remain at odds. You can refer to a disorganized group of

55、things of various kinds as odds and ends. She put in some clothes, odds and ends, and make-up化妆品. = bits and pieces6.7 split asundersplit, here a past participle. If something tears or is torn asunder, it is violently separated into two or more parts or pieces. (LITERARY)If we are quarreling and spl

56、it apart, we can not compete with the strong, powerful enemy in front of us.因为我们之间若起争端，彼此离异，便难以与我们面临的强大对手抗衡。 Para. 7 Whom did he address here? some newly independent countries7.1 ranks of the free the community of free and independent nations rank and file: The rank and file are the ordinary members

57、 of an organization or the ordinary workers in a company, as opposed to its leaders or managers. There was widespread support for him among the rank and file.7.2 a far more iron tyranny a communist dictatorship iron curtain, bamboo curtain7.3 riding the back of a tiger metaphor: comparing seeking th

58、e aid of socialist countries to riding he back of a tiger”. end up inside: eventually they would be overthrown from the back of the tiger and be swallowed into the stomach (inside) of the tiger. end up: If you dont know what you want, you might end up getting something you dont want. Every time they

59、 went dancing they ended up in a bad mood. She could have ended up a millionairess. 过去那些企图骑上虎背为自己壮声势的愚人结果都没能逃脱葬身虎腹的命运 Para. 7 summaryHe promises to aid (support) the newly independent countries so that they can remain free and independent.Those countries which foolishly seek the aid of socialist cou

60、ntries will end up by losing their independence as many other countries did in the past.It is dangerous to ride the back of the tiger. If you do, you will be swallowed up by the tiger. You will lose your power and independence .Para 8 Whom did he address?the developing countries half the globe -the