蜂巢结构的应用及研究报告

1、. J I A N G S U U N I V E R S I T Y蜂巢构造仿生研究与应用学院名称：京江学院专业班级： J高分子1101 学生：胡文文*： 41211260 16 指导教师：吴平2005年 12月Estimation of human-hemoglobin using honeyb structure:An application of photonic crystalabstract This paper proposes a method to estimate the hemoglobin concentration in human blood using 2D ho

2、neyb photonic crystal structure. Though a few works deal with similar kind of investigation, presentresearch delivers an accurate estimation of hemoglobin as pared to previous works. The principleof investigation is based on linear variation of both photonic band gap and absorbances with respect to

3、different concentration of hemoglobin in human blood. Aside these variations, energy transmittedthrough honeyb photonic crystal structure is also varied linearly with respect to same concentration.In this work, photonic band gap of honeyb structure is found using plane wave e*pansion method,whereas

4、absorbance of same structure is puted by employing Ma*well Curl equation. Finally, simulation result revealed that transmitted energy through two dimensional honeyb photonic crystalstructure containing blood is nicely fitted with linear trend line (R2 = 1) which lead to an accurate investigation of

5、hemoglobin in human blood. At last, this paper proposes an e*perimental set up to measurethe said concentrations with the help of an Arduino developmentboard(Uno)containingAtmega320microcontroller.Keywords:Honeyb photonic crystal structurePhotonic band gapTransmitted energIntroductionPhotonics cryst

6、als are made, artificially created materials inwhich refractive inde* is periodically modulated in a scale parable to the scale of the wavelength. Though the concept ofphotonic crystal has originated in the year 1857 by Lord Rayleigh,the research work in the field of photonic crystals is realized af

7、teralmost 100 years, when Yablonovitch and John published twomilestone papers on photonic crystals in 1987 13, since then,photonics have been progressing hastily and showing a remarkableresearch in the field of science and technology. As far as, application of photonic-devices are concerned, photoni

8、c crystal play animportant role to envisage various application in modern technology 46. Though photonic crystal is used for different application,sensing application is one of the major relevance in photonics. As faras literature surveys on sensing application using photonic crystalstructure is con

9、cerned, recently few papers deal with similar typeof research 713. Considering a brief remark on above references,it is seen that reference 7 presents a novel method to find out theconcentration of sugar, salt, and alcohol in their aqueous solution.In this case, the author used 2D photonic crystal s

10、tructure with11 11 air holes.Also using same technique, concentration of PAMhydrogel and strength of Cygel is investigated in Refs. 8,9, respectively. Also in Refs. 10,11, the concentration of potassium chloridein their aqueous and intrallipid in human blood is estimated usingphotonic crystal fiber.

11、 Apart from these, measurement of glycerolin BHG solution and concentration of hemoglobin in humanblood is investigated using 3D photonic crystal structure in Refs.12,13, respectively. Though Ref. 13 measures the concentrationof hemoglobin in human blood using 3D photonic crystal structure,it is har

12、d to fabricate 3D owing to photonic crystal structure. We inthis paper investigate the concentration of hemoglobin in humanblood using 2D honeyb photonic crystal structure. The reasonfor choosing such structure is that it can be easily fabricated; secondly, these structures predict accurate result a

13、s pared to 3Dphotonic crystal structure, which is carried out in Ref. 13.Hemoglobin is a main ponent of the blood, which isimportant for transportation of o*ygen in blood, which leadsto circulation of blood in vein. This circulation of human bloodsystem has default functions, such as supply of o*yge

14、n to tissues, supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fattyacids, removal of waste such as carbon dio*ide, urea, lactic acid,immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, anddetection of foreign materials by antibodies, coagulation, messenger functions, regulation of b

15、ody PH, regulation oh core bodytemperature hydraulic function etc. for normal human body. Adeficiency of hemoglobin in human blood creates serious problemsuch as downstream tissue dysfunction, Leukemia, iron deficiency,anemia, multiple myeloma, etc. 1417. Keeping the importanceof hemoglobin in human

16、 blood, this paper estimates the concentration of hemoglobin in both o*ygenated and deo*ygenatedblood.This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents the structure of the honeyb photonic crystal structure including theprinciple of measurement. Simulation result and interpretation ismade in Se

17、ction 3. Section 4 proposes an e*perimental set up andfinally conclusions are drawn in Section 5.Honeyb structure and principle of measurementAs far as measurement of hemoglobin in human blood is concerned, we use 2D honeyb photonic crystal structure for thesame, which is shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1 repr

18、esents honeyb photonic crystal structure having gallium Arsenide as background material containing air holes,where bloods with different percentage (g/L) of hemoglobin areinfiltrated. The proposed structure consists of 9 numbers of air holessuch that diameter of air holes is 420 nm and lattice spaci

19、ng of thestructure is 1 m. The principle of measurement is based on linear variation of reflected energy and absorbance with respect toconcentration of hemoglobin in human blood. When light havingwavelength of 589 nm incident on honeyb structure containingblood with different percentage of hemoglobi

20、n then, some amountof light will get reflect and some amount of light will be absorbed bythe structure. The rest amount of light will be transmitted throughthe structure. Since the principle is based on linear variation ofboth reflected and absorbance, intensity transmitted through honeyb structure

21、also varies linearly with respect to hemoglobinconcentration in the blood which is a key factor (linear variation)to realize accurate investigation of hemoglobin in human blood.We use simple mathematical equation to find out the reflectedenergy, absorbance and transmitted energy for investigation of

22、hemoglobin. As far as, energy reflected from honeyb structure is concerned, it is obtained from dispersion diagram, whichis carried out by employing plane wave e*pansion method 18In this case, we puted normalized frequency (a/) fromdispersion diagram, then the values of reflected energy (ER) is calc

23、ulated using following simple equation:ER=hc/R,where R is reflected wavelength, which is found from dispersion diagram.Since, wavelength 589 nm is used to investigate hemoglobinconcentration; the energy of incident light (EI) corresponding tothis wavelength is found using following e*pression.EI (2)

24、where is the incident wavelength (589 nm)Using (1) and (2), the energy transmitted through the structureis written asET = E0 ER (3)Eq. (3) represents as transmitted energy without considerationof absorption loss. However, from literature it is found that GaAsstructure and blood with different concen

25、tration of hemoglobinabsorb some light of wavelength, 589 nm. So, absorption loss shouldbe cogitated during this investigation. Using Ref. 19 and employing Ma*well curl equation, Eq. (3) is modified asET (4)From the above equation, it is seen that absorption loss takesplace due to two factors, such

26、as absorption loss due to backgroundmaterialand absorption loss due to blood .Where is called the absorption coefficient of gallium arsenidematerial and t is the thickness of background or substrate. is called the absorption coefficient of blood at wavelength589 nm, which is e*pressed where is calle

27、d the e*tinction coefficient of blood at wavelength589 nm and C is the concentration of hemoglobin in human bloodand d is the diameter of air holes, where blood samples are infiltration.Using the above equation, output energy through 2D honeyb photonic crystal structure is obtained corresponding to

28、eachconcentration of hemoglobin in human blood sample.Result and interpretation From previous section, it is seen that output energy through thephotonic crystal structure corresponding to each concentration is a function of both reflected energy from the structure and energyabsorbed by the structure

29、. As both reflection energy and absorption loss are important to obtain transmitted energy, we divide thissection into three sub-sections such that first sub-section discussesreflected energy, second sub-section analyses absorption loss and then transmitted energy is given in third subsection. 3.1.

30、Reflected energy We use dispersion diagram to pute the energy reflectedfrom honeyb photonic crystal structure. Dispersion diagram isa graph between normalized frequency (a/) with wave vector (k),which gives an idea about the photonic band gap or reflected energyfrom same structure. So before going t

31、o pute reflected energy,we focus on dispersion diagram of 2D photonic honeyb structure containing human blood sample with different percentageof hemoglobin. The dispersion relation (relation between normalized frequency and wave vector) depends on structure parameterssuch diameter of holes, lattice

32、spacing, refractive indices of bothbackground and blood sample including the configuration of thestructure In this case, we consider honeyb structure whose latticespacing is 1 m and diameter of air holes is 420 nm. Using theabove parameters and employing plane wave e*pansion method,simulation is mad

33、e to obtain the dispersion graph of 2D honeyb photonic crystal structure. Though, we have made simulationfor all concentration of hemoglobin from 0 g/L to 120/g/L of o*ygenated and deo*ygenated, simulation result for 0 g/L and 120 g/Lof o*ygenated blood is shown in Fig. 2(a) and (b), respectively.Fi

34、g. 2(a) and (b) represent the dispersion diagram of 2D honeyb photonic crystal structure containing human blood withhemoglobin concentration of 0 g/L and 120 g/L respectively. In thesefigures, normalized frequency (a/) is taken along vertical a*isand wave vector (k) in m1 is taken along horizontal a

35、*is. Fromthese graphs, it is realized that electromagnetic wave at certainwavelength range cannot be propagated through the said photonic crystal structure, which refers as forbidden gap. It is alsoseen that red color band is represented as plete forbidden gap.From this graph, normalized frequency c

36、orresponding to 0 and120 concentration of human blood is found, and then photonicbandgap corresponding to each normalized frequency is puted.Though simulation result for 0 g/L and 120 g/L concentrations areshown here, simulation for other concentration of o*ygenated anddeo*ygenated blood are done bu

37、t are not shown here. The photonic band gap corresponding to each normalized frequency ofo*ygenated and de-o*ygenated blood is investigated. The photonic band gap of said photonic crystal structure is nothing but thereflected energy (ER) from 2D honeyb photonic crystal structure containing both o*yg

38、enated and de-o*ygenated solution withdifferent concentration of hemoglobin. After puting reflectedenergy corresponding to each concentration of hemoglobin, wemoved to calculate absorption loss by said structure which is discussed in the ne*t subsection.3.2. Absorption loss From Section 2, it is cle

39、ar that absorption depends on bothstructure (background) of photonic crystal structure and humanblood with different concentration of hemoglobin. Since, the background material is fi*ed for measurement of all concentrationof hemoglobin, absorption due to background material (et) issame for all conce

40、ntration. However, absorbance due to blood isdiffered for different concentration of hemoglobin because theabsorbance coefficient ( = c) depends on the concentration (c),so that absorbance due to hemoglobin concentration will be eThen the resultant absorbance is e The value of and is obtained from t

41、he literature 20. By putting the value of and d in Eq. (5), we pute the resultant absorbance with respectto concentration of hemoglobin of o*ygenated and de-o*ygenatedhuman blood. After puting both reflectance and absorbance,we pute the transmitted energy through the photonic crystal structure, whic

42、h is discussed in the ne*t session.3.3. Transmitted energy Before going to discuss transmitted energy emerging from thephotonic crystal structure, we propose an e*perimental setup bywhich one can measure the energy emerging from honeybphotonic crystal structure. The setup is shown in Fig. 3.Fig. 3 r

43、epresents a proposed e*perimental setup to estimatethe concentration of hemoglobin in both o*ygenated and deo*ygenated blood. From this figure, it is seen that light havingwavelength of 589 nm incidents on 2D honeyb photonic crystal structure, then some amount of light will be reflected and somegets

44、 absorbed by it and rest mount of light reaches at photo detectorand finally potential corresponding to such output light is collected at an Arduino development board (UNO) with an LCD display.Here, Arduino UNO is a development board containing Atmega 320with an LCD interfaced which is used to displ

45、ay both potentialing from photo detector corresponding to the concentrationof hemoglobin in human blood. Since, reflected energy as well asabsorbance is different for different concentration of hemoglobin,transmitted energy as well as potential corresponding to transmitted energy is differed from di

46、fferent concentration. Since, thispaper emphasizes on simulation work, the transmitted energy isputed using Eq. (4). After calculating the transmitted energy,a graph is plotted between transmitted energy with respect to different percentages of hemoglobin which is shown in Fig. 4.ent percentages of

47、hemoglobin which is shown in Fig. 4.Fig. 4 provides the information regarding the variation of transmitting energy emerging from 2D honeyb photonic crystalstructure with respect to concentration of hemoglobin in o*ygenated and de-o*ygenated blood. From Fig. 4, it is seen thatthe concentration of hem

48、oglobin (g/L) is taken along primary*-a*is, where transmitting energy in eV for o*ygenated and deo*ygenated blood sample is taken along primary and secondary y-a*isrespectively. From above graph, it is observed that the transmittedenergy decreases linearly with respect to hemoglobin concentration, w

49、hich varies from 0 g/L to 120 g/L for both o*ygenated andde-o*ygenated blood. For e*ample, transmitted energy decreases from 0.460 eV to 0.4596 eV for o*ygenated and 0.460eV to0.4434 eV for de-o*ygenated blood with respect to hemoglobinestimation of hemoglobin. The simulation for reflected energy is

50、made by employing the plane wave e*pansion method, whereabsorption loss is puted using Ma*well equation. An e*perimental setup is also proposed to obtain hemoglobin in human bloodsample. Simulation result revealed that transmitted energy varieslinearly and also these variationsare an e*cellently fit

51、ted withlinear shift, which gives an accurate investigation of hemoglobin inboth o*ygenated and de-o*ygenated human blood sample. Finally,Ardunio UNO divulged the concentration of human hemoglobinwith potential emerging from photonic crystal structure.Conclusion Estimation of hemoglobin in o*ygenate

52、d and de-o*ygenatedhuman blood sample is thoroughly investigated in this paper.Both absorption and reflection losses are cogitated during theestimation of hemoglobin. The simulation for reflected energy ismade by employing the plane wave e*pansion method, whereabsorption loss is puted using Ma*well

53、equation. An e*perimental setup is also proposed to obtain hemoglobin in human bloodsample. Simulation result revealed that transmitted energy varieslinearly and also these variationsare an e*cellently fitted withlinear shift, which gives an accurate investigation of hemoglobin inboth o*ygenated and

54、 de-o*ygenated human blood sample. Finally,Ardunio UNO divulged the concentration of human hemoglobinwith potential emerging from photonic crystal structure.References1 J.W.S. Rayleigh, On the remarkable phenomenon of crystalline refle*iondescribed by Prof. Stokes, Philos. Mag. 26 (1988) 256265.2 E.

55、 Yablonovitch, Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics andelectronics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987) 20592062.3 S. John, Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987) 24862489.4 M.D. Turner, M. Saba, Q. Zhang, B.P. Cumming, G.E.

56、Schrder-Turk, M. Gu, Miniature chiral beamsplitter based on gyroid photonic crystals, Nat. Photonics 7(2013) 801.5 J.D. Joannopoulos, S.G. Johnson, J.N. Winn, R.D. Meade, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light, second ed., Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ,2008.6 K.V. Pravdin, I.Yu. Popov, Photonic crystal with negative inde* material layers,Nanosyst.: Phys. Chem. Math. 5 (2014) 626643.7 G. Palai, S.K. Tripathy, A novel method for measurement of concentrationusing two dimensional photonic crystal structures, Opt. mun. 285 (2012)27652768.8 G. Palai, S.K. Tr