材料导论课件1

1、刘可慰第一章 绪论第六章 金属学基础第二章 材料的性质第七章 金属材料第三章 聚合物材料第八章 材料与环境第四章聚合物复合材料第五章 陶瓷材料 第九章 材料的比较与选择共45学时教材：励杭泉编 “材料导论”, 轻工业出版社, 2000参考书：冯端编“材料科学导论”化学工业出版社，2006考核方式 ：闭卷 平时10%+期中20%+期末70%第一章第一章绪论绪论一、什么是材料？一、什么是材料？ Materials are the matter of the universe. These substances have properties that make them useful in str

2、uctures, machines, devices, products, and systems. 材料是宇宙间可用于制造用品材料是宇宙间可用于制造用品的物质。的物质。铁路二、材料发展史二、材料发展史材料的发展史材料的发展史=人类的文明史人类的文明史石器时代石器时代- N万年前万年前 2000BC青铜时代青铜时代- 2000BC 500BC 铁器时代铁器时代- 500BC 19世纪世纪高分子时代高分子时代 - 20世纪世纪 非理性阶段（主要依靠工匠、艺人的经验技术）人猿相揖别。 只几个石头磨过，小儿时节。石石器器陶 器 陶 器陶陶 器器铜铁炉中翻火焰，为问何时猜得? 不过几千寒热。青青 铜铜

3、 器器越 王 宝 剑 编编 钟钟铁铁 器器非理性阶段的“材料科学”铁铁 器器理性化阶段 18世纪后，工业迅速发展，在物理学、化学、材料力学等学科的基础上，金属学、陶瓷学、高分子材料学应运而生。蒸汽机1839年，美国人Goodyear 发现天然橡胶与硫磺共热后呈现奇特性能。1887 年，Count Hilaire de Chardonnet用硝化纤维素的溶液进行纺丝，制得了第一种人造丝。 合成纤维合成纤维钢筋混凝土钢筋混凝土火箭喷嘴的制造过程火箭喷嘴的制造过程三维编织物三维编织物浸渍酚醛树脂浸渍酚醛树脂修整，烧修整，烧浸渍糠醇树脂，浸渍糠醇树脂，烧烧硅粉硅粉1650 C 生成碳化硅生成碳化硅用硅

4、酸四乙酯处理生成二氧化硅计算机设计计算机设计开发期开发期发展期发展期成熟期成熟期稳定期稳定期过成熟期过成熟期不锈钢超级合金通用塑料传统工程塑料特殊金属高性能工程塑料工程塑料合金光导纤维树脂基复合材料金属基复合材料结构陶瓷铝铜碳钢三、材料家族三、材料家族金属材料高分子材料钢铁塑料橡胶粘合剂涂料纤维复合材料陶瓷材料玻璃结晶陶瓷碳材料半导体good conductors of electricity and heatnot transparent to visible lightpolished metal surface has a lustrous appearancequite strong,

5、 yet deformable金属金属强度高、延展性好强度高、延展性好良导体良导体不透明不透明光滑表面有光泽光滑表面有光泽The elements inherently metallic in nature 103Lw97Bk95Am94Pu93Np92U91Pa67Ho65Tb1H3Li4Be11Na12Mg5B6C7N8O9F10Ne13Al14Si15P16S17Cl18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cr30Zn102No101Md100Fm71Lu70Yb69Tm68Er66Dy90Th99Es96Cm98Cf31Ga32Ge33A

6、s34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rb46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd1AIIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOVIIIBIIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB2Hecompounds between metallic and nonmetallic el

7、ements金属与非金属元素的化合物金属与非金属元素的化合物typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat不良导体不良导体more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments耐高温、耐严酷环境耐高温、耐严酷环境hard but very brittle硬而脆硬而脆陶瓷陶瓷Ceramic compounds indicated by a combination of metallic elements with nonmetallic elements 103L

8、w97Bk95Am94Pu93Np92U91Pa67Ho65Tb1H3Li4Be11Na12Mg5B6C7N8O9F10Ne13Al14Si15P16S17Cl18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cr30Zn102No101Md100Fm71Lu70Yb69Tm68Er66Dy90Th99Es96Cm98Cf31Ga32Ge33As34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rb46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75

9、Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd1AIIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOVIIIBIIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB2HeElectrical insulationThermal insulationChemical resistanceMagnetic inertnessExtremely light weightToughnessTransparencyColorability电绝缘电绝缘热绝缘热绝缘磁惰性磁惰性化学惰性

10、化学惰性重量轻重量轻透明透明韧性好韧性好可染色可染色 The elements associated with commercial polymers 103Lw97Bk95Am94Pu93Np92U91Pa67Ho65Tb1H3Li4Be11Na12Mg5B6C7N8O9F10Ne13Al14Si15P16S17Cl18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cr30Zn102No101Md100Fm71Lu70Yb69Tm68Er66Dy90Th99Es96Cm98Cf31Ga32Ge33As34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr

11、41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rb46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm63Eu64Gd1AIIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOVIIIBIIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB2HeA composite material is a combination of two or more chemically different

12、 materials, having a distinct interface between them, which act together to produce a desired (tailored) set of properties. 不同材料的组合不同材料的组合EXAMPLES OF COMPOSITESSemiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators. 电性能介于导体与绝缘体之间电性能介于导体与绝缘体之间

13、Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms.电性能对杂质含量极为敏感电性能对杂质含量极为敏感半导体半导体 The elements involved in semiconductors 103Lw97Bk95Am94Pu93Np92U91Pa67Ho65Tb1H3Li4Be11Na12Mg5B6C7N8O9F10Ne13Al14Si15P16S17C

14、l18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cr30Zn102No101Md100Fm71Lu70Yb69Tm68Er66Dy90Th99Es96Cm98Cf31Ga32Ge33As34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rb46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm6

15、3Eu64Gd1AIIAIIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOVIIIBIIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIB2HeBiomaterials arc employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. 生物材料生物材料用于制造人体植入物以取代染病或坏损部件的材料用于制造人体植入物以取代染病或坏损部件的材料ADVANCED MATERIALS先进材料先进材料Materials that are utilized in hi

16、gh-technology applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.在高技术中应用的材料在高技术中应用的材料Lasers, integrated circuits, magnetic information storage, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), fiber optics, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry and the thermal protection system for the space shuttle orbiter.

17、Examples of High-tech 高技术示例高技术示例激光、集成电路、磁记录、液晶显示、激光、集成电路、磁记录、液晶显示、光导纤维、宇宙飞船、导弹、航天飞机光导纤维、宇宙飞船、导弹、航天飞机The properties of materials can be engineered by controlling the sizes of these building blocks in the 1-100 nm size range and their assembly. 纳米材料纳米材料The building blocks of these materials, be it met

18、al, ceramic or polymers, are nanometer size particles.制药：大表面提高可溶性信息储存：颗粒小解离吸附：消毒太阳能电池：水解离纳米冰箱：绝热去磁 involves the generation and application of knowledge relating the composition, structure, and the processing of materials to their properties and uses.材料组成、结构、加工与材料材料组成、结构、加工与材料性质、使用之间关系的发现与应用性质、使用之间关系

19、的发现与应用1960年起，不少大学建立了材料科学系或材料科学与工程系各类材料统一考虑的开始材料科学发展的一次质变1961年4月12日加加林材料是科学技术发展的先导和基础阿姆斯特朗登月1969年7月21日11时56分20秒材料科学与工程是在金属学、陶瓷学和高分子科学的基础上发展起来的综合性学科综合性学科不论什么材料，尽管种类不同，各有特点，但却具有很多相通的原理、共性和相似的研究、生产方法材料科学强调共性，强调各种材料之间的内在联系和相互借鉴。材料科学与工程的学科性质有别于物理学、化学、数学和力学等基础科学，是一门应用科学WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGIN

20、EERING学习的目的学习的目的研究材料研究材料设计材料设计材料选择材料选择材料Does the material possess the necessary mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties?是否具有所需的物理机械性能？Can the material be formed to the desired shape?能否加工成型？Will the properties of the material alter with time during service?性能是否随时间变化？Will the material be advers

21、ely affected by the environmental conditions and resist corrosion and other forms of attack?环境对材料是否有不利影响？Will the material be acceptable on aesthetic grounds?是否符合风俗习惯？Will the material give sufficient degree of reliability and quality?质量是否可靠？Can the product be made at an acceptable cost?价格是否合适？Can the product be recycled?能否回收利用？Processing加工加工 Structure结构结构 Properties性质性质 Performance性能性能StructureSubatomic structureAtomic level structureMic