汉译英长句和篇章

1、1汉译英长句翻译的基本方法汉译英长句翻译的基本方法2练习练习l简而言之，要创建世界一流大学，不改革不行；要搞教育改革，不转变教育观念不行。lIn brief, a world-class university cannot come true without reform, nor will education reform succeed without changing traditional educational concepts. 3基本方法基本方法l合并法区分主从法l正译法和反译法l倒置法l插入法4合并法合并法l合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构

2、较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句l(1)根据原文各句之间的逻辑关系，在译文的句与句之间加上连接词语如and, but, with, so as to, while, for. 5Case 1l中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。 lChina is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but

3、 only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses. 6Case 2l没有农业，人类便不能生存，社会生产也就不能继续下去。l译：But for agriculture, man could not exist, nor could social production proceed.l(2)原文是并列句，排比句。l我们不能出卖我们的国格，不能出卖我们的人民。 lWecanneithergiveupournationaldign

4、itynorbetrayourpeople. 7主从区分法主从区分法l汉语复句中往往不用关联词，分句之间的逻辑关系在很多情况下主要靠顺序来表示，即采用所谓“意合法”。同时，汉语复句里接二连三出现的动词，从形式上看，它们都是平等的，没有主从，偏正之分；从逻辑上分析，分句之间也有主从之分。一般说来，凡是为主的分句即正句，用英语限定式动词结构来表达；从属的分句即偏句，用非限定式动词短语，介词短语，或增加从属关联词，或通过其他各种从句形式来处理。8Case 1l表示原因或结果的部分，一般应从属于表示结果的部分l他们患得患失，拒绝接受分配给他们的任务。lConsidering the gain and

5、loss, they refused to accept the jobs assigned to them.9Case 2l表示方式或状态的部分，一般应从属于表示行为或动作的部分。l其后走过三个人，都有四五十岁光景，手摇白纸扇，缓步而来。lBehind him came three men, all some forty to fifty years old， fanning themselves with white paper fans, they advanced slowly.10Case 3l表示方法和手段的部分，应从属于表示目的的部分l我们用自己动手的方法，达到了丰衣足食的目的。

6、lBy using our own hands we have attained the objective of “ample food and clothing”. 11Case 4l属于修饰或说明关系的分句或短语，一般应译作从属部分。l这个战争，在东方历史上是空前的，在世界历史上也将是伟大的，全世界人民都关心这个战争。lThe people of the whole world are concerned about this war,which has no precedent in the history of the East,and which will be a great w

7、ar in world history,too. 12Case 5l背景情况描述部分，一般应从属于结论部分l帝国主义国家对外侵略扩张，争夺世界霸权，必然走向战争。lEngaged in aggression and expansion abroad for the purpose of the world hegemony, the imperialist inevitably will go to war. 13Case 6l否定或反说部分，一般应从属于肯定或正说部分。l国际争端在此基础上予以解决，而不诉诸武力威胁。lInternational disputes should be sett

8、led on this basis, instead of resorting to the use of threat or force.14正译法和反译法正译法和反译法l这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。 15Case 1l在美国，人人都能买到枪。 l译1：In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)l译2：In the

9、United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) 16Case 2l他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。l译1：He still could not understand me. (正译)l译2：Still he failed to understand me. (反译) 17倒置法倒置法l在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事

10、的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。 18l我原来计划今年二月访问美国，后来不得不推迟，这使我感到很扫兴。l在一句较长的中文后如果出现形容词语，一般采取如下的方式：l译：It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to U.S. in February. l美国人以疯狂的热情追求富足的生活，却又怀疑自己是否真正选中了致富的最佳捷径，因此深受自我折磨之苦。见到美国人如此生活，旁观者真是百思不得其解。lIts odd to watch with what fe

11、verish ardor the Americans pursue prosperity and how they are ever tormented by shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it.1920插入法插入法l指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。 21Casel如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。 l译

12、：If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects,” we will face up to that disaster and make a new policy decision. (用前后逗号插入信息）l在教育质量关上，要改变过去那种教师单向传授知识，学生被动学习，以考试分数作为衡量教育成果的唯一标准的观念。lAs regards the quality of education, we should change the tra

13、ditional mode of classroom teachingwith teachers elaborating all the time and students passively inputting. And so is the the concept of considering scores as sole criteria for evaluation of education.22练习（多种方法联合使用）练习（多种方法联合使用）l死神最终介入了他的事务，就在他寻欢作乐兴致真浓之际终止了他的生命。他的追求徒劳无益，极乐的幸福总是与他插肩而过。lDeath steps in

14、in the end and stops him before he has grown tired of this futile pursuit of that complete felicity which always escapes him.23l合并法l区分主从法l反译法l倒置法l插入法24l教育思想的转变需要我们拓宽专业面向，增强适应性，按照知识、能力、智慧、素质协调发展的要求，构造新的人才培养模式，培养高素质、高层次、多样化、创造性的人才。lThe change of educational ideology requires us to widen the sphere of

15、specialties, enhance the adaptability, to frame a new education mode to develop comprehensive abilities of the students in such aspects as knowledge, aptitude, intelligence, and personal quality, etc., so as to construct a new mode of fostering qualified creative personnel of diversified specialties

16、 at high levels.25语篇或短文翻译语篇或短文翻译l经济学家预测，2008年北京奥运队中国经济、社会发展具有广泛而深远的影响，特别是对体育、旅游、建筑、建材、通讯、商业服务等具体产业的影响更为直接。“奥运经济”将成为中国经济新的增长点，并创造出上百万个就业机会。由于奥运的催化作用，中国经济在21世纪的前十年将高速发展。同时，奥运将促进北京环境的改善和科技水平的提高， 大大加快北京建设现代化大都市的步伐。261. 经济学家预测，2008年北京奥运对中国经济、社会发展具有广泛而深远的影响，特别是对体育、旅游、建筑、建材、通讯、商业服务等具体产业的影响更为直接。l Economic e

17、xperts have predicted that the 2008 Olympic Games will exert an extensive and far-reaching influence on Chinas economic and social development and that the influence on such specific industries as sports, tourism, constructions, building materials, communications and commercial services will be more

18、 direct. 27l“奥运经济”将成为中国经济新的增长点，并创造出上百万个就业机会。由于奥运的催化作用，中国经济在21世纪的前十年将高速发展。 Olympic economy will be a new growth factor for Chinas economy, which will create over 1 million job opportunities. Motivated by the Olympic Games, China will witness a high-speed development in its economy during the first de

19、cade of the 21st century.28l同时，奥运将促进北京环境的改善和科技水平的提高， 大大加快北京建设现代化大都市的步伐。lAt the same time, the Beijing Olympic Games will help to improve Beijings environment and enhance its scientific and technological levels and greatly speed up the pace of building Beijing into a modern international metropolis.

20、29l不怕直说，我是相当欣赏自己的。我承认自己有许多不如人的地方，但也知道并不是老是这样差劲。所以，我做了一件事，写了一篇文章，只要自觉还不错，我可以乐上几天，遇有人赞，更是飘飘然得不像话；甚至还会忘其所以，插上几句自夸的话。 真的，我一点也不谦虚。或者这就是自负吧，恐怕要给人骂了。但有什么不对呢？我也欣赏别人，只要好的东西我都欣赏。只懂得欣赏别人而忘了欣赏自己，岂不是太不公平了？ 但我们华人总是比较谦虚，而且引以为荣。自己的太太叫拙荆，文章叫拙作，真是不可思议。30l 不怕直说，我是相当欣赏自己的。我承认自己有许多不如人的地方，但也知道并不是老是这样差劲。lFrankly, I very m

21、uch appreciate myself. Yes, I admit I am in many respects not as good as other people, but I dont think Im always no good.31l所以，我做了一件事，写了一篇文章，只要自觉还不错，我可以乐上几天，遇有人赞，更是飘飘然得不像话；甚至还会忘其所以，插上几句自夸的话。lWhen I find what I have done or written is okay, I will remain pleased with myself for quite a few days, and

22、, in case I receive praise for it, I will even become so swollen-headed as to add a few words to glorify myself.32l真的，我一点也不谦虚。或者这就是自负吧，恐怕要给人骂了。但有什么不对呢？我也欣赏别人，只要好的东西我都欣赏。只懂得欣赏别人而忘了欣赏自己，岂不是太不公平了？lTrue, Im not modest at all. People may call me conceited. But I think otherwise. I also appreciate other p

23、eople. I appreciate anything good. Isnt it unfair to forget appreciating myself while appreciating others? 33l但我们华人总是比较谦虚，而且引以为荣。自己的太太叫拙荆，文章叫拙作，真是不可思议。lWe Chinese are generally inclined to be modest, and we take pride in being so. For example, a Chinese will call his own wife zhoujing, meaning “my h

24、umble wife”, and his own writings zhuozuo, meaning “my poor writings”. Its inconceivable. 34l兴匆匆在人生路上走，走过了桃李芬芳的春天，走过了梅子青青的夏季，浑然不觉间，就迈进了枫红柏翠的深秋。 四十岁的女人呢？揽镜自照，昔日光滑的额头已见依稀纹路，浓密的黑发也全没了光泽。哦，时光流逝太快，还没有很好地一览风光时，怎么就已入了秋景？便觉有三分惆怅，三分无奈。 然而，思之又觉释然。春光妩媚多姿自然是好，夏季明朗热烈，也让人留恋；可秋天又有什么可伤悲的呢？秋天不是成熟的季节吗?秋天的花红得热烈凝重，秋天的页

25、绿得深沉端庄。35l兴匆匆在人生路上走，走过了桃李芬芳的春天，走过了梅子青青的夏季，浑然不觉间，就迈进了枫红柏翠的深秋。lOn lifes journey, I had all along been in high spirits, traversing through peach-blossoming spring and plum-laden summer, until now, without awareness, I found myself inside autumn with the landscape graced by red maples and green cypress.

26、36l四十岁的女人呢？揽镜自照，昔日光滑的额头已见依稀纹路，浓密的黑发也全没了光泽。哦，时光流逝太快，还没有很好地一览风光时，怎么就已入了秋景？便觉有三分惆怅，三分无奈。lWhat became of a woman at forty? The answer came from the mirror, which showed wrinkles vaguely discernible（看得清的） on the formerly smooth forehead, and thick black hair with its gloss（光泽） gone. A touch of frustratio

27、n and helplessness came over me as I realized how time had flown. Before I could sufficiently admire the scenery and enjoy the beauties of life, it was already in autumn.37l 然而，思之又觉释然。春光妩媚多姿自然是好，夏季明朗热烈，也让人留恋；可秋天又有什么可伤悲的呢？秋天不是成熟的季节吗?秋天的花红得热烈凝重，秋天的页绿得深沉端庄。lHowever, a second thought brought me relieved calm. Spring an